/ toa plurality of mobiles, QL. (e) What is cell breathing in 18-95 CDMA. system? FIRST TERM EXAMINATION [SEPT. 2019] SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] WIRELESS COMMUNICATION [ETEC - 405] ‘Time: 1.5 Hours MLM: 30 Note: Attempt Q.No. 1 which is compulsory and any two more questions from the remaining. Each question carries 10 marks. Q.1. (a) Why do Paging system need to provide low data rates? How does a low data rate leads to better coverage? (2) Ans. For paging system small RF bandwidths are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at each paging receiver, so low data rates (6400 bps or less) are used. Simulcasting is used in paging systems to achieve better coverage. Simulcast is a simultaneous broadcast of page by a number of transmitters on a si gle radio frequency. These lower the data rate better the coverage in ov Paging systems are designed to provide reliable communication to subscribers wherever they are; whether inside a building, driving on a highway. or flying in an airplane. This necessitates large transmitter powers (on the order of kilowatts) and low data rates (a couple of thousand bits per second) for maximura coverage from cach base station. Q.1. ©) How will the Co channel interference is affected by choosing a smaller value of cluster size in cellular Wireless communication systems? (2) Ans. Assumed that the allocated spectrum and the cell size is fixed, less mumber of calls per cluster (that is, smaller value of cluster size) would mean more munbey of available channels per cell, higher system capacity per cell, but increase in co-channel interference due to reduced distance between co-channel cells Q1. (©) Why Rayleigh fading model characteristics is often applicable for outdoor urban applications? (2) Q.1. (d) What are the roles of TMSI and IMSI numbers in GSM? (2) Ans. IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity ~ a unique identifiention that is associated with all GSM and UMTS network mobile phones. The SIM inside the Phone contains it as a G4 bit ficld. Used for acquiring certain details in Hoino Location Register or Visitor Location Register. IMSI is rarely sent for preventing eavesdroppers to identify and track the subseriber on the radio interface. It is presented as 15 digit long number, where first 3 digits represent the Mobile Country Code and followed by the Mobile Network Code Remaining digits are mobile station identification numba, within the customer base network. TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity for most commonly sent between the mobile and the network. TMSI is assigned randomly by VLR to each mobile ve the a ‘The TMSI number is local for a specific local area, and nced te he updated every time mhen the mobile moves to a new geographical area. Paging a mobile the key use of th TMSI. The communication between the mobile and the base station is. " The emphasis of broadcast information is top set up channel ‘mechanism is available in evory cellular system for distributin known as Paging. 1s for paging, Broadcast ng broadcast information (2)BDO Seventh Semester, Wireloss Communication ‘Ans. Rofor to Qa (e) First Term Examination 2017, (Pg. no. 7-2017) QQ. (a) A mobile communication system is allocated RF spectrum of 25 MHz and uses RF channel and bandwidth of 26 Khz. so that a total number of 1000 voice channels can be supported in the system, (i) Af the service avens is divided into 20 cells with a frequency reuse factor of 4. Compute the system capacity. @ Gd The coll size is reduced to the extent that the service area in now covered with 100 cells. Compute the system eapacity while keeping the frequency reuse faetor as 4, @ {aii) Consider the cell size is further reduced so that the same service area is now covered with 700 cells with the frequency reuse factor of 7. Compute the System eapacity. @ (iv) Comment on the results obtained, a) QA (h) List out the factors with influence small scale fading? Why Rake receivers are used in Wireless communication systems @) Ans. Refer to Q.6 (a) End Term Examination 2017, (Pg. no, 21-2017) Q.2. (e) What is Frame Efficiency of TDMA systems and Spectral Efficiency of FDMA systems? @) QS. (a) Explain subrating scheme in reference with mobility management? @) Q.3. (0) Compare 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G wireless communication in terms of various parameters and technical specifications? « Ans. Refer Q.No. 2 End Term Examination 2017 (Pg. no, 12.2017) Q3. (c) Why it is essential to implement power control ion the reverse channel in Is-95 CDMA? @) Ans. Power control is simply the technique of controlling the mobile transmit. power so ‘as to affect the cell-site received power, and hence the overall carrier-to-interference (CA) value, Like all other cellular communication systems, CDMA is also an interference limited system, But in a CDMA system, it is not cochannel and adjacent channel interference which pose serious bottlenecks, but rather the interference from other mobile users transmitting in the same frequency band at the same time in the system. Itis desirable for maximum efficiency that the power received at the base station from all the mobile users served by it must be nearly equal. If the received signal power is too low, there is a high probability of bit orrors or frame errors. If the received signal power is too high, interference increases. Power control is applied at both the mobile uusors as well as the base station, There are several power-control mechanisms that can be based on the signal strength perceived by the base station or can depend on other system parameters. Accordingly, the base station or the mobile user can either initiate oy ewer control. On one hand, itis important to implement good power control in farer tS minnie the near-far effet, On the ather hand, the transmit power should fe adequate enough so as to encounter the effects of fading and shadowing in order saree 8 fee link, quality. In the ense of CDMA, an important facor is that the Cros dae tint strength may be reasonably good but data frames are still received in Freread arn eterence. Therefore, itis preferred to use the Frame Brror Rate (FER) _ agend of ie received signal strenath for power-contral decisions I is safer to allow gyange of 0.2 per cont to 8 per cent FER, with error bursts of up to four frames, Its s0 assumed that an FER of 1 per cont with maximum error bursts of two frames willLP. University-[B.TECH]—Akash Books 2021-3 give optimum results. In IS-95, a slow mobile-assisted power control is employed on the forward channel, Since non-coherent detection is employed on the reverse channel, therefore implementation of power control is a must on the reverse channel. There are mainly two types of power-control mechanisms: an open-loop power control and a tlosed-loop pewer control. Because all the voice channels occupy the same frequency ‘and time slots, the received signals from multiple mobile users located anywhere within the periphery of the serving cell must all have the same received signal strength at the base station for proper detection. A mobile user that transmits unnecessarily at a large power may jam or interfere with the received signals of all the other mobile users. ‘The Ravantage of implementing strict power control is that the mobile user can operate at the minimum required Eb/NO for adequate performance. This increases battery life and reduces the size and weight of the mobile-user phone equipment. @.4. (a) What are the main steps in HLR restoration procedure in Gsm? (3) 4. (b) Briefly explain the main elements of SS7 architecture? (3) Ans. Refer to Q.5 (a) End Term Examination 2016. (Pg. no. 17-2016) @4. (c) What are the salient features of spread spectrum systems in wireless communications? ) END TERM EXAMINATION [DEC. 2019] ‘Time: 3 Hours M.M: 75 Note: Attempt any five questions including Q.No. 1 which is compulsory. ‘Assume missing data if any. Q.1. (a) What are the limitations of conventional mobile telephone system? (5) Q.1. (b) Explain basic requirements required for establishing WLAN? ©) Q.1. (c) Explain the concept of Frequency reuse?” © ‘Ans. Refer to Q.1 (a) First Term Examination 2016. (Pg. no- 1-2016) Q.1. (4) Explain HLR and VLR? ‘Ans. Refer to Q-1 (b) M.T.P ~II End Term Examination. (Pg. no. 10 M.T.P - 11). ferred over GSM satellite. 6) 6 Q1. (e) Explain why GEO is not pre’ Q2.(a) Draw the block diagram of PCS architecture and explain it? (6.5) ‘Ans. Refer to Q.1 (a) End Term Examination 2016. (Pg. no. 8-2016) Q.2.(b) Calculate the spectral efficiency (ns) is the bandwidth is 684 kbps and tcaasmission data rate is 1.152 Mbps. © Ana. Spectral efficiency (ns) = Data rate/Channel bandwidth Here, Transmission data rate = 1.52Mbps Charinel Bandwidth = 684KH7, So, Spectral efficiency = 1.152Mbps/684KK1z Hence, the ns = 1.68bps/Hz Q.3. (a) Compare advantages and disadvantages of different diver: ‘Ans. Refér to Q.3 (b) End ‘Perm Examination 2018. (Pg. no. 13-2018). a ARES te irbittRace aink:3) fIRST TERM EXAMINATION (seh 2” SEVENTH SEMESTER [B ret os | WIRELESS COMMUNICATION [gfEC~" x3 peti brs. pemserston eae ns. Questii | qu. Write the advantages of wireless communication te Vans. Advantages of wireles | Wireless Corecten transfer of information fon between two or more points. Because of th important ones are of connection wires. In cal infrastructure Cost effectiveness: Wired communication entails the Jess networks, communication does not require elaborate phy sr maintenance practices. Hence the \ -Example~ Any company providing wireless communication services dees not incur a st of costs, and as a result, it is able to charge cheaply with regard to its customer fees. Flexibility: Wireless communication enables people to communicate regardless of Jocation. It is not necessary to be in an office or some telephone booth in order to ss and receive messages. ~ Miners in the outback can rely on satellite phones tocall their loved o2es. and thus, ap improve their general welfare by keeping them in touch wit! the peopie Wi ‘most to them. patiean Convenience: Wireless communication devices like mobile phones are quite simple therefore allow anyone to use them, wherever they may be. There is no need to ally connect anything in order to receive or pass messages. Example- Wireless communications services can also be seen in Internet bsies such as Wi-Fi, With no network cables hampering movement, We can now —_—_— 6. ——> R2. (b) What do you understand by power control in wireless nication? 8. Power control can substantially impact the capacity and perceived quality in ar wireless systems. Regardless o! the mode of multiple access — be it frequency, code division — power control is necessary to combat the intercell, or co-channel, ence that arises from frequency reuse. ditionally, power control is employed to minimize the intra-cell interference in tequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. On an ideal channel, sible to maintain code orthogonality among all users of the same cell. A wireless tl introduces multipath, so this perfect code orthogonality is destroyed and the laperiences intracell interference. Power control is particularly crucial on the POM uplink: without it, the signal of a mobile at the cell periphery would be drowned tan interfering mobile situated close to the base station. Furthermore, on the Ds- {uplink the code waveforms of different users arrive at the receiver unsynchronized te another, Unless the receiver performs code resynchronization, the interference |, exacerbating this “near-far” problem and increasing the need for power interference can affect TDMA and FDMA systems as well, in the form of channel interference; for example, practical band pass filters cannot perfectly Adjacent frequencies, matched filters may not always sample over the correct r tersymbol interference across different users. This and multipath can cause int ia cellular systems to combat interforence has been recognized \biect ofmuch research.4-2017 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication Q.8. (a) What are the various mechanism for Capacity inex 3. : detail. " Ans. Methods for Capacity Increases *, faa { * Quiet periods during speech transmission: for Speech tr, Lee uuseof the fact that a person does not talk continuous about 50% of the time, theremainder of the time (s) he listens tothe. In addition, there are pauses between words and even syllables, ¢» th, Sime" to “total time of a call” is about 0.4.During quiet Period system. But we have already si additional users to place calls, * Flexible data rate: in an FDMA (TDMA) system, a user ca Frequency (timeslot), or integer multiples thereof. I occu Tates can be transmitted, Actually, most systems ty Py ina CDMA system, arbi Tansmit comfort noise daring gd time i.e., some background noise. People speakinginto a tolephone feel uncomie. (think the connection has been interrupted) if th talk. ey cannot hear ANY soundwh} » this can hay Nas breathing cells the drawback of error correction coding is thatthe rate that is tobe tra Increased, whit other hand \creases th Possible to n coding without di i words, different users aredistinguished by different error corr spreading), network to Provide the (GPRS § ra Upport Nodes) a: ' my : Tre cet data to und from then ode vf the 'SGSN) is responsible for rouse orsign mite stations (MS) within its pite attach ante * _— Fe pac) fs bile atta t Touting and transfer, mo! ane Rees Lime ats tame Maen lvention irociageraahi oma ne Ss “stores the toc re Mat Perit (LLM), authentication and chars rae USEF Profile Like Tast nation St ths uate (fs the eurvent location, curered its location register "44*e88e5 used in Packet data networks) of res main functionsLP. University-{B.Tech-Akash Books 2017-5 To public Ne PsTu ie Intemet GSM/GPRS Core Network| Pcu BTS be gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) acts as interface between the GPRS one and the external packet data network (PDN). It converts the GPRS packet &from the SGSN into proper packet data protocol (PDP) format (i.¢. X.25 or IP) ‘sending to the outside data network. Similarly it converts the external PDP. fees to the GSM address of the destination user. It sends these packets to proper \For this purpose the GGSN stores the current SGSN address of the user and his Linits location register. The GSN also performs the authentication and changing ‘ns. In general there may be a many to many relationship between the SGSN and {However a service provider may have only one GGSN and few SGSNs due to cost, taints. A GGSN proved the interface to several SGSNs to the external PDN. +4. Write a short note on- Paging systems @) &-Paging systems are unidireetional wireless communications systems. They \Stacterized by the following properties: ‘ ue User can only receive information, but cannot transmit, Consequently, a “call” ‘®)can only be initiated by the call center, not by the user. “Ne information is intended for, and received by, only a single user. ed ane: of transmitted information is very small. Originally, the received Sonsistedof a single bit of information, which indicated to the user that Natu son.the band) Jor frequencies ~ es, LEOMIL . Whig i debe veerate at owerearionCroquaneles = 646, 1B0ME Yor Se amare ae Able, " ofspee seventh Semester, Wireless Communication tho user then hud to hore a human operat et the aging eYStEMEvE CAME More ge Later cor (og. ti difforant phonanen Stil, the amount of ink ayat YOU ATES Make y g call conter, nature of the commun width required for this servic Pager Q(B) GSM Ans, In GSM system the mobile handset is called Mobile Station (MS).2 formed by the coverage area of a Base Transceiver Station (BITS) which serves iis coverage area, Several BTS together are controlled by one Base Station Ge! (BSC). The BTS and BSC together form Base Station Subsystem (BSS). Thee oe the mobile stations in their respective cells is routed through a hae i ta ites ae Center (MSC). Connection originating or terminating i CenteriGyige; “*° bandied by a dedicated gateway Gateway Mobi To Public Networks UMN, PSTNISCN PSCN NSS [SIM] [us]atified by the IMSI (International M il scubseiber Identity Module (SIM) ofthe veer ee en which ie stored in we sIMis inserted into equipment oir user mobile station can be used only ifa ferent from the above ide and is stored in SIM? ea! telephone number is Q4. (c) IS-95 CDMA , Ans. Interim Standard 95 (IS- @ Bhnology. Tt wae developed oe was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular Péoommunicati ualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the wunications Industry Association in TIA/BIA/IS-95 release published the proprietary name for IS-95 is cdma One. Sen al Itis a 2G mobile telecommunications standard Gn that uses CDMA, a multipl sheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signal : itolephone , ; ignaling data (such as a di umber) between mobile telephones and cell sites. alah i cael CDMA or “code division multiple access” is a digital radio system that transmits reams of bits (PN codes). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike TDMA “time division multiple access”, a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the tumber of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller umbere of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage ier "TDMA based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency- ision multiplexing. “In North America, technology). It is now being supplanted by 18-2000 (CD Mandard. © Use of voice activation to reduce interference As data rate reduces, the transmitter can reduce the power to achieve the same etor rates * Dual Mode (AMPS/CDMA), Dual Band ( | © Low power handsets (sleep mode supported) * Soft Handoff possible * Digital Data services (text, fax, ci * Advanced Telephony Features (call * Security: CDMA signal + CAVE encryption * Air Interface Standard Only. the technology competed with Digital AMPS (18-136, a TDMA IMA2000), a later CDMA-based (900, 1900 MHz bands) reuit switched data) waiting, voice mail, etc.)| ginST TERM EXAMINATION [SEPT "SEVENTH SEMESTER IBTECH) WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (ETEC_405) ei. brs. Let 5 MLM. ;30 © yoterAttempt any three questions including Q. no. 1whichis compulsory. | \' 1.(a) Explain the term frequency reuse. What i ignit 5 eat j,mobile communications? ‘at is the significance of this ‘The design process of selecting and allocatin, f . sign proce : g channel | qstarbase station with in a system is ealled the frequency rae Bach BTS is, allocated different band of frequency or different channels. Bach BTS antenna is designed in such a way that it covers cell area i which it} plaed with freqhency allocated without interferring other cell signals. ae Generally 3 to 4 frequencies are assigned to each cell depending on the traffic © gpected. When engineérs design or try to use this concept one question arises that after | Fev many cells two cells assigned the same frequency. ups for all of the Fig. Frequency Reuse schenie \ Q.1. (6) Define the term. Soft handoff and where it is employed? : ‘Ans. A soft handoff occurs when a CDMA phone adds a new sufficiently-strong ector to its active set, It is so called because the radio link with the previous sector is t broken before a link is established with a new sector: this type of handoffis described “make before break” tis employed in CDMA systems where the phone can be connected to several cell tes simultaneously. Q.1. (c) Briefly explain CDMA. development. _ Ans. CDMA system was developed by Qual Comm. It was standardized by “Mecommunication Industry Association (TIA) as an interim standard (IS-95). This {prim supports a variable no. of usersin 11.25 MHz wide channel using direct sequerice Pread spectrum. CDMA can operate with a much smaller signal to noise ratio (SNR) than Wentional narrow band FM : 92. (b) Explain FDMA briefly. Ans. Here total allocated bandwidth is divided in the slots of pre-defined band. ‘ahnel is allocated to the separate user and is available throughout the timeoS 2-2016 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication i i ication i iven band is further giv: tion. For doing communication in duplex mode the given band is further ia rowed channel and reverse channel, this is called as frequency division Suplexing NY Available Bandwidth QL. (©) Explain the TDMA concept. Ans. TDMA stands for Time Division Multiple Access, this means that total Bang is allocated to cach user on time division basis and each user accesses the services o, time cyclic basis, i ‘Total time is divided in certain slots during which user is allowed to access th; Services, as shown one frame consist of all the slots CH:}CH,)---|cH, ch, lors)... oH, ]ox, x ore | ramet Q2. (a) Compare the different features of GSM & EDGE, Ans. EDGE is the extended version of GSM tec Data rate for GSM Evolution, This system helps in sending the data at the rate of Kbps over a GSM TDMA system. This may some times be called as E-GPRS, It anticipated that it can be used to provide the services who do not have licences of 3G, is highly spectrally efficient and is capable to Provided high speed services, ‘hnology and stands for Enhance Parameter GSM EDGE Modulation Gaussion MSK 8psk Bit rate 270 Kbps 812 Kbps Channel Bandwidth 200 KHz 200 KHz Pulse shaping Gaussian Linearizes GMSK Prefilter Palse Modulation Type Non Linear Linear 22. (6) Explain the Handover process in CDMA system, a5 Ans. Inthe handover process, the calledis transferred to that BTS from where us is getting better radio signal strength, User BTS,LP. University-(B.Tech.}-Akash Books : 1 makes the connection wi aoe pandover Use! nection with more th et BMS from where radio strength signal Sebetar sna heer je explain the wireless Local Loop (WLL) ; - ie tion is ve i : me stype of conn’ ry much suitable for rapi : sys. Ts Wy be based on some local distance ase eee jos. This ded in,two categories: it may be based for remote itis’ iaiast ile WLL lane Hieu! WEL ile WLL is generally for a distance of less th i 5 uy ee than 35Km and long haul is for Last mile PSTNiLocal exchange Remote Wireless link. Access print Last mile technology may be based on: (o) Wireless: PSTN, DSL, Cable Modem (#) Wireless: LMDS, MMDS, Wireless LAN, PCS , Long Haul WLL System may be based on: 1 Optical fiber links 2. Microwave link 3.VSAT links Remote access print PSTN Local exchange ' 1 t + Satelite link — Long HaulAccess «Last mile, Communication ater, Wireless ‘Soventh Sees! cy and show its network evolution, ts tions System (UMTS) is g y ation the GSM standard. Deva ica 4-2016 aa Universal Mo ase a o a! ene ee ile cellular system for nO erst? Project), UMTS is a compoye Beer tained by the BGPP (rd Generation oO {eleeommunications and compar and mdit 1 Union al M tition = of the Standard Laer CDMA2000 networks bares or w.CDM. A) ra dios 1 Aa ae ee ideband code division multip! y ; 55 technology. oN ide ee scot al effieioncy and bandwidth mobile netwr, technology operators. Network Evolution [[SMs-ciw MSC] —. An Evolution that Makes Sense + system capabilities, System throughput, peak data rates, user data rates Gsm GPRS Introduction of Features & Services EDGE & WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA : High Speed Uplink Packet Access HSDPA : High speed downlink packet access HSUPA The main id i ii : c existing andalse fata 2 38 to prepare a universal infrastriicture able tc changes and evolution com oo ®inkrastructure should be so desigmed that teebil®! the existing services using teed to the network without causing uncertainties” ing network structure, ; ie Explain the Rayleigh fading, : : 8. Rayleigh Fadi ; : ovo om NFadingor Macroscopic Variations can be modeled as the aaa The first component is the wet P&*® loss between tho mobile and the base path | wa “terministic component (L) that ads loss to theLP. University-(B.Tech.-Akash Booka aistance (R) increases between the base and 2016-5 the mobile. Thi . This component, patel: en et L = ur setypically 4. The other macroscopic com; is , ponent SFnto account the effects of shadow fading caused he nara See structions in the radio path. Local mean val Ppeeac nana a4 Somponent + 108 normal random variable. Sy hath losers esp variations of Rayleigh Fading occurs asthe mobi cori Tred t0 the distance between mobile ‘and bane These short on se ced by signal scattering in the vicinity of the mobile nit ne ‘ain ie, This leads to many diferent paths that are flowed betwen the receiver (Multipath Propagation). The reflected wave is altered in — nis OP a cake ei sher OD Wa sag, oF tral eran the receiver ( amplitude. The signal may effectively d i pbsse an tf i i" rely disappear if the reflected wa a et ofphase re the direct path signal. The partial out of phase elationships es ple received signal produce smaller reduction in received signal strength. prets of Rayleigh Fading: jon and multipath propagation can cause positive and negative effects. Reflect v4, (Indicate the functions of MSC. ring 4zs.Functions of MSC: ‘Call handling that copes with the mobile nature of subscribers consider ation Registration, ‘Authentication of subscribers and equipment, Handover and io link channel during calls. epaid service. ‘Management of required logical radi + Management of MSC-BSS signaling protocol. oR ading location registration and ensuring interworking between mobile station VLR. i + Controls inter-BSS and inter-MSC hand overs. «Acting as a gateway MSC to interrogate HLR- ‘The MSC which is connected to the 4 SSINISDN network is called as GMSC. Thisis the only MSC in the network connected hnthe HLR, + Standard functions of a-switch like charging. res of GSM architecture? SM network can be Q5.(a) Explain the different feat yy functional units. The Gi Ans, AGSM network comprises of man: ‘nadly divided into: Giren below is a simple pictorial view of the GSM architecture. EE i——_ Um interface Casi | i a 5.2016 Soventh Somester, Wireless Communication 52016 + The Mobile Station (MS) «The Baso Station Subs # The Network Switching Sub «The Operation Support Subs) The additional components of the Gi messaging systems function tion Register (HLR) ion Register (VLR) (any tom (RSS) font (NSS) om (OSS) SM architecture Comprise Of datadysey . v + Home Lo * Visitor Lo + Equipmont Identity Regis + Authentication Conter (AwC) * SMS Serving Center (SMS SC) * Gateway MSC (GMSC) * Chargeback Center (CBC); + Transcoder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU) The following diagram shows the GSM network along with the added cloments, ~~ a ~~ eB The MS and the BSS communicate across the Um interface. Tt is also known the air interface or the radio link. The BSS communicates with the Network Seri Switching (NSS) center across the A intorface Q.5. (6) Explain the working of High-Speed Cireuit Switched Data in(S ‘Technology. : : Ans. HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) is a natural evolution of! existing circuit-switched data capability of traditional 2G GSM networks. With tod session. Tb set-up the circuit, a call set-up process is invelved when dialling the ™ party; network resources are allocated along the path to the end destination. 0 a ' ee Within the existing GSM encoding techniqties, the maximum circuit-switeh!4 (CSD) speed is 9.6 Kbit/s or with improved encoding, up to 14,4 Kbit/s, The GS™ ot interfaces can assign up to 8 time division slots per user frequency, not all of WHLP. University-[B.Tech.}-Akash Books 2016-7 ically one is allocated for voice, while othe: yp lability of these timo slots Eee raeeumny be allocate fr expand the et gate AD nt ly onl i ypical ly only necessitates a software upgrade of the Base Stati e Stations (CSD. The transition to HSCSD is not a difficult one for an existi existing and fi mis : oe g) and Network and Switching System (NSS) systems. ei ical difficulty with i ia technical difficulty with HSOSD arises i as seh mpicell transfor between different cells ona mobile network alld Abend ged, unless the same slots are available end-to-end eed a pn of te ci ; switched data call. The second issue is that cenit gwihing desea efient er arsty data/Intemet traffic, The allocation of moreci is calls, with typically longer ‘hold’ times than for voice calls, creates th eens i that fixed line PSTN operators have experienced with the tremendou! owl sternet traffic- ie. too few resources in their circuit switched networks nMODEL PAPER-IT FIRST TERM EXAMINATION SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] WIRELESS COMMUNICATION [ETEC-405] MLM. : 80 / gime: 14 brs. estion no.1 is compulsory and attempt any two from the rest. Inall attempt "Note: Qu 3 question. Qu. (a) What is space division multiplexing? total region is divided in certain sectors and in each sector one ‘Ans. Here the to avoid the interference antenna is used, These antennas must be directional enough each of the sectors as shown below: © between k Antenna-1 Antenna- ‘Antenna-2 Fig. Radiation Pattern of Directional Antenna. Q.2. (6) Explain FDMA briefly. © Ans. Here total allocated bandwid! © Each chanr | is allocated to the separat duration, For doing communication in dup! Forward channel and reverse channel, this is th is divided in the slots of pre-defined band. te user and is available throughout the time lex mode the given band is further divided in called as frequency division duplexing NSS eS Available Bandwidth ven in FDMA system? - FDMA system to avoid the interference. © let W, = Gaurd band frequency Q.1. (c) How many channels can be gi ‘Ans, Suppose we are using gaurd band in ' W, = Maximum available signal frequency W,=Maximum frequency used to create one channel. W.=(N.- DW, :Soventh Semester, Wireless Communication m4 2-MIP-IL ™ No = No. of channels available Q.1. (@) Explain the TDMA concept. Ans, TDMA stands for Time Division Multiple Access, this means that toa), thy ervices is allocated to each user on time division basis and each user accesses the timo cytlic basis. ‘Total time is divided in certain slots during which user is allowed to acres y, services, as shown one frame consist of all the slots ICH,} Ch, on ! CH,|CH,]--- | eS —+ ‘one frame Q.2. (a) Explain the Handover process in CDMA system. Ans. In the handover process, the called is transferred to that BTS from where user is getting better radio signal strength. When the CDMA user is moving and is at the boundary of a BTS, the power of originating tower falls rapidly and if call is not transferred, then it will be dropped, In soft handover user makes the connection with more than one BTS and then user is locked with that BTS from where radio strength signal is better. Zan User Bes BTS, Q.2. (6) Compare the different features of GSM & EDGE. Ans. EDGE is the extended version of GSM technology and stands for Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution. This system helps in sending the data at the rate of 34 Kbps over a GSM TDMA system. This may some times be called as E-GPRS. It is anticipated that it can be used to provide the services who do not have licences of 3G. It is highly spectrally efficient and is capable to provided high speed services, ] [Parameter GSM EDGE Modulation Gaussion MSK 8psk Bit rate 270 Kbps 812 Kbps Channel Bandwidth 200 KHz 200 KHz. Pulse shaping Gaussian Linearizes GMSK 5 Prefilter Pulse Modulation Type Non Linear Linear1.P, Univorsity-(B,Tech)-Akash Books MTP-II-3 Qala Explain the wiroless Local Loop (WLL) ans: This type fotconnieetion is very much suitable for rapid deployment of wireless sees TH 78Y ¢ based on some local distance basis or it may be based for remote Go it is divided in two categories: roa: § {a) Last Mile WLL (g) Long-Haul WEL st Mile WLL is gonorally for a distance of less than 36Km and long haul is for jyoro than gk m distance. Last milo PSTNiLocal ‘exchange Remote ‘Wreless link. Access print Last mile technology may be based on: (a) Wireless: PSTN, DSL, Cable Modem (b) Wireless: LMDS, MMDS, Wireless LAN, PCS Long Haul WLL System may be based on: 1, Optical fiber links 2, Microwave link 3. VSAT links Remote access print Satellite link ‘Long Haul Access Last milemester, Wireless Communication Seventh Se tis IMT. 2000 Programme? Here IMT stands for internation Mobile telecommunication and 9 Ans. Here IMT stant i band used e.g. 2000 MHz. IMT is the global ste the starting year ano i reless telecommunication. Main objective of this gait 3G (third ae rida wiceless services and accessing the other networks such acy?" cea Nore ids ke hence provide an interface between the fixed (wired) yay" and the digital wireless mobile radio system. me its functions are govered by ITU (international telecommunication unj spectrum management traffic and filling operation ete ‘The main areas of ITU are as follow: (a) Telecommunication Development Group (ITU-D) 4-MTP-II Q.3. (6) What (6) Radio Communication Group (ITU-R) (c) Telecommunication standarization group (ITU-T) IMT-2000 is having the following characteristics: 1. Flexibility 2. Affordability 3. Compatibility with the existing systems 4, Modular Design. Q.4. (a) Show that D = /3@?+ij+j2)xR Ans. Since in a hexagon six triangles of equal sides can be formed then Radius ¢! the hexagon (R) can be related as follor 2 = RP-(R,)? i= V8xR = Centre to centre distance where i is the distance covered on the vertical direction i, = V3R, and j, = JOR Also @ = 120° Then = 8R°G? +i +77) D = Var*G?+i7+ 7%) = VEN xRLP. Univorsity-(B-Tech)-Akash Books MTP.I-5 N = PeijaZt = cluster size. 4. (6) Explain the digital circuit switched cellular system Component. ‘Ans. On the basis of GSM-900 System there are the following important & integral eomponents: ‘ (a) Mobile Station: It consist of the two parts namely mobile equi i k eg: 4 ly mobile equipment with tery and subscriber identity module (SIM). Th ; Fi Cs tn ag otoed onthe MS ide .e SIM contains all the subscriber (@ Base transceiver Station (BTS): Besides havin is es having the same function as the | analog BS/BTS it has the transcodes/rate adapter unit (TRAU) f (c) Base Station Controller (BSC): This unit controls the radio resources and so manages the allocation of radio channels. It also handles handover, power al ent time and frequnecy synchronization and frequency re-allocation amount | managem the BTSs. (@ Switching Sub-Systems: Itis the main element that co-ordinates the set-up ofcalls between MS and PSTN. Other main parts of this system are: 1, Visitor Location Register 2, Home Location Register 3. Authentication Centre 4, Equipment identity Register. 5, Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC). ‘ae MODEL PAPER-I FIRST TERM EXAMINATION SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] WIRELESS COMMUNICATION [ETEC-405] fimo 214 hrs. ature Note: Ques no.1 is compulsory and attempt any two from the rest. In all attempt 3 ques. Qu. Graphically indicate the growth of mobile telephony. \ ‘Ans. Mobile telephony have grown in a fastest way & the following graph indicate it, 10 20 30 40 50 60 7On n:No, of years after the first deployment %d: pereent market penetration. Q.1. (6) Indicate the band frequencies of Forward channel & Reverse channel. z ‘Ans, In the band of 800 to 990 MHz the channels are allocated as'shown'below [sx 2x9| gu ra FO8 gca}e70| +++ {84 Reverse Sean channel Forward 7 channel Q.1. (©) Briefly explain. CDMA Wexelopment. NX s developed by Qual Comm. It was standardized by ‘Association (TIA) as an interim standard (1S-95). This 5 MHz wide channel using direct sequence Ans. CDMA system wa: ‘Telécommunication Industry system supports a variable no. of users in 1.2 Spread spectrum. CDMA can operate with a much smaller signal to noise ratio (SNR) than conventional narrow band FM es . _Q1.1@) Explain ‘the paging system briefly. i Ans. This is a type of communication system that send brief messa a scriber. Depending on the type of service, the message may be of Numeric or "umeric type, or a voice message. © “Apage ig sent to the subscriber which may be in a form to call at so essages to“a alfa- me number.Ss Wireless Communication Seventh Semester, 2-MTP-I (a) Explain the cordless telephone system. Q2. of full duplex type of communication system that use, Ans. These ort or ject to a dedicated base station which is then cone Sedeated Telephone line with a specific telephone number on the public 1" oe > telephoné network (PSTN) ‘ Public Switched Fixed port warner ”| Base station : Wreless link, ‘* b Cordless Handset In the first generation tele ‘used to communicate only hundred of meters. Early cordless telephone operates solely as extension telephones to a tranceiver connected to a subscriber line to the PSTN and are used primarily for in home use. Q2, (6) Explain the basies of cellular telephone systems. Ans, Here in this system the tele; phony services & other value added services are provided on the basic of a cellular structure, Phone system (manufactured in 1980) portable unit to the dedicated base unit & only over a distance of upto few used to communicate with MSC & users, then the call is routed to PSTN.if (a) Compare the different wireless Communication systems. § “ns. On the different paraméters available we can do comparison as follow: E ¥ Service Coverage Infra- Carrier Functionalit; | ar Range structure | frequency a : Remote | Low ' ee Low Infrared Transmitter [ Paging High + High <1GHz_ Receiver System c Cordless Low Low 1-8 GHz Transceiver \ phone Cellular Phone Q.3. (b) Explain the radio propagation mechanism. Ans. Radio Propagation depends on the frequency being used & the type of atmospheric conditions prevailing. This can be divided among the following categories: (1) Free Space Propagation: Here the radio signal travels through the open + space. The distance coming in between the transmitter and receiver acts as the major loss for the strength of radio signal satellite communication is a major application for this type of communication (2) Ground wave Propagation: This mechanism of propagation occurs for the frequencies below 2MHZ. During the propagation, the signal follows the curvature of earth. The signals heard during the day time on the medium waveband are using this way of propagation. (g) Ionospheric Propagation: This is also known as sky wave propagation. This is used for a range of 2 to 30 MHz, Here the radio signal is reflected from the ionosphere towards the earth surface. (4) Troposphere Propagation: Here the signal travels through the troposphere where there is a significant change in refractive index of the air medium] Q.4. (a) Explain the path loss law. . ‘Ans. This law says that the power radiated from the surface of the antenna, falls as an inverse fonction of the distance, and follows the inverse square law (d2), received power is expressed in dB as - d pe -2010e( <4) because of this reason; this is also called as the 20 log(@) path loss law. The received Dower at any distance d, and the power received at any other distance follows; ° (d)is related as ay fo) dzd,24 in) uJ P,(d) = Pr(do)4-MTp_y Seventh Semester, Wireless C . ‘om; MUR ication path loss (in ap) Q.4. () Explain the e Initially the wi Meant for voice only an . ba hs ed services wore introduced ag tt, On be i 4G OFDM, MIMO Systems 3G the data rate can range upto 20 Mbps, In 4G data rate is sufficiently high of the order of 100 Mbps.