Linear Time Invariant: I 0 T I V 0 T V R

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¬±£²ª£¦§££¥²¦¥¦¬§² ¦¡´¨©£²³±²¨¦¥©¨ §£ª´³¨

§£¡£¨² §£´¨°£¡´¨´¢£³¥²£±£±¡

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ª¦©´ª¦¬¨´´²´¨²¨´£°¨¤²°¦¦´¢£³³¨´³ª§£²±¨²§£² ¡

¦¬¨©ª´ª
IL (t = 0) = I0 ´§£ª´ª
VC (t = 0) = V0
" R 2 ¦¬¡´¨¨¦°

©²´®
§£´¨°£¡´¨´¢£³£®¦¡´£ª
´§£³®¡¨«¡£´¨°§£²£¨
«¡££´¨°¦«¡£¨ª´¨°¦¥¦³¡´¨
«¡££´¨°£
«¨´¨°ª¦³²±¨
"ª¦³£¬³£§£¨¦¬ª¨¥
§£¨¦¬ª§§² ¡´¨§¨¡¦¥¦¬³C, L, R1, R2§£¢ª¨¦¬²ª¨³³£´£ª²±¬
§£¡´¨´¬²¡£ªª§£¨¦¬ª¬²¦´¨°¨¢°¨£¬¬£¢ª¨¦¦¥¦¬§² ¦¡´¨©£²³±³©£¥¨
§£¡´¨³²®¨°¨¦©´£ªL¦¬¡´¨´C¦¬¡´¨¦ R1¦¬¡´¨§£³§§£¡´¨¨§£ª³
§´V1, V2§ª¨«ªR2¦¬¡´¨R1¦¬¡´¨§£ª´³¨£ª³§¬§£²´ªª©¥¦ VL = VC − VR2

´£¦´£´¦KCL´³¨£´³§³²ª
t
+ C 1 + I0 + ∫ (V1 − V2 )dt = iS (t )
V1 dV 1
I) IR1 + IC + IL = IS ⇒
R1 dt L0
t
⇒ − I0 − ∫ (V1 − V2 )dt + 2 = 0
1 V
II) IL = IR2
L0 R2

I + II C 1 + 1 + 2 = iS (t )
dV V V

dt R1 R 2
II³¨´² ª
V V 1 dV2 L dV2
− 1 + 2 + = 0 ⇒ V1 = V2 + ⋅
L L R 2 dt R 2 dt
I + II °´£°ª
2
= iS (t )
dV2 CL d V2 V2 L dV2 V2
C + 2
+ + +
dt R 2 dt R1 R1R 2 dt R 2
 L   R 
LCV2′′ +  R 2C +  V2′ + 1 + 2  V2 = R 2iS (t )
 R1   R1 
6 - 1
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
²£ ¦¦ → V2 (t = 0) = I0R 2 II³¨¨´°¨ª
= 2 (V1 − V2 ) = 2 (V0 − I0R 2 )

dV2 R R
²£ §¬ →
dt 0 L t=0 L

V1 (0) = V0

§£¨£´¨´£ª³§¬V2²¬£ª³²«¨²¨«¦ª¦£±

§£¡£¨² ´¢£³£®¦¡´£ª£¬´¡´ªª´¬¥

©£ª´´²°¦£¬³¦¬¨´²£¬ª ¤²°¦

¡¦¥²¬³¨§³²ª
t
R1i1 + V0 + ∫ (i1 − i2 )dt = iS (t )R1 ¡²¬
1
I)
C0
t
II) − V0 −
1
∫ (i1 − i2 )dt + L di2 + R 2I2 = 0 ¡²¬
C0 dt
i2 (0) = I0 £¥©´ª

´³¨²¡ª

+ R 2i2 = iS (t )R1 → i1 = − i2 + iS (t )
di2 L di2 R 2
R1i1 + L −
dt R1 dt R1

(i2 − i1 ) + Li′2′ + R 2i′2 = 0 II³¨´² ª
1
C
 L   R 
LCi′2′ +  R 2C + i′2 + 1 + 2 i2 = iS (t ) ª¦£±³ i1 ´£°ª
 R1   R1 
II³¨¨´

di2 V R V R
= 0 − 2 I2 = 0 − 2 I0
dt t = 0 L L t=0 L L

i2 (0) = I0

¡´¨´°¨¦´¬°¨§² ²¬£ª³²«¨²¨²´®¦¦£¡´¤²¢°ª ²±¨

6 - 2
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
²«¨§£¦¬¨²¬´´£°¨¦¦¥

(Linear Time Invariant)LTI´¥²¬¨¦³²±¨
w(t)¨©£²´££¦¦¥²³±
y(t)°¨¦

y (t ) + a1y (t ) + + an y =
(n ) (n −1)
b 0 w (m ) + b1w (m−1) + ... + bm w

n > m ²³¥

ZIR©²´®
´£ª¨³¨§£¦±¨w=0¨´§£«®¨
n
´£ª££®³¨¦³´ª²´®§ Si ²³¥ y = ∑ k ie
S it
©²´®
i=1
Sn + a1Sn−1 + a 2S + ... + an−1S + an = 0 n− 2
§¦£¬¦³¨£¥«¦§²´³§£²£ k££²¨©²´® S j ©²´®§
y = ... + a j1e + a j2 te + ... + a jk t k −1e + ...
S jt S jt S jt

(n−1)
k 1,...,k n §£¨±¨n´°¨¦£¥ y(0), y (0),..., y (0) ¦¡´£ª´n§³²¦³£²±¨¦¥
(1)

ZSR©²´®
£²¡¨¨¬©£²²´£±²®«´²±¦²³´£¦¦¥©²´®´¢£³´¬°¨©¦¦
w (t ) = δ(t )§¦´«£ª¥²¬§£²´®²¨¦¥¦¬¨¦³§¦´´´°¨¦§£³²ªª¦£¡´

§¦´£°±ª®¦ZSR´´´£°¨
δ(t ) = 0 §££±´¨ t > 0 ²¬£²³ ZIR©²´®¨¥ª¨´¦¬©²´®t>0²¬
n
y(t ) = (∑ k ie Sit )u(t )
i=1
" k i §£¨±¨´°¨ª°£¥
(
w (t ) = δ(t )£°ª©£¨£³¨¦³¦¨³ y(t ) = Σ k ieSit u(t ) ©²´®´£°ª
t
)
©£¨£°§£¨£´¨§£²£¦³§£¨±¨³ª£´² ª§¦´£°±ª® δ′, δ §£¦£¥¨§£²£«ª¥ª
¦¨³

¨
¦¬¨´²´¨ y′′ + 4 y′ + 3y = 2w + w′ ²¨ª´ª
¦¬¨¦³§¦´´´¦°
©²´®
S1 = −3 S 2 = −1 ¦±ª S + 4S + 3 = 0 ´£ª££®³¨´²´®ª§¦´´´°¨¦£¥
2

( −t
)
y(t ) = k 1e + k 2e u(t )
−3 t
©¥¦
( )
y′(t) = − 3k 1e −3 t − k 2e − t u(t ) + (k 1 + k 2 )δ(t )
6 - 3
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
( )
y′′(t ) = 9k 1e −3 t + k 2e − t u(t ) − (3k 1 + k 2 )δ(t ) + (k 1 + k 2 )δ′(t )

¦±ª¢³£®³¨°²¡¦
− (3k 1 + k 2 )δ(t ) + (k 1 + k 2 )δ′(t ) + 4(k 1 + k 2 )δ(t ) = 2δ(t ) + δ′(t )
(k 1 + 3k 2 )δ(t ) + (k 1 + k 2 )δ′(t ) = 2δ(t ) + δ′(t )

§£¨±¨´³ª´¬¥
k 1 + k 2 = 1
1 1
k 1 + 3k 2 = 2 ⇒ k 2 = k 1 =
2 2

( )
y(t ) = h(t ) = e −t + e −3 t u(t ) £§¦¦´³ª¦£±¥«©¥¦
1
2
w (t ) = δ(t )²³¥©£³´¦±¦²¨ y(t) ´£°¦©´£ª©²´®´ª¥ª¬ª¥´³¦£¥

¨

y′′ + 2y′ + y = w′ + 2w £¬²´¨¦¬¨¦³§¦´´´°¨

S1,2 = −1 ⇐ S + 2S + 1 = 0
2
´£ª££®³¨©²´®

y = (A + Bt )e u(t )
−t

y′ = Be u(t ) − (A + Bt )e u(t ) + Aδ(t )
−t −t

y′′ = −Be − tu(t ) − Be − tu(t ) + (A + Bt )e − tu(t ) + (B − A )δ(t ) + Aδ′(t )

³¨£´² ª©²´®´£°ª
y′′ + 2y′ + y = 2Aδ(t ) + (B − A )δ(t ) + Aδ′(t ) = δ′(t ) + 2δ(t )

2A + B − A = 2
⇒ A=1 B=1
A=1

y = (1 + t )e u(t ) £§¦´´ ²±¨©¥¦
−t

¨

y′ + 2y = w′′ + 3w′ + 3w £²¨§¬®¤´¨±´¨¦ £¬
©²´®
´² ª¨²´£¦£©£¨££¥´² ª³§³¨ª°³£¦¦¥²±¨¨ª³ ²±¨
n
w(t ) = δ(t ) ©£¨££°ª²³¥³§³¨ y(t ) = (∑ k ie Sit )u(t ) ²°¨©²´®³¡ª¦±£®«¨¦©¥¦¦¨³
i=1
¨°¬§¦´£°±ª®¦«®´² ª¬¦±ª¦¨³¦£§¦´£°±ª®¦³£ª³´² ª¦±ª
y = Ae −2tu(t) + Bδ(t ) + Cδ′(t ) ²´££¦¦¥©²´®³¡ªª©¥¦
´³¦¡£¦°ª©¥³±ª´£ª££®³¨´²£´®£¬¦£²¥°¨ª¢ªª®«±¦³± ¡¤£²¬¨´²³¥
§£¨±¨
²¨©²´®´£°ª

6 - 4
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
− 2Ae −2tu(t) + Aδ(t ) + Bδ′(t ) + Cδ′′(t ) + 2Ae −2tu(t) + 2Bδ(t ) + 2Cδ′(t ) = δ′′(t ) + 3δ′(t ) + 3δ(t )
( A + 2B)δ(t ) + (B + 2C)δ′(t ) + Cδ′′(t ) = 3δ(t ) + 3δ′(t ) + δ′′(t )
§£¨±¨³ª

C=1
B+2C=3 ⇒ B=1 A=1C=1
A+2B=3

y = e u(t ) + δ(t ) + δ′(t ) §¦´´´ª¦£±¥«©¥¦
−2 t

£³¦¥«£ª¥¦ZSR´´´£°¨
£¦¦¥ZSR©²´®¦´¬¥² ¡ª
´ª°¨³²¡¦³¦¥¨¦ZSR´´´£°¨
h(t)§¦´´
«®£´¦¡´°¨©¨ £¦´£´¦£²ª£¦¦¬¨§£¡£ª¨

©®«¦®´£°±ª® ´² ¬«£ª¥´§£²±¨ªw(t)«£ª¥²¬

n −1
w (t ) ≅ ∑ w (t i ) ⋅ P∆ (t − t i ) ⋅ ∆
i=0

²¨²³¥

t < t i
P∆ (t − t i ) =
1
t i < t < t i + ∆
∆
t > ti + ∆

h∆ (t) ´«¦®´«£ª¥¦´´§§£²£¨
h∆ (t − t i ) £ p ∆ (t − t i ) ¨«¦®¦´©¨ ´¦´£¦¦

£´£¦¦¥´³¦±ª´¥²¬¨££¥²¦³´£²ª£¦¦¦

n−1
x (t ) ≅ ∑ w (t i )⋅ h∆ (t − t i )⋅ ∆
i=0
P∆ (t − t i ) → δ(t − t ′) §¦´£°±ª®¦³«¦®¦¥ ∆ → 0 ²¬

h∆ (t − t i ) → h(t − t ′) §¦¦´¦´®³«¦®¦´¦¥§©¥¦
§£¦±¨ t n → t ′ ∆ → 0 §£®£³¨³¥¥«

tn
x (t ) = ∫ w (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′
t0

6 - 5
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

x (t ) = w(t) ∗ h(t ) ´ª¨«¨£°¦ª±´¦¬®£
²¡¨¦¥¦´³¡¦´² ¬©´£ª£²ª£¦¦¬¨¦³§¦´´¬£§³±£«ª

³±¨¨¦§¦´´©££°¦ª±´¦¬®´¬°ª

£°¦ª±´¦¬®¦³´ª¥´²®«¨¨¦ª

t 0 t
x (t ) = ∫ w (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ = − ∫ w (t − t ′′)h(t ′′)dt ′′ = ∫ w (t − t ′′)h(t ′′)dt ′′ ££²¢¨£«
0 t 0

t ′′ = t − t ′

dt ′′ = −dt ′

w ∗ h = w ∗ h ©¥¦

w ∗ (h1 + h2 ) = w ∗ h1 + w ∗ h2

w = w ∗ δ ³¦§£³ª©¥¦ w(t ) = ∫ δ(t ′)w (t − t ′)dt ′ ²¥ ¥

´£®²£°¦ª±

´¦¬®´¬°¦¡ª§£´£¬¦©¥¦©¨ §£¦¨´´§£²±¨²§££¦¨³¡§£¦¬¨©²´®¦³´£¬
§£³£¡¤²°¦¦£®²©®£°¦ª±
¨¦¬®©®´¨¦ª

£°¦ª±©£ª£¬°¦°²ª h(t) ,iS (t) ´£°±ª®£´³´ª´ª

V(t ) £°¦ª±´°´´©¨«ª
t
V (t ) = ∫ iS (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ £°¦ª±´²£®¦
0
t ′ ²£°¦¬ h(t − t ′) ´²££°ª
6 - 6
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
²«
£¥ª²£°´¨¬¦h(t)¦³£²´ª¨´ h(− t ′)
t ª£¨£´ ¨£²´ª¨´´ h(t − t ′)

§£¨¡´²®«¨¦±¦¡´£©²´®

t<0²¬
§£¡¢³©£®£®¡©£ §¡´
¦²¢ª£´°´§¡´©£²¨¦¥
²£°¨´²¦©´£ª³£®¥«®¨ª³
©¥¦

V (t ) = ∫ iS (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ = 0

0<t<2²¬

t
V (t ) = ∫ (t ′ − t + 2)dt ′ £°²¢ª£§¡´´¨£´¨£«¨®£®¡ª³£ §¡´
0
2<t<3²¬

6 - 7
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

©¦¨³¦³¨¦³«£«¤²©¦¨§¬®£®¡°¨ª³¦³¨¦³«£«¦¥ §¡´
t 2
V (t ) = ∫ (t′ − t + 2)dt′ = ∫ (t′ − t + 2)dt′ ©¥¦
t −2 0

3<t<5²¬

3
V (t ) = ∫ (t′ − t + 2)dt′ £°²¢ª£§¡´´¨³´¨£«¨®£®¡ª³£ §¡´§
t −2

5<t²¬

³©¥¦²£°¨´²¦©´£ª³£®¥£°²¢ª£§¡´©£²¨¦¥§£¡¢³©£®£®¡©£ §¡´
V (t ) = ∫ iS (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ = 0

£°¦ª±´°´

6 - 8
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
´®«ª¨
t
´£°±ª®´ª´ª²³¥ g(t ) = ∫ iS (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ £°¦ª±´¬°¦°²ª
0

§£¨¡´¦£²®ª´¨±¨¨¥©²´®

t −1 t −1
g(t ) = ∫ iS (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ = ∫ (3 ⋅ 1)dt ′ = 3t − 3
0 0

2 2
g(t ) = ∫ iS (t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ = ∫ (3 ⋅ 1)dt ′ = 6
0 0

6 - 9
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

2 2
g(t ) = ∫ i (t′)h(t − t′)dt′ = ∫ (3 ⋅ 1)dt′ = 6 − 3(t − 4) = 18 − 3t
S
t−4 t−4

ª¦£±³©²´®´²££°ª®£®¡©£ §¡´

´£®²£°¦ª±³ªª²¡¨

§£¨¦£ª³¨´¥²¨£°±ª®©£h(t)´£ª¦¨£°±ª®©££°¦ª±¬°¦°²ª

∫ δ(t ′)h(t − t ′)dt ′ = h(t ) ¨£±¡¨´²¥ ´¦£¡´
∫ δ(t ′ − t 0 )h(t − t ′)dt ′ = h(t − t 0 )

§£¨¦£ª³§¬h(t)¦³£°¦ª±´¬°ª´¬¥

h (t ) = h (t ) * δ (t − 2 )
h (t ) * δ ( t ) = h (t − 2 )

¦±ª²£¡²¡¦

6 - 10
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

§¦´£°±ª®¦³´² ª¦³¨£´ª¥´£¦²¬

dδ  δ(t + ε ) − δ(t )
δ′(t ) = = lim 
dt ε → 0
 ε 
 f (− ε )δ(t + ε ) − f (0)δ(t )
f (t )δ′(t ) = lim = ©¥¦
ε →0
 ε 
ª®« ª²«¡

 f (0)δ(t + ε ) − f (0)δ(t ) f (0)δ(t + ε ) − f (−ε)δ(t + ε )
= lim −  =
ε →0
 ε ε 

= f (0)δ′(t ) − δ(t + ε )⋅ f ′(0) = f (0)δ′(t ) − f ′(0)δ(t )
ε→0

§£§£²³±§£¨££±´¨§¦´£°±ª®²¬³ª£²©¥§

f (t )δ(t ) = f (0)δ(t )
f (t )δ′(t ) = f (0)δ′(t ) − f ′(0)δ(t )
f ′(t )δ(t ) + f (t )δ′(t ) = f (0)δ′(t )
6 - 11
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

Linear Time Invariant: I 0 T I V 0 T V R

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Linear Time Invariant: I 0 T I V 0 T V R

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°±»¥§²

= 2 (V1 − V2 ) = 2 (V0 − I0R 2 )

b 0 w (m ) + b1w (m−1) + ... + bm w

Sn + a1Sn−1 + a 2S + ... + an−1S + an = 0 n− 2

P∆ (t − t i ) → δ(t − t ′) §¦´£°±ª®¦³«¦®¦¥ ∆ → 0 ²¬

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Linear Time Invariant: I 0 T I V 0 T V R

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Linear Time Invariant: I 0 T I V 0 T V R

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 °±­»¥§²

= 2 (V1 − V2 ) = 2 (V0 − I0R 2 )

b 0 w (m ) + b1w (m−1) + ... + bm w

 Sn + a1Sn−1 + a 2S + ... + an−1S + an = 0 n− 2

P∆ (t − t i ) → δ(t − t ′) §¦´£°±ª®¦­³«¦®¦¥ ∆ → 0 ²¬

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°±»¥§²

Sn + a1Sn−1 + a 2S + ... + an−1S + an = 0 n− 2

P∆ (t − t i ) → δ(t − t ′) §¦´£°±ª®¦³«¦®¦¥ ∆ → 0 ²¬