Ádj.

k& 1
ÁLrkouk
Hkkjr Lora= gksÅu lgk n’kds iw.kZ >kyhr-
Hkkjrke/;s fofHkUu tkrh&tekrh o /kekZps yksd okLrO;
djhr vlwu Hkkjrh; ‘kklu O;oLFksus /keZfujis{krspk
fLodkj dsyk vlY;keqGs izR;sd O;Drhykgh vkiY;k
/kekZpk izpkj o izlkj dj.;kpk vf/kdkj feGkysyk
vkgs- ;kizek.ks ;sFkhy lekt O;oLFkse/;s vlysY;k
tkrh&tekrhpk fodkl dj.;kdfjrk ‘kklu Hkj nsr vlys rjh dkgh
tekrhaPkk fodkl vtqugh iqjs’kk Áek.kkr >kyk ulY;kps
fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs vkt v’kk dkgh tekrh vkgsr dh]
R;kauk lektkrhy eq[; izokgkr ;s.;kdfjrk vMp.kh fuekZ.k
gksr vkgs- rlsp ;k tekrhph thou’kSyh fHkUu vlwu lekt
jpuk] O;olk;] ra=oSKkfud ikrGh] Hkk”kk] /keZ ;k loZ
ckcrhr leqnk;kyk jkuVh] vMk.kh v’kk izdkjph laHkkouk
vkfnoklhaph dsysyh vlwu ^ukxjh lekt* o
^laLd`rh* ;kaP;k iklwu nwj taxy o Mksaxj nÚ;kr
jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkaps o.kZu fczVh’kkauh ^Tribes* ;k ‘kCnkr
dsys vkgs-
;k tekrhP;k okVÓkkl misf{kr] ‘kks”k.k] nkfjæÓk]
fuj{kjrk o eqY;fojfgr thou vkysys vkgs- ukxjh

1
thoukaiklwuph Qkjdr >kysyh vlY;kus ?kunkV taxys]
nqxZe Hkkx] Mksaxj] dM~;k dikjs] unh] ukys]
vks<s ;kaP;k ‘kstkjh jkgwu thou O;rhr djkos ykxys- ;k
tekrhps thou ‘ksdMks o”kkZiklwu misf{krrsP;k
ojoaV~;k[kkyh jxMY;k xsys gksrs- R;keqGs vkfnoklh
fodklkiklwu oafpr jkfgysyk vkgs- gh csn[ky izo`Rrh
vk;kZiklwu rj fczVh’k dkGkrgh cnyyh ulY;kps
fnlwu ;srs-
vfydMs vkfnoklhalkBh ^vWckjhthuhl* ¼Aborigenes½
gk ‘kCn izpfyr vlwu ^eqGps yksd* ¼Indigeneous people ½ o
ifgys yksd ¼First people ½ gs ‘kCngh izpkjkr vkgsr- ukxjh
laLd`rhr vkfnoklhaph vksG[k jkuVh] fi’kkPp] Øqj]
ujHk{kd] jk{kl] fgaL= v’kh d:u Bsoysyh vlwu ukxjh lekt
O;oLFksrqup R;akuk csnsss[ky d:u Vkdysys gksrs-
R;keqGs taxykr o MksaxjnÚ;kr jkg.kkÚ;k tekrhyk ukxjh
thoukrhy dk;n~;kcn~ny o iz’kklukcn~ny dkghgh ekfgrh
uOgrs- Eg.kwu fczVh’kkauh vkfnoklhauk dk;nk o
iz’kklukP;k vkoj.kkr vk.kwu tekrhP;k leL;kaps fueqZyu
dj.;kpk fczVh’kkapk gk gsrw lq/nk LokFkhZ gksrk-
dkj.k R;kauk ns’kkrhy loZ Hkkxkr vkiys ‘kklu iDds
djko;kps gksrs- R;klkBh R;kauh HkkjrkP;k fofHkUu

2
Hkkxkr dasæh; iz’kkluk’kh tksMys- R;kpcjkscj uohu dj
i/nrh] Hkweh laca/kh dk;ns] taxy fo”k;d dk;ns fuekZ.k
d:u taxykps Bsdsnkj] O;kikjh] lkodkj] vf/kdkjh] Jfedkauk
;k {ks=kr izos’k [kqyk d:u fnyk- vkfnoklhauk vkiys
LokfeRo fgjko.;kph nkV ‘kadk okVY;kus R;kaP;k
izHkko {ks+=kr pGoGh mHkk:u fczVh’k lRrsfo:/n caM
iqdkjys gkssrs-
Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh lekt
txkrhy brj ns’kkis{kk Hkkjrke/;s vl.kkjh
vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k gh lokZf/kd vlwu Lokra«;
ÁkIrhuarj Hkkjrkph tux.kuk dsyh vlrk 1951 yk Hkkjrkph
,dw.k yksdla[;k 36]10]88]090 brdh gksrh- ;kiSdh
vkfnoklh yksdla[;k 1]91]47]054 ,o<h vlwu frps ,dw.k
yksdla[;s’kh Áek.k 5-3 VDds gksrs- ;k izek.kkph rqyuk
dsyh vlrk vkfÝdk [kaMkP;k [kkyks[kky Hkkjrkrhy
vkfnoklh yksdla[;k vlY;kps vk<Gwu vkys vkgs-
Hkkjrkr ?kVd jkT;kis{kk dsaæ’kkflr jkT;ke/;s
vkfnoklhaps Áek.k vf/kd vk<Gwu vkys vlwu 1991 P;k
tux.kuk vgokykuqlkj vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k fnYyh]
panhx< o ik¡Mspjh ;k dsaæ’kklhr izns’kkr o iatkc]
gfj;k.kk vkf.k tEew dkf’ej ;k ?kVd jkT;kr vkfnoklh tekrh

3
fnlwu ;sr ukgh- ckdh loZ ?kVd jkT; o dsaæ’kklhr
izns’kkr vkfnoklh tkekrhps forj.k >kysys
fnlwu ;srs- ;krhy y{kf}i o nknj&uxj gosyh ;k nksu
dsaæ’kklhr izns’kkr ,dw.k yksdla[;sP;k vuqØes 93- 15
VDds o 78-99 VDds yksdla[;k vkfnoklhaph vkgs-
ukxky¡M] fe>ksje o es?kky; ;k ?kVd jkT;ke/;s ,dw.k
yksdla[;sP;k vuqØes 94-75 VDds] 87-70 VDds o 85-58
VDds yksdla[;k vkfnoklhaph vkgs- rj v:.kkpy izns’kkrhy
vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k 63-66 VDds vkgs- R;kp
[kkyks[kky e.khiqj 34-11 VDds] f=iqjk 30-95 VDds]
e/;izns’k o NRrhlx< 23-27 VDds] flDdhe 22-36 VDds
vksfjlk 22-21 VDds vls vkfnoklh tekrhps izek.k vk<Gwu
;srs-
Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh lekt gk fodklkiklwu dkslks nwj
vkgs- nÚ;k [kksÚ;kr jkg.kkjk vkfnoklh lekt vk/kqfud
lektkP;k laidkZr vkY;kus vusd leL;kauh xzklyk vkgs-
Lokra«; izkIrhP;k 70 o”kkZuarjgh vkfnoklhaP;k lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] ‘kS{kf.kd ftoukr ikfgts R;k izek.kkr lq/kkj.kk
>kysY;k fnlwu vkY;k ukgh- f[kzLrh /keZ izlkjdkauh
R;kaP;k vKkukpk Qk;nk ?ksÅu /kekZarj dj.;kl izo`Rr
dsys R;keqGs gtkjks o”kkZaiwohZph vkfnoklh laLd`rh

4
u”V gks.;kP;k ekxkZoj vkgs- Lor%P;k laLd`rhpk o
ewY;kapk R;kx dj.;kiklwu vkfnoklhauk izo`Rr dls
djrk ;sbZy] R;kauk fodklkP;k eq[; izokgkr dls
vk.krk ;sbZy- ;k –“Vhus dkgh mik;;kstukRed
–“Vhdks.k ekaMY;k xsys-
vkfnoklh lektke/;s dkgh xV fodklkP;k ojP;k VII;koj
iksgkspys vkgsr- vkf.k dkgh f’k{khr >kysys vkgs-
jk”Vªh; ,sD; fVdfo.;kP;k –“Vhus tutkrhauk letwu ?ksÅu
R;kaP;k’kh Lusg o ijLij letwrhps laca/k izLFkkfir dj.ks
t:j vlY;kps izfriknu usg: ;kauh dsys vkgs- R;kaP;k ers
^tutkrh {ks=kr dk;Z dj.kkjs yksd R;kaP;k’kh ,d:Ik gksÅu
dk;Z d: ’kd.kkjs vl.ks t:jhps vkgs- Hkkjrh; vkfne lektkl
lq[kh dj.;kpk ,dp ekxZ Eg.kts R;kauk Lokoyach]
Lolaj{k.k dj.ks gk vkgs- R;klkBh ;k Hkkxkr okgrwd o
nG.koG.kkph lks; miyC/k dj.ks] vkR;afrd fudMhps vkgs-
lkscrp vkjksX;] f’k{k.k] dqfVj m|ksx bR;knhaph lks;
dsyh tkoh- R;kaP;k thoukr <oGk<oG dj.;kpk gk iz;Ru
ulwu R;kauk lq[kh gks.;kl enr dj.;kpk rks ,d ekxZ vkgs-*
egkjk”Vª jkT; o yksdla[;k
Hkkjrke/;s egkjk”Vª jkT;kpk {ks=QGkP;k –f”Vus
frljk Øekad vlwu ;k jkT;kps HkkSxksfyd {ks= 3]07]713

5
pkS- fd- eh- vkgs- R;kiSdh 50]757 pkS- fd- eh- vkfnoklh
mi;kstuk[kkyh {ks= vlwu ;k {ks=kps Áek.k 16-5 VDds
vkgs- ;k vkfnoklh {ks=kr Ákeq[;kus fHkYy] xksaM]
egknso dksGh] ikojk] Bkdqj] okjyh ;k Áeq[k vkfnoklh
tekrh okLrO; djhr vlwu ;kiSdh ekfM;k] xksaM gh tekr
Ákeq[;kus xMfpjksyh ftYákr vk<Gwu ;srs-
dsanz ’kklu lwfpr vkfnoklh tekrh
dsaæ ‘kklukus T;k vkfnoklh tekrhauk vkfne tekrh
Eg.kwu lwfpr dsysys vkgs- R;ke/;s dksyke ¼;orekG
ftYgk½] dkrdjh ¼jk;xM o Bk.ks ftYgk½ vkf.k ekfM;k
¼xMfpjksyh ftYgk½ ;kiSdh ekfM;k gh vkfne tekr
xMfpjksyh ftYáke/;s Ákeq[;kus vk<Gwu ;sr vlwu gh tekr
lkekftd o vkfFkZd –“V;k vR;ar ekxkl vkgs-
egkjk”Vªke/;s 1971 rs 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj
egkjk”Vªkph ,dw.k yksdla[;k o vkfnoklhaph
yksdla[;k ;kaph rqyuk dsY;kl iq<hyÁek.ks yksdla[;k
vk<Gwu ;srs- 1971 e/;s egkjk”Vªkph ,dw.k yksdla[;k
504-1 y{k vlwu vkfnoklhph yksdla[;k 38-4 y{k
vkgs- ;kph VDdsokjh 7-62 vlwu lokZr deh vkgs- dkj.k
Lokra«; ÁkIrhuarj Hkkjrh; turspk fodkl dj.;kdfjrk
‘kkklukus vusd fodklkRed ;kstukaph vaeyctko.kh dsyh-

6
ijarq vkfnoklhaps okLrO; ?kunkV o MksaxjkG {ks=kr
vlY;keqGs R;kauk fodklkP;k ;kstuspk iqjsiqj ykHk ?ksrk
vkyk ukgh- T;keqGs R;kapk yksdla[;k ok<hpk tUenj o
e`R;wnj nksUgh vf/kd vlY;keqGs vkfnoklhaps
yksdla[;sps Áek.k deh vk<Gwu ;srs- ijarq 1981 rs
2011 ;k dkyko/khr ‘kklukus vkfnoklhaP;k
fodklkdfjrk ;ksX; ikÅys mpyY;keqGs R;kapk tUenj vYi
Áek.kkr deh >kyk vlwu e`R;wnj eksB~;k Áek.kkr deh
>kyk- R;keqGs 1981 iklwu ,dw.k yksdla[;s’kh vkfnoklh
yksdla[;sps Áek.k 9-19 VDds iklwu 9-35 VDds i;Zar
ok<r xsys-
ekfM;k tekr
vkfnoklh tekrhrhy xksaMkP;k T;k mitekrh vkgsr-
R;kiSdh ekfM;k fdaok ekfÚg;k ¼ek&5 fÚg] ;k&5½ tekr
gks;- gh tekr cLrje/khy ukjk;.kiwj o txnyiwj g~;k
ifjljkrhy ?kunkV vj.;kr jkgrs- egkjk”Vªkr gh tekr
izkeq[;kus xMfpjksyh ftYg~;krhy fljkaspk]
HkkejkxM] ,VkiYyh] vgsjh] /kkuksjk] ewypsjk ;k
rkyqD;kr izkeq[;kus vk<Gwu ;srs- ekfM;k gh tekr
vfr’k; ?kunkV taxy] fulxkZP;k lkfUu/;kr] MksaxjkG
izns’kkr vfr’k; [kMrj voLFksr thou txrkauk vk<Grkr- gh

7
tekr brj lektke/;s felGrkauk vk<Gwu ;sr ukgh- ek=
R;kaP;kr izkekf.kdi.kk] lk/ksHkksGsi.kk] fujkxli.kk
fnlwu ;sr vlwu rs usgeh glreq[k o vkuanh vlrkr-
ekfM;kaP;k mitekrh &
Hkkjrke/;s vusd tekrh vkgsr- R;k izR;sd tekrhe/;s
mitekrh vkgsr- tls egkjk”Vªkrhy xksaM tekrhP;k mitekrh
izek.ksp ekfM;k ;k vkfne tekrhP;kgh mitekrh
vk<Gwu ;srkr- ^ck;lu gkuZ ekfM;k*] fgy ekfM;k*]
^vcq> ekfM;k* ;k tekrhps yksd fofo/k jkT;kr vkgsr-
e/;izns’kkrhy cLrj ftYg~;kr egkjk”Vª] mfMlk o
vka/kzizns’k ;k jkT;kr fnlwu ;srkr- ekfM;k tekrhrhy
yksdkaps jkgk.;kP;k fBdk.kko:u izeq[k nksu izdkj
vk<Gwu ;srkr- 1½ cMk ekfM;k o 2½ NksVk ekfM;k-
igkMkoj o igkMkP;k ik;F;k’kh vkl.kkÚ;k yksdkauk
^cMk ekfM;k* Eg.krkr- cMk ekfM;k yksdkaph oLrh
HkkejkxM rkyqD;kiklwu 35 rs 40 fd- eh- Mksaxjkoj
fcukxqaMk] rqjsZedkZ] dqOokdksMh] iqaxklwj]
isjeyHkV~Vh] iksnsokMk] nkeuedkZ ;k xkokr vkgsr-
rlsp MksaxjkP;k ik;F;k’kh vl.kkÚ;k xkokae/;s lq/nk
vk<Gwu ;srs- cMk ekfM;k yksdkauh vtwugh vusd
leL;kauk rksaM |kos ykxrs- R;kaP;k izkFkfed xjtk rs

8
iw.kZ d: ‘kdr ukgh- ‘kklukP;k vusd ;kstuk vkgsr- ijarw
R;k ;kstukapk R;kauk ykHk feGr ukgh-
likV Hkkxkr okLrO; djhr vl.kkÚ;k yksdkauk
^NksVk ekfM;k* Eg.krkr- NksVk ekfM;k izkeq[;kus
likV Hkkxkrhy taxykr eksB~;k izek.kkr vk<Gwu ;srks- ?
kksVikMh] cksaMkxs] dks;j] eqjaxy] rkMikMh] iqlokjk]
ykgsjh] tqOoh] gksMªh] xksykxqMk] doaMs]
iks;kjdksVh] iusukj] eyeiksMwj] owMsjk] d`”.kkj g~;k
xkokr vkgs- ;kf’kok; xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy brj rkyqD;kr
gh tekr c?kko;kl feGrs- dkgh VksY;kae/;s cMk ekfM;k
vkf.k NksVk ekfM;k tekrhps yksd okLrO;kl vlwu cMk
ekfM;k Ákeq[;kus ykgsjh vkf.k vktwcktwP;k ifjljkr
vk<Gwu ;srs- ekfM;k tekrhe/;s T;k izek.ks mitekrh
vkgsr- R;kpizek.ks ekfM;k gh tekr lq/nk ,d mitekr vkgs-
jktxksaM gs jktoaf’k; vlY;keqGs Lor%yk xksaMkis{kk
mPp letrkr- xksaM gh tekr egkjk”Vªkr foiwy izek.kkr
vk<Grs-
xMfpjksyh ftYgk
xMfpjksyh ftYgk gk egkjk”VªkP;k iwosZyk vkgs-
fonHkZ foHkkxkr ;k ftYgÓkkpk lekos’k vkgs- paæiqj
ftYgk gk foLrkjkus eksBk vlY;k dkj.kkus iz’kkldh;

9
vMp.kh fuekZ.k gksÅ ykxY;kr- l|kpk dksjph]
HkkejkxM] fljkaspk ;k Hkkxkaiklwu paæiqjps varj Qkj
ykac vlY;k dkj.kkus yksdkauk ftYgk eq[;ky;h iksgp.ks
ftdhjhps Bjk;ps- nG.koG.kkP;k lk/kukpk vHkko]
nkfjæÓk] nqxZe Hkkx ;keqGs iz’kklukyk lq/nk
fodkldk;kZdfjrk yksdkai;Zar iksgp.ks dBh.k
Ogk;ps- ;keqGsp xMfpjksyh ;k Lora«; ftYg~;kph ekx.kh
gksÅ ykxyh- Lora«; ftYgk >kY;kl nqxZe Hkkxkrhy
yksdkapk fodkl lk/krk ;sbZy] vlk mn~ns’k ;k Hkkxkrhy
yksdkapk gksrk-
xMfpjksyh ftYg~;krhy ekfaM;k cka/ko ‘kgjkaiklwu
cÚ;kp nqj varjkoj nqxZe o MksaxjkG Hkkxkr okLrO;
djhr vkgs- toGikl olysY;k vkfne tekrhpk xMfpjksyh
ftYg~;k’kh laidZ ;srks- i.k rs ekfM;k ftYg~;kP;k vxnh
‘kssoVP;k Vksdkoj olys vkgsr- v’kkp xMfpjksyh
‘kgjk’kh dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk vtwu laidZ vkysyk ukgh-
v’kk ;k nÚ;k[kksÚ;kae/;s vkfnoklhaph la[;k tkLr vkgs-
Eg.kwu xMfpjksyh ftYg~;kyk vkfnoklh ftYgk Eg.kwu
lacks/kys tkrs- vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhpk ifjlj gk mRre
gok] taxy] oujkbZ] Hkjiwj ik.;kaP;k u|k] FkaMxkj vkf.k
xksM ik.;kps fueZG >js ;kauh uVysyk izns’k vkgs-

10
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k&
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy ,dw.k vkfnoklh yksdla[;s iSdh
/kkuksjk] eqypsjk] ,VkiYyh] HkkejkxM] vgsjh o
fljkaspk ;k rkyqD;kae/;s ekfM;k ;k tekrhps okLrO; vf/kd
vkgs- 2011 P;k tux.ksuqlkj ftYgÓkke/;ssss ekfM;k ;k
tekrhps okLrO; vl.kkÚ;k lgk rkyqD;kaph yksdla[;k o
L=h&iq:”k ;kaps izek.k n’kZfo.;kr vkys vkgs- ;k
rkyqD;akph ,dw.k vkfnoklh yksdla[;k 245784 vlwu
fL=;kaph la[;k 123181 o iq:”kkaph la[;k 122603
vlwu ;kaps izek.k 99-5 VDds vkgs-
la’kks/kudk;kZps egRo o fo”k;kph fuoM
dasæ ‘kklukuus lwfpr dsysY;k egkjk”Vªkr okLrO;kl
vl.kkÚ;k rhu tekrh iSdh ekfM;k gh vkfne tekr xMfpjksyh
ftYg~;kr okLrO;kl vkgs- R;kaph lekftd o vkfFkZd
fLFkrh vR;ar nSfu; vlwu R;kauk vkiY;k dqVwackpk
mnjfuokZg dj.ks dBh.k tkrs- ijarq ‘kklukus ;k tekrhP;k
fodklkdjhrk vkfnoklh fodkl ;kstuscjkscj vkfne tekrh fodkl
;kstuk lq: dsyh vkgs- R;kaph vaeyctko.kh xMfpjksyh
ftYg;krhy brj ftYákP;k rqyusr fLFkrh osxGh vlyh rh
dkgh izek.kkr gksr vkgs- ekfM;k tekrhph lkekftd o
vkfFkZd fLFkrh d’kh vkgs- rlsp R;kaPkh fLFkrh

11
lq/kkj.;kdjhrk ‘kklukph Hkwfedk dk; vkgs- ;k loZ
ckchapk vH;kl dj.;kdjhrk ;k fo”k;kph fuoM dj.;kr vkyh
vkgs-

12
 Ádj.k & 2
la’kks/ku lkfgR;kps iqujkoyksdu
izdj.k 1 e/;s vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k ,sfrgklhd
ik’oZHkwehpk fopkj dsyk vkgs- ;k izdj.kkr xMfpjksyh
ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k yksdkapk lkekftd o
vkfFkZd vH;kl dj.;kdfjrk la’kks/ku lkfgR;kps
iqujkoyksdu ;k ckcrpk vk<kok ?ks.;kr vkyk- izLrqr
la’kks/ku ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k lkekftd o
vkfFkZd thouk’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- ;k tekrhrhy yksdkaps
thoueku brj yksdkais{kk fHkUu vkgs- R;kaph
ekr`Hkk”kk] jkg.kheku] dje.kwd] fjfrfjokt] Hkkouk]
/keZJ/nk] lkekftd fufrfu;e] vkpkj fopkj áke/;s brj
lektkis{kk fHkUurk vk<Grs- R;keqGs ckg~; o izxr
lektkdfjrk vkfnoklh lekt gk dkSrqdkpk vkf.k
la’kks/kukpk fo”k; >kysyk vkgs-
vkfnoklh lektkfo”k;h vusd la’kks/kdkauh o.kZu
fygwu Bsoysyh vkgsr- ;k o.kZuko:u vkfnoklh lektkps
[kjs fp= leksj u ;srk dkgh xSjlet fuekZ.k >kysyh
fnlwu ;srkr- ys[kdkauh fygwu BsoysY;k o.kZuko:u
vkfne tekrhoj fy[kk.k dj.;klkBh fuf’prp pkyuk feGkyh-
vkfnoklh ifjljkr jkgwu] R;kaps toGwu fufj{k.k o voyksdu

13
dj.ks la’kks/kdkyk ‘kD; >kys- R;kn`”Vhus iq<hy fy[kk.k
egRokps okVrs- vkfnoklhaoj loZizFke fy[kk.k dj.;kpk
iz;Ru gk ekuooa’k ‘kkL=Kkauh ¼Anthropologysts½ dsY;kps
fnlwu ;srs- ;k tekrh fo”k;h vusd vn~HkwrjE; v’kk
xks”Vh lakfaxrY;k vlwu gs vkfnoklh brjkais{kk fHkUu
vkgsr- vlk tks let yksdkae/;s fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs- rks
nwj dj.;kpk iz;Ru cÚ;kp izek.kkr ekuooa’k ‘kkL=Kkauh
dsysyk vkgs-

14
 Ádj.k & 3
la’kks/ku i)rh
‘kks/kizca/kkP;k ;k izdj.kkr v/;;ukdjhrk mi;ksxkr
vk.kY;k xsysY;k laiq.kZ dk;Zi)rhaps o.kZu dj.;kr vkys
vkgs- izLrqr la’kks/kukpk vH;kl dj.;klkBh ‘kkL=h;
i/nrhpk okij dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- IkzLrqr la’kks/kuklkBh
losZ{k.k i/nrhph fuoM dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- losZ{k.k
i/nrhps egRo y{kkr ?ksÅu izLrqr la’kks/kukr xMfpjksyh
ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k yksdkaPkk lkekftd o
vkfFkZd vH;kl dsysyk vkgs-
vH;klkph mfÌ”Vîks%&
 xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
lkekftd o vkfFkZd fLFkrhpk vH;kl dj.ks-
 xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
fodklklkBh ‘kklukP;k Hkwfeds fo”k;h v/;;u dj.ks-
 xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
fodklkdfjrk T;k ;kstuk jkcfo.;kr vkY;k vkgsr-
R;k ;kstukaps v/;;u dj.ks-
 xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
O;olk;kpk vH;kl dj.ks-

15
  xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
ekr`Hkk”kseqGs R;kaP;k fodklkoj dk; ifj.kke iMyk
vkgs R;kaps v/;;u dj.ks-
 xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
vkjksX;] f’k{k.k ;koj fodklkP;k ifj.kkekapk vH;kl
dj.ks-
v/;;u fo’o %
izLrqr la’kks/kukph O;kIrh xMfpjksyh ftYákiqjrhp
e;kZfnr Bso.;kr vkyh- ftYákrhy dksjph] dqj[ksMk]
HkkejkxM] fljksapk] ,VkiYyh] eqypsjk] vgsjh]
xMfpjksyh] pkeks’khZ] oMlk ¼nslkbZxat½] vkjeksjh ;k
ckjk ¼12½ rkyqD;kaiSdh ,VkiYyh] vgsjh] eqypsjk]
HkkejkxM] /kkuksjk] fljksapk ;k lgk ¼6½ rkyqD;krhy
vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhps v/;;u dj.;kr vkys vkgs-
dkyko/kh%&
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhps
lkekftd o vkfFZkd fLFkrhps v/;;u dj.;kdfjrk 2001 rs
2017 gk dkyko/kh ?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs-
U;kn’kZ i)rh] U;kn’kZ o uequk fuoM %
izLrqr la’kks/kudk;kZr uequk fuoMhP;k fofHkUu
i)rhP;k xq.k nks”kkpk iw.kZ fopkj d:up uequk fuoMyk

16
xsyk o v/;;ukl vko’;d Eg.kwu ,dkis{kk tkLr uequk
fuoMhP;k i)rhpk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- laHkkO;rk
i)rhrhy lk/kk ;kn`fPNd uequk (Simple Random Sampling)

fuoM.;kr vkyk vkgs- izLrqr la’kks/kukdjhrk xMfpjksyh

ftYákph fuoM dsyh vlwu ;k ftYákr 12 rkyqds vkf.k 1689
xkokaiSdh T;k rkyqD;kr vkfne tekrhps okLrO; cgqrka’k
izek.k vkgs- v’kk ,VkiYYkh] vgsjh] HkkejkxM]
fljksapk] eqypsjk o /kkuksjk ;k lgk rkyqD;kaph fuoM
dj.;kr vkyh- ;k lgk rkyqD;kr ,dw.k 951 xkos
vkgsr- ;kiSdh izR;sd rkyqD;krqu 10 VDds xkokaph
fuoM izLrqr la’kks/kukdfjrk dj.;kr vkyh-
;k fuoM dj.;kr vkysY;k xkokrhy vkfne tekrhrhy
¼ekfM;k½ yksdkauh ‘kklukP;k fofo/k lqfo/kk
o ;kstukapk ykHk ?ksÅu vkiY;k lkekftd o vkfFkZd
ftoukr d’kkizdkjs cny ?kMowu vk.kyk o vkiyk fodkl
dsyk] gs tk.kwu ?ks.;kdjhrk fuoM dj.;kr vkysY;k
xkokrhy lk/kkj.kr% 10 VDds vkfne tekrhP;k loZlk/kkj.k
dqVqackph ¼,dq.k 700 dqVqackaph v/;;ukr fuoM dj.;kr
vkyh-½ ekfgrh laHkkO;rk uequk fuoM i/nrhP;k
ek/;ekrwu ladyhr dj.;kr vkyh-

17
la’kks/ku vkjk[kMk o rF; ladyu i/nrh
izLrqr la’kks/kukr rF;kaps ;ksX; ladyu o
fo’ys”k.k ;klkBh vko’;d vVhph iwrZrk d:u o.kZukRed
la’kks/ku vkjk[kM~;kph fuoM dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- izLrqr
la’kks/kukr losZ{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrqu izkFkfed o nq¸;e
L=ksrke/kwu ekfgrh ladfyr dj.;kr vkyh- izR;{k ekfgrhP;k
ladyuklkBh vuqlwph i/nr] eqyk[kr ra=] fujh{k.k vkf.k
losZ{k.k i/nrhpk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk- v/;;u {ks=krhy
v/;;ukdjhrk fuoMysY;k vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
yksdkauk vuqlwph forjhr dj.;kr vkyh- o R;k ek/;ekrwu
rF;s ladfyr dj.;kr vkys- vuqlwph }kjs izkIr ekfgrhps
fo’ys”k.k izeq[k rDR;kae/;s loZ izFke Hkj.;kr vkys- uarj
R;kps oxhZdj.k rkfydkokj vkf.k ?kVdokj dj.;kr vkys-
v’kk izdkjs rkfydsr Hkj.;kr vkysY;k ekfgrhps i`Fk
%dj.k ;ksX; R;k lkaf[;dh; Rka=kpk mi;ksx d:u dj.;kr
vkys- o R;kuq:i fu”d”kZ dk<.;kr vkys-
ekfgrhps lkaf[;dh; fo'ys”k.k
lkaf[;dh; ra=krhy fofo/k xzkgîkrk pkp.khpk
fo’ks”kRokus mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk- R;k vk/kkjkoj fu”d”kZ
dk<ys xsysr- izkIr ekfgrho:u okjaokjhrk ¼Frequency½ o
cgqyd ¼Mode½ dk<.;kr vkys- vH;klkrhy fofo/k ?kVd]

18
iMrkG.;kdjhrk ns.;kr vkysys x`ghr izes; vkf.k okij.;kr
vkysyk la’kks/kukpk vkjk[kMk y{kkr ?ksrk ‘Chi-Square’ test

oki:u xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k

yksdkapk lkekftd o vkfFkZd fLFkrhpk vH;kl dj.;kr vkyk-

19
 Ádj.k & 4
ekfM;k tekrhph lkekftd fLFkrh
ekuo gk lekt’khy o fodkl’khy Ák.kh vkgs- ekuokP;k
vla[; xjtk vkgssr- R;k Hkkxfo.;klkBh rks vkiY;k
cq/nhP;k cGkoj vko’;d rh lk/kus fuekZ.k djrks-
ijaijsuqlkj lektkus ekU; dsysY;k ijaijkxr lk/kus] lH;rk]
laL—rh] ÁFkk o ladsr ;kaP;k fn?kZ vuqHkokuarj ák
lk/kukapk o dk;Zi/nrhpk fodkl gksÅu R;k lektkr :<
gkssrkr- Eg.ktsp O;DrhP;k vFkok lektkP;k xjtk
Hkkxfo.;klkBh fuekZ.k >kysyh i/nrh fdaok orZu ;kykp
ßlkekftd O;oLFkkÞ vls Eg.krkr- lekt O;oLFksr lektkrhy
vkarfjd o cfgxZr lkekftd fØ;k rlsp R;kaP;krhy ifjorZu]
dkSVqafcd pkyhfjrh] fookg o lkekftd eqY;kRed
O;oLFkk] rlsp xVkRed o fu;eukRed O;oLFkk ;kaps
vfyf[kr Lo:Ik Eg.ktsp lekt O;oLFkk gks;- lektkph lkekftd
O;oLFkk d’kh vkgs- ;koj lektkpk fodkl voyacqu
vlrks- ;kyk vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekr lq/nk viokn ukgh-
R;keqGs ;k tekrhP;k dqVqackph lkekftd] ‘kS{kf.kd]
dkSVwafcd O;OkLFkk rlsp /kkfeZd o lkekftd pkyhfjrh
d’kk Ádkjph vkgs bR;knhaps v/;;u dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- ;k

20
vuq’kaxkus] ;k izdj.kkae/;s vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
lkekftd fLFkrhpk vH;kl dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-

21
 Ádj.k 5
ekfM;k tekrhph vkfFkZd fLFkrh
Ekkuo Áxr vlks fdaok vÁxr ÁR;sd ekulkyk xjtk
vlrkr- o ák xjtk iw.kZ dj.;kP;k n`”Vhus rks Á;Ru djhr
vlrks- vUu] oL=] o fuokjk ák O;DrhP;k Áeq[k xjtk vlwu
R;k iw.kZ dj.;klkBh rks vusd Ádkjps Á;Ru djhr vlrks-
O;DrhP;k xjtk ák vuar vkgsr o R;k iw.kZ dj.kkjh lk/kus
ek= e;kZnhr vkgsr- Eg.kwu ekuokyk vkiY;k laiw.kZ xjtk
iw.kZ dj.ks ‘kD; >kys ukgh- ve;kZnhr xjtk o e;kZnhr
lk/kus ;kapk esG ?kky.;kP;k Á;Rukrwup vkfFkZd Á’u
fuekZ.k gksrkr- O;Drhyk xjtk iw.kZ dj.;kdjhrk vkfFkZd
Á’u lksMokos ykxrkr- vkfFkZd Á’u lksMfo.;kdjhrk
vkfFkZd fØ;k djkO;k ykxrkr- ;k Ádj.kkar vkfne
¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k vkfFkZd fLFkrhpk vH;kl dj.;kr
vkyk vkgs-

22
 Ádj.k & 6
ekfM;k tekrhph lkekftd o vkfFkZd fLFkrh lq/kk.;klkBh
‘kklukph Hkwfedk
Hkkjr Lora= gksÅu lkr n’kds iw.kZ >kyhr rjhgh
Hkkjrkrhy fofHkUu tkrh&tekrh o /kekZP;k yksdkapk
lkekftd o vkfFkZd fodkl >kysyk ukgh- Hkkjrkrhy lekt
O;oLFkse/;s vlysY;k fofo/k ekxkloxhZ; tkrh&tekrhpk
fodkl dj.;koj ‘kklu Hkj nsr vlys rjh dkgh tekrhPkk fodkl
iwjs’kk izek.kkr >kyk ulY;kps fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs vkt
v’kk dkgh vkfnoklh tekrh ¼tls ekMh;k½ vkgsr dh]
R;kauk lektkrhy eq[; izokgkr ;s.;kl vMp.kh fuekZ.k gksr
vkgsr- rlsp ;k tekrhph thou’kSyh fHkUu vlwu lekt jpuk]
O;olk;] ra=oSKkfud ikrGh] Hkk”kk] /keZ ;k loZ ckcrhr
vtwugh fodflr >kysY;k ukghr-
;k tekrhP;k okV~;kl misf{kr ‘kks”k.k] nkfjæ;]
fuj{kjrk o eqY;fojghr thou vkysys vkgs- ;k tekrhps thou
‘ksdMks o”kkZiklwu misf{krrsP;k ojoaV~;k[kkyh
jxMY;k xsys gksrs- R;keqGs vkfnoklh fodklkiklwu oafpr
jkfgysyk vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh lekt gk fodklkiklwu
Qkj nwj vkgs- taxy o nqxZe Hkkxkr jkg.kkjk vkfnoklh
lekt vk/kqfud lektkP;k laidkZr vkY;kus vusd leL;kauh

23
xzklyk vkgs- Lokra«; izkIrhP;k 70 o”kkZuarjgh
vkfnoklhaP;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ‘kS{kf.kd thoukr gO;k
R;k izek.kkr lq/kkj.kk gksrkauk fnlwu ;sr ukgh- vkfnoklh
lektkae/;s dkgh xV fodklkP;k ojP;k VII;koj iksgkspys
vkgsr- vkf.k dkgh f’k{khr >kysys vkgs- ,danjhr vkfnoklh
lektkPkh vkfFkZd o lkekftd fLFkrh lq/kk.;klkBh
‘kklukph Hkwfedk dk; vkgs- o ;k fodklkyk lk/; dj.;klkBh
‘kklukP;k dk; mik;;kstuk vkgsr- ;kph ekfgrh
‘kks/kizca/kkP;k ;k izdj.kkr izLrqr dj.;kr vkyh vkgs-
Ádj.k& 7
fu”d”kZ] lwpuk o f’kQkj’kh
dqVwackdMwu izkIr >kysY;k rF;kaP;k vk/kkjs th
ekfgrh feGkyh o rF;kaP;k fo’ys”k.kkn~kjs ts fu”d”kZ fu?
kkys rs iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-
ekfM;kadMwu ladfyr dsysY;k ekfgrhP;k
fo’ys”k.kko:u ÁkIr fu”d”kZ
7-1% ekfM;k tekrhph lkekftd fLFkrh
Ok;kuqlkj oxhZdj.k
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kko:u vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVqackps o; 31 o”kkZis{kk tkLr vkgs-

24
fyaxkuqlkj oxhZdj.k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=kr cgqrka’k iq:”k
vkgsr-
‘kS{kf.kd fLFkrh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqac vf’kf{kr vkgsr-
lkekftd Ekkr`Hkk”kk
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqac ekfM;k xksaMh Hkk”kk cksyrkr-
O;olk;uqlkj ofxZdj.k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackapk eq[; O;olk; ‘ksrh vkgs-
dqVqackrhy ,dw.k lnL; la[;k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackr 5 rs 8 lnL; vkgsr-
dqVwackrhy dke dj.kkjs lnL;

25
  izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackr 1 rs 2 dke dj.kkjs lnL; vkgsr-
oSokfgd ntkZ
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackrhy yksd fookfgr vkgsr-
dqVwackpk Ádkj
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwac foHkDr vkgsr-
dqVwac i)rh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackr fir`lRrkd dqVqac i/nrh :< vkgs-
dqVwac fu;kstu
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k yksdkauh dqVqac fu;kstu dsysys vkgs-

26
x`g fuekZ.k ;kstuk ¼?kjdqy½
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kko:u vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVwackauk ‘kklukdMwu ?kjdqy feGkys ukgh-
ekfM;k dqVqackps ?kjkps Lo:Ik
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;kaph ?kjs nxM foVkauh r;kj dsysyh vkgsr-
Lukux`gkPks Lo:i
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVqackps Lukux`g dPP;k Lo:ikps vkgsr-
ekfM;k dqVqackph ‘kkSpky;kph fLFkrh
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVqackdMs ‘kkSpky; ukgh-
fot tksM.kh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackP;k ?kjh fot tksM.kh ukgh-
dqVqackr fi.;kps ik.kh Hkj.;klaca/kh ekfgrh

27
  izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackP;k ?kjh lkoZtuhd gkr iaikpk okij
d:u fi.;kps ik.kh Hkjys tkrs-
ekfM;k dqVqackph vkgkj i/nrh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackrhy vkgkjkr eq[;r% Hkkrkps lsou
dsys tkrs-
dqVqacke/;s vlysY;k euksjatukP;k lqfo/kk
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackP;k ?kjh ¼fV-Ogh] jsfMvks]
Msd@VsijsdkMZ] ;kiSdh dkghgh ukgh½ ;kiSdh
dqBY;kgh euksjatukP;k lqfo/kk miYkC/k ukgh-
izpfyr fookgkPkk Ádkj
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackr fookg Bjowu dj.;kr ;srks-
fookg laiUu
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k

28
 ekfM;k dqVwackr oji{kkdMs fookg laiUu gksr
vlrks-
fookgkr HksV ¼[kpkZ½
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackr o/kqi{kkyk HksV oLrq fnyh
tkrs-
vkarjtkrh; fookg
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackr vkarjtkrh; fookgkyk v;ksX; letys
tkrs-
ekfM;k tekrhrhy dksacMk cktkj
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqac dksacMk cktkjkyk tkrkr-
ekfM;kae/khy O;lu
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackyk nk:ps O;lu vkgs-

tknwVks.kk

29
  izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackapk tknwVks.;koj fo’okl vkgs-
ekfM;k tekrhrhy nsohnsork
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackps vkjk/; nso isjlkisu ¼cMknso½
gs vkgsr-
Lo;aikdklkBh ba/ku
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
dqVwac Lo;aikdklkBh tGkÅ ykdMkpk okij djrkr-
lkekftd laLFkk@ eaMGkps Ádkj
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;kaP;k xkokr tkr iapk;r eaMG vkgs-
tkriapk;rhPks fu.kZ;
 izkIr ifj.kkekao:u vls y{kkr ;srs dh] xkoke/;s
tkriapk;rhus fnysys fu.kZ; lokZauk ekU; vlrkr-
dks.krhgh O;Drh tkr iapk;rhP;k fu.kZ;k fojks/kkr tkr
ukgh- dkj.k tkriapk;rhph use.kwd xkokrhy loZ
yksdkauk feGwu dsyh vlrs- R;keqGs fnysys
fu.kZ; ;ksX; vlwu rs lokZauk ykxw gksrkr-
Xkkokrhy ‘kS{kf.kd lks;h
30
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy rkyqD;kae/khy
fuoMysY;k ,dw.k 94 xkokae/;s 93 vax.kokMhapk
¼ckyokMh½ lekos’k vlwu 93 ÁkFkfed ‘kkGk o 03
ek/;fed ‘kkGk vkgsr- rlsp 02 mPp ek/;fed] 02 [kktxh
vkJe’kkGk] 04 ‘kkldh; vkJe’kkGk o 1 ofj”B egkfo|
ky; miyC/k vkgs-

31
f’k{k.k ?ksr vlysys LFkku
 ekfM;k yksdkaph vkfFkZd fLFkrh [kqip detksj vlrs
R;keqGs ekfM;k fo|kFkhZ gs ÁkFkfed iklwu rj mPp
ek/;fed Ik;Zarps f’k{k.k vkJe’kkGsrp jkgwu ?ksrkr-
ifgyh rs poFkh Ik;ZarP;k f’k{k.kkph lks; xkokrp
vlrs- R;keqGs cgqrka’k fo|kFkhZ gs xkokrp ?
k:u ;s.ks tk.ks d:u f’kdrkr- cgqrka’k egkfo|ky; gs
rkyqD;kP;k fBdk.kh vkgsr- R;keqGs fo|kF;kZauk
jkg.;kdjhrk vkfnoklh foHkkxkvarxZr oLkrhx`gkph
fufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh vkgs-
‘kS{kf.kd lks;hapk ykHk
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackrhy fo|kF;kZauk ‘kklukdMwu
feG.kkÚ;k lks;h loyrhapk Qk;nk eksB~;k Áek.kkr
feGr vkgs vls vk<Gwu ;srs-
eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkojhy [kpZ
 izkIr ifj.kkekao:u vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] ekfM;k
tekrhrhy eqyhauh mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrys ikfgts-
f’k{k.k gkp ,deso fodklkpk dsaæfcanw vkgs-
R;ke/kwu pkaxY;k okbZV xks”Vhaph dYiuk ;srs-

32
 f’k{k.kkeqGs vkiys vkjksX;] jkg.kheku
lq/kkjrs- ;klkBh mPp f’k{k.kkojhy [kpZ v;ksX;
okVr ukgh- vls ekfM;k dqVqackps er vlY;kps
vk<Gwu vkys-
‘kS{kf.kd fodklkr tk.kfo.kkjs vMFkGs
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fodklkr xjhch gk
lokZr eksBk vMFkGk vkgs-

33
vkS”k/kksipkj i/nrh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqac ljdkjh nok[kkU;kr tkLrhr tkLr
mipkj ?ksrkauk fnlwu ;srkr-
dqVqackrhy L=h ÁlqrhP;k LFkkuklaca/kh ekfgrh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k fL=;kaph izlwrh nok[kk.;kr gksr vlrs-
7-2% ekfM;k tekrhph vkfFkZd fLFkrh
ekfM;kaP;k O;olk;kps Lo:i %&
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVqackapk O;olk; ikjaikfjd Lo:ikpk vkgs-
mnjfuokZgkph lk/ku
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVqac mnjfuokZgkdfjrk ‘ksrh djrkr-
ekfM;kapk iqjd O;olk;
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k

34
 dqVawckdMs ‘ksrh O;frfjDr brj O;olk; Eg.kwu
dqDdwVikyu djrkr-
ekfM;k dqVqackdMs vl.kkjk ‘ksrhpk vkdkj
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVaqckdMs 1 rs 2 gsDVj tehu vl.kkÚ;kaps
izek.k tkLr vlY;kps vk<Gwu vkys vkgs-
‘ksrhPkk Ádkj
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackdMs dksjMokgw ‘ksrh vkgs-
‘ksrke/;s fidkaps mRiknu
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqac [kfji fid ?ksrkr-
‘ksrhe/;s fc&fc;k.kakpk okij
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k ‘ksrdjh ‘ksrhlkBh ?kjph tquh fc;k.ks okijrkr-
vk/kqfud lalk/k.ks
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
35
 ekfM;k dqVqac ‘ksrh dj.;kdfjrk vk/kqfud ra=kpk
okij djhr ukgh-
flapukph lk/kus
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
‘ksrdÚ;kadMs flapukph lqfo/kk miyC/k ukgh-
‘ksrhlkBh iriqjoBk
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackauh ‘ksrhlkBh dtZ ?ksrys ukgh-
dtkZps L=ksr
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
‘ksrdÚ;kauh ‘ksrh O;olk;klkBh c¡dsdMwu o brj ?
kVdkadMwu dtZ ?ksrys vkgs-
oumit oLrw
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackauh xksGk dsysY;k oLrqaP;k foØh
iklwu 500 :- ÁkIr gksrkr-
‘ksrekykps foi.ku

36
  izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k ‘ksrdjh vkfnoklh fodkl egkeaMGkr R;kaPkk
‘ksreky fodrkr-
dqVwackPks ,dw.k okf”kZd mRié
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackrhy ,dw.k okf”kZd mRiUu 5 rs 50
gtkj vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs-
iqjsls okf”kZd mRié
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
dqVaqckauk R;kaP;k dqVqackrhy okf”kZd mRiUu
iqjsls okVr ukgh- v’kkosGh R;kaP;k mRiUukr ok<
gks.;kdjhrk ‘kklukus ;ksX; lgdk;Z dj.ks vko’;d
vkgs- vkiY;k dqVaqckapk mnjfuokZg dj.;kdjhrk
rlsp vko’;d xjtkaP;k iwrhZ djhrk iq<hy lqfo/kkapk
mi;ksx djrkr-
mRié iqjsls ulY;kl brj rjrqn
 lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls fun’kZukl ;srs
dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k dqVaqc mRiUu iqjsls
okVr ulY;kl dtZ ?ksrkr-
[kjsnh foØhps O;ogkj
37
  izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k jks[k i/nrhus [kjsnh foØhps O;ogkj djrkr-
oLrqfofue;kP;k O;ogkjps LFkku
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
vkfnoklh vkBoMh cktkjkr oLrqfofue;kps O;ogkj
djrkr-
‘kkldh; vkfnoklh fodkl ;kstuk
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
dqVqackauk iapk;r lferh varxZr jkcfoysY;k
vkfnoklh fodkl ;kstukapk ykHk ÁkIr >kyk vkgs-
vkfnoklhauk Áf’k{k.k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
vkfnoklh ;qodkauk ‘kkluk}kjs jkcfoysY;k fofo/k
Áf’k{k.k ;kstukapk ykHk ÁkIr dsyk vlwu vusd
dqVwac vtwugh ;k Áf’k{k.k ;kstusiklwu oafpr
vlY;kps vk<Gwu vkys vkgs-
;qodkauk fofo/k ;kstukackcr lgk¸;
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy
38
 cgqrka’k ;qodkauk mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.;klkBh
f’k”;o`Ÿkh ;kstuspk ykHk feGkysyk vkgs-
baftu vkWbZy
 ÁkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;fd; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k ekfM;k
dqVqackauk ‘kklukdMwu baftu vkWbZy ÁkIr >kys
ukgh-
‘kklukMwu ÁkIr gks.kkÚ;k enrhps LOk:Ik
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
dqVwackauk ‘kklukdMwu ‘ksrhlkBh vuqnku izkIr
>kys ukgh-
[kktxhdj.k {ks=kackcr vkfnekaps er
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;kauh [kktxhdj.kkyk fojks/k n’kZfoyk vkgs-
ufou vkfFkZd /kksj.k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
vkfnoklhauk ufou vkfFkZZd /kksj.kkapk Qk;nk
ns’kkrhy ekstD;k Jhear O;olkf;dkauk gksr vlyk rjh
Á;Ru d:u lokZauk Li/ksZP;k ;qxkr ykHk gksÅ

39
 ‘kdrs- Ik;kZ;kus ufou vkfFkZd /kksj.k Qk;ns’khj B:
‘kdrs-
lkekftd o vkfFkZd fodkl laFk xfrus gks.;kps dkj.k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVwackpk laca/k izxr Hkkxk’kh
¼‘kgjka’kh½ u vkY;keqGs R;kaPkk lkekftd o
vkfFkZd fodkl laFk xfrus gksr vkgs-
ljdkjh LoLr /kkU; nqdkukae/kwu [kjsnh
dj.;kr ;s.kkjs vUU/kkU;@brj oLrq
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
dqVaqc ‘kklukP;k LoLr /kkU; nqdkukrwu
vUu/kkU; [kjsnh djrkr- T;k dqVaqckauk lQsn
jaxkph f’k/kkif=dk izkIr >kyh vkgs- vls dqVaqc
ljdkjh LoLr /kkU; nqdkukae/kwu vUu/kkU; o brj
oLrw [kjsnh djhr ulY;kps vk<Gwu vkys vkgs-
LoLr /kkU; nqdkukae/kwu iqjsls vé/kkU;
feG.;klaca/kh
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqackae/;s fnolsafnol ‘kklukP;k
fofo/k ;kstuklaca/kh tkx`drk ok<r vkgs- T;keqGs
40
‘kkluk}kjs iqjfo.;kr ;s.kkÚ;k vUu /kkU;kpk ekfM;k
tekrhrhy yksd iqjsiqj Qk;nk mpyr vkgsr-

41
nkfjæÓk js”ksckcr ‘kklukps fud”k
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVaqckauk ‘kklukP;k nkfjæÓk js”ksckcrps
fud”k ekfgrh vkgsr-
dqVaqckr nkfjæÓk js”ksph x.kuk
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVaqckaP;k nkfjæÓk js”ksph x.kuk
xzkelsod djrkr-
dqVwac nkfjæÓk js”ks[kkyh iqjkok
 izkIr ifj.kkekaP;k lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.kkP;k vk/kkjs
vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] v/;;u {ks=krhy cgqrka’k
ekfM;k dqVqac nkfjæÓk js”ks[kkyhy vlY;kpk
iqjkok Eg.kwu fioGh f’k/kkif=dk vkgs-

x`fgrd ijh{k.k%&
1½ xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhpk
laaca/k Áxr Hkkxk’kh u vkY;keqGs R;kapk lkekftd o
vkfFkZd fodkl vR;ar laFk xfrus gksr vkgs-

42
  rDrk Øekad 5-26 e/kwu ÁkIr ifj.kkekao:u vls
vk<Gwu ;srs dh] cgqrka’k dqVqackaP;k ers
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhpk
laaca/k Áxr Hkkxk’kh u vkY;keqGs R;kapk lkekftd]
vkfFkZd fodkl vR;ar laFk xfrus gksr vkgs- ;ko:u
ßxMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhpk
laaca/k Áxr Hkkxk’kh u vkY;keqGs lkekftd]
vkfFkZd fodkl vR;ar laFk xfrus gksr vkgs-Þ ;k x`fgr
—R;kpk Lohdkj dj.;kr ;srks-
2½ xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy gks.kkÚ;k ‘kklukP;k
fodkl ;kstukaP;k vaeyctkof.keqGs vkfne ¼ekfM;k½
tekrhP;k lkekftd thoukr cny gksr vkgs-
 rDrk Øekad 4-32] 4-33 o 5-21 e/kwu ÁkIr
ifj.kkekao:u vls vk<Gwu ;srs dh] cgqrka’k
dqVqackaP;k ers xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy gks.kkÚ;k
‘kklukP;k fodkl ;kstukaP;k vaeyctkof.keqGs vkfne
¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k lkekftd thoukr cny gksr
vkgs- ;ko:u ßxMfpjksyh ftYákrhy gks.kkÚ;k
‘kklukP;k fodkl ;kstukaP;k vaeyctkof.keqGs vkfne
¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k lkekftd thoukr cny gksr vkg-
sÞ ;k x`fgr—R;kpk Lohdkj dj.;kr ;srks-

43
3½ xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
vkjksX;] f’k{k.k] ‘ksrhlaca/kh fodklkr xMfpjksyh
ftYákrhy ifjfLFkrheqGs vMp.kh fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr-
 rDrk Øekad 4-35] 4-36 e/kwu ÁkIr ifj.kkekao:u vls
vk<Gwu ;srs dh] cgqrka’k dqVqackaP;k ers
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k
vkjksX;] f’k{k.k] ‘ksrhlaca/kh fodklkr xMfpjksyh
ftYákrhy ifjfLFkrheqGs vMp.kh fuekZ.k gksr
vkgsr- ;ko:u ßxMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne
¼ekfM;k½ tekrhP;k vkjksX;] f’k{k.k] ‘ksrhlaca/kh
fodklkr xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy ifjfLFkrheqGs vMp.kh
fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr-Þ ;k x`fgr—R;kpk Lohdkj dj.;kr
;srks-
4½ xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekr :<h]
ijaijsoj fo’okl Bso.kkjh vlY;keqGs R;kaP;k fodklkr ck/kk
fuekZ.k gksr vkgs-
 rDrk Øekad 4-26] 4-27 e/kwu ÁkIr ifj.kkekao:u vls
vk<Gwu ;srs dh] cgqrka’k dqVqackaP;k ers
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekr :<h]
ijaijsoj fo’okl Bso.kkjh vlY;keqGs R;kaP;k fodklkr
ck/kk fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- ;ko:u ßxMfpjksyh

44
 ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekr :<h] ijaijsoj fo’okl
Bso.kkjh vlY;keqGs R;kaP;k fodklkr ck/kk fuekZ.k
gksr vkgs-Þ ;k x`fgr—R;kpk Lohdkj dj.;kr ;srks-
5½ xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhauk
feG.kkÚ;k lks;h] lqfo/kk viwÚ;k Áek.kkr feGrkr-
 rDrk Øekad 4-15 e/kwu ÁkIr ifj.kkekao:u vls
vk<Gwu ;srs dh] cgqrka’k dqVqackaP;k ers
xMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhauk
feG.kkÚ;k lks;h] lqfo/kk viwÚ;k Áek.kkr
feGrkr- ;ko:u ßxMfpjksyh ftYákrhy vkfne
¼ekfM;k½ tekrhauk feG.kkÚ;k lks;h] lqfo/kk
viwÚ;k Áek.kkr feGrkr-Þ ;k x`fgr—R;kpk Lohdkj
dj.;kr ;srks-
lwpuk %&
izLrqr v/;;uko:u vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhps lkekftd o
vkfFkZd fLFkrh ;kckcr v/;;u dsys vlrk R;kaps vl.kkjs
okLrO; rsFkhy lkekftd o vkfFkZd fLFkrh gh izxr
Hkkxkrhy fLFkrhis{kk fHkUu vkgs- R;keqGs ;kckcr
iq<hyizek.ks voyksdu dj.ks vko’;d vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-
1½ :<h o ijaijsps tru d:u lkekftd fodkl dj.ks-

45
ekfM;k tekr gh ijaijkoknh vlwu izR;sd dk;kZr vkiY;k
:<h o ijaijk ;kaps ikyu djhr vlrkr- v’kk osGh ;k
lektkpk lkaLÑfrd fodkl djhr vlrkauk R;kaP;k
laLÑrhyk dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk vk?kkr u djrk R;kaP;k
thouekukr d’kkizdkjs lq/kkj.kk djrk ;sbZy- ;kckcr
mik;;kstuk dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-
2½ ijaijkxr O;olk;kr cny
vkfnoklhapk eqG O;olk; ou o ‘ksrh gk vlwu ;koj
vkiyh miftohdk djhr vlrkr- gh ‘ksrh fulxkZoj
voyacwu vlwu R;kiklwu feG.kkjs mRiUu vR;Yi vlrs-
v’kkosGh R;kaP;k ‘ksrhe/;s ‘ksrdÚ;kauk LFkk;h
Lo:ikP;k flapukP;k lqfo/kk miyC/k d:u fnY;kl
‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k mRiUukr ok< dj.ks ‘kD; gksbZy-
3½ ejkBh Hkk"ksps Kku
;k vkfnoklhauk ejkBh Hkk”ksps Kku vtqugh vusd
yksdkauk ukgh- R;keqGs R;kauk fodklkP;k ;kstuk
izkIr djrkauk ;ksX; laokn lk/krk ;sr ukgh-
v’kkosGh ;k Hkkxkr izxr Hkkxkrhy ejkBh f’k{khr
O;olk;kP;k o jkstxkjkP;k fuehR;kus vkys rj R;kapk
laca/k LFkkfud yksdka’kh ;sowu rs ejkBh Hkk”kk
voxr dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrhy- ifj.kker% vkiY;k

46
ekr`Hkk”kslkscrp ejkBh Hkk”ksps Kku izkIr gksowu
fodklkP;k vusd ;kstukaph ekfgrh gksbZy-
4½ 'kS{kf.kd fodkl
Hkkjr ljdkjus loZf’k{kk vfHk;kukekQZr 100%
f’k{k.kkps mfí”V iq.kZ dj.;kps fuf’pr dsys vkgs-
ijarq vtqugh ekfM;k tekrhps 100% fo|kFkhZ ‘kkGse/;s
izosf’kr ukgh- v’kkosGh ts fo|kFkhZ ‘kkGse/;s
izosf’kr ukgh v’kk fo|kF;kZadfjrk oLrh’kkGk] gaxke
laiY;kuarj gaxkeh ‘kkGk fuekZ.k d:u R;kauk
izkFkfed f’k{k.k ns.;kpk iz;Ru dsY;kl ‘kklukps
‘kS{kf.kd mfí”V iq.kZ gksow ‘kdsy- f’kok; R;kaP;k
laLÑrhps tru gksowu R;kauk f’k{k.kkpk ykHk izkIr
djrk ;sbZy-
5½ vkjksX; lqfo/kk miyC/k d:u ns.ks
;k Hkkxkr vf/kdka’k yksd vkjksX;kckcr vufHk| vlwu
R;kaP;kr vkjksX;kckcr vukLFkk vlrs- R;keqGs
HkqdcGh] dqiks”k.k] lkFkhps jksx bR;knhps okLrO;
;k Hkkxkr vk<Gwu ;srs- v’kk fLFkrhr vkjksX; lsospk
izpkj o izlkj ;ksX; izek.kkr ulY;kewGs rsFkhy turk
iqtkÚ;kapk vkJ; ?ksrkr- R;kaP;ktoG ;ksX; rks
vkS”k/kksipkj ulY;kewGs e`R;qeq[kh iM.kkÚ;kaps

47
 izek.k vf/kd vlrs- v’kkosGh ;k Hkkxkr vf/kdkf/kd
vkjksX; lsospk izpkj o izlkj d:u R;kaP;kr tkx`rh
fuekZ.k dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-
6½ jkstxkjhps lk/ku
‘ksrhe/khy gaxkeh dkes vkVksiY;kuarj cgqrak’k
yksd dqDdqVikyu dfjr vlrkr- ;k dqDdqVikyukpk
mi;ksx fBdfBdk.kh dksacMk cktkj Hkjowu frFks
R;kaP;k >aqth ykowu y<rkr- ;ke/;s R;kaP;k osGspk]
iS’kkpk nq:Ik;ksx gksrks- v’kk ;k osGspk lnqi;ksx
dj.;kpk iz;Ru ‘kklu fdaok lektlsoh laLFkk d: ‘kdrkr-
R;kauk v’kkosGh jkstxkjhps lk/ku miyC/k d:u fnY;kl
R;kaP;k mRiUukr ok< djrk ;srs-

f’kQkj’kh
1½ xMfpjksyh ftYgÓkkrhy ekfM;k gh tekr eqGkrp
HkVD;k Lo:ikph vkgs- R;kapk eq[; O;olk; T;k
fBdk.kh ik.;kph lqfo/kk vkgs R;k fBdk.kh taxyrksM
d:u ‘ksrh dj.ks o R;kp cjkscj f’kdkj dj.ks gk vkgs- ou
dk;|kaeqGs ;k nksUgh O;olk;koj fucZa/k vkys-
R;keqGs R;kaP;ktoG vl.kkÚ;k deh tehuhe/;s
48
 vf/kdkf/kd mRiknu feGfo.;kdfjrk ‘kklukP;k ;kstuk
izf’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrqu letowu nsÅu R;kaP;k i;Zar
iksgpfo.;kr ;kO;k- ;k ;kstusP;k ek/;kekrqu ;sFkhy
‘ksrdjh vkiY;k ‘ksrhe/;s ;k lk/kukpk d’kk i)rhus okij
djhr vkgsr ;k ckcrps losZ{k.k dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- T;k
‘ksrdÚ;kauh ;ke/;s ;ksX; lgHkkx n’kZfoyk ukgh
v’kkauk izksRlkgu nsÅu R;kauk fodklkRed ;kstukr
lgHkkxh gks.;kl mRLQqrZ dj.ks vko’;d
vkgs- ;kdfjrk ‘kklukus R;kaP;k vfrØehr tehuhps
ekydh gDdkaps iÍs ns.ks vko’;d vkgs-
2½ ftYáke/;s uSlfxZd lk/ku laiRrh eqcyd izek.kkr
miyC/k vkgs- ijarq ;k lk/kukapk okij ;sFkhy
LFkkfud yksd ;ksX; izdkjs djhr ukgh- R;keqGs
uSlfxZd lk/ku laiRrhpk viO;; gksrks- v’kkosGh ;k
Hkkxkr miyC/k vl.kkÚ;k oumit oLrw R;koj izfØ;k
dj.kkjs NksVs ;a= ‘kklukus vkfnoklh dfjrk miyC/k
d:u fnY;kl ;sFkhy uSlfxZd lk/kulaiRrhP;k ek/;kekrqu
R;kauk jkstxkj izkIr gksbZy o vkfFkZd mRiUUkkr
ok< gksbZy-
3½ jkstxkj fufeZrh dfjrk izf’k{k.k %& ;k
Hkkxkrhy ;qodkauk jkstxkj izkIr u >kY;keqGs
csjkstxkj vkgsr- R;keqGs taxyke/;s tkÅu f’kdkj dj.ks

49
 fdaok dksacMk cktkj lkj[;k fBdk.kh mifLFkrh
n’kZowu vkiY;k osGspk o dk;Z{kerspk viO;; djhr
vlrkr- v’kk ;qodkauk oufoHkkxkus e/k ladyu dj.;kps
izf’k{k.k fnys vkgs- R;keqGs dkgh
izek.kkr ;qodkauk jkstxkj izkIr >kyk vkgs- v’kkp
izdkjs dqDdqVikyu] ojkgikyu] eRL;ikyu] dk”Vf’kYi
bR;knh O;olk;kps izf’k{k.k LFkkfud ;qodkauk
‘kklukus fnY;kl v’kk O;olk;kae/;s ;qod lgHkkxh
gksÅu R;kauk jkstxkj izkIrhps lk/ku miyC/k gksÅ
‘kdsy-
4½ vk/kqfud ra=kpk okij %& ;sFkhy okLrO;kl vl.kkjh
turk ijaijkxr ra=kpk okij mnjfuokZgkP;k lk/kuke/;s
djhr vlrkr- ‘kklukus ;k lk/kuke/;s cny d:u vk/kqfud
ra=kpk okij dj.;kps lk/ku miyC/k d:u ns.;kr ;kos-
mnk- ‘ksrdÚ;kauk foghjh ns.;kr vkY;k ijarq rsy iai
ns.;kr vkys ukgh- v’kkosGh foghjhpk mi;ksx gksÅ
‘kdr ukgh- rlsp eRL;cht ‘kklukus miyC/k d:u fnys
ijarq ekls idM.;kdfjrk vk/kqfud tkGs miyC/k d:u
fnys ukgh- R;keqGs v’kk ra=kP;k
vHkkokeqGs ;sFkhy turk mnkflu >kyh vkgs-
R;kdfjrk ;kauk iqjd ijarq vk/kqfud ra=kph lk/kus
miyC/k d:u ns.;kr ;kos-

50
5½ oLrqfofue; i)rhe/;s cny dj.;kr ;kok %& Lokra«;
feGwu 70 o”ksZ >kyh ijarq ;k Hkkxke/;s ekfM;k
tekr vtqugh vkiys cjsp’ks O;ogkj oLrqfofue; i)rhus
djhr vlrkr- ;keqGs vkfnoklhaP;k oLrqP;k fdaerh
dGw ‘kdr ukgh- ;ke/;s ;k lektkps ‘kks”ku izxr
lektkrhy fdjdksG O;kikjh djhr vlrkr- v’kk tursyk
oLrqfofue;kP;k O;ogkjk,soth eqnzse/;s O;ogkj
dj.;kckcrps ekxZn’kZu dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-
6½ v/;;u {ks=krhy vkfne ¼ekfM;k½ tekrhpk fodkl
rsOgkp gksbZy tsOgk ;k Hkkxkr nG.koG.k
lk/k.kkaP;k lqfo/ksr ok< dj.;kr ;sbZy- o ;keqGs
vkfnoklh [ksMh ‘kgjka’kh tksMY;k tkÅu vkfne
tekrhaPkk ukxjh lektk’kh laidZ ;sÅu R;kaP;krhy
ifjorZuoknh o`Rrhyk pkyuk feGsy ;klkBh
nG.koG.kkP;k lqfo/ksr ‘kklukus ok< djkoh-
7½ ekfM;k tekrhe/;s lqf’k{khr r:.k vkgsr- T;kauk
uksdÚ;k ukghr o O;olk;klkBh HkkaMoy ukgh- v’kk
r:.kkauk ‘kklukus fouk vV o fouk O;kt dtZ iqjoBk
d:u R;kauk m|ksx mHkkj.khr lgdk;Z djkos- ;keqGs
R;kaP;krhy csdkjhph leL;k dkgh izek.kkr dk
gksbZuk ukfg’kh gksbZy-

51
8½ ekfM;k leqnk;kP;k mnjfuokZgkpk iz’u lqV.kkj ukgh
rksi;Zar fodklkP;k fdrhgh xks”Vh dsY;k rjh R;k
fujFkZd Bjrhy- ;keqGs ‘kklukus leqnk;krhy nkfjæÓk
u”V dj.;klkBh R;kauk jkstxkj miyC/k
gksbZy ;k–“Vhus iz;Ru dj.ks egRokps vkgs- Eg.ktsp
leqnk; gk vkfFkZd –“VÓkk l{ke >kY;kl rks
fodklkdMs okVpky djhy- vkfFkZd ?kVd gk
‘kS{kf.kd ckchyk izHkkfor djrks- ;keqGs vkfFkZd
laiUurseqGs leqnk; gk ‘kS{kf.kd izokgkr ;sÅ ‘kdrks-
rlsp ;k lanHkkZr ‘kklukus lq)k dlks’khus iz;Ru dj.ks
xjtsps vkgs- f’k{k.k gs oSpkjhd ikrGh ok<fo.;kps
dk;Z djrs- Eg.ktsp ;ksX;&v;ksX; xks”Vhaph ikj[k
dj.;kph {kerk tj leqnk;kr fodflr >kyh rj leqnk;krhy
leL;kaps mPpkVu Ogk;yk osG ykx.kkj ukgh-
Eg.kwu ‘kklukus leqnk;kyk ‘kS{kf.kd izokgkr
vk.kwu R;kaP;kr tk.kho tkx`rh fuekZ.k dsY;kl vU;
leL;k lqVrhy-
9½ nk:] rkMh] xksjxk gh O;lus ;k tekrhyk ykxysyk dyad
vkgs- ldkGh mBY;kiklwu ekfM;k yksd ;k is;kps lsou
djrkr- ‘ksrkoj tk.;kiqohZ] yXu] e`R;w] l.k&mRlo
v’kk izlaxh ekfM;k yksd nk: fir vlrkr- ;k lo;heqGs
ekfM;k yksd dkekiklwu oafpr jkgrkr- vusd ekfM;k

52
 yksdkaps ;k O;lukeqGs ftou mn~/oLr >kysys vkgs-
xMfpjksyh ftYgk gk nk:canh ftYgk vlwu lq)k
eksBÓkk izek.kkr ckgsj jkT;ke/kwu nk: vk.kyh tkrs-
rlsp ekfM;k Hkkxkr eksgQqykaiklwu nk: r;kj dsyh
tkrs- rh nk: ¼nk:HkVÓkk½ ‘kklukus can djkOkh-
10½ ekfM;k Hkkxkr vkjksX; fo”k;d oS|dh; lks;h
lqfo/kkaph eksBÓkk izek.kkr derjrk vlY;kewGs
R;kauk mipkjkdjhrk rkyqD;kP;k fBdk.kh ;kos ykxrs-
vkfnoklh leqgkP;k vkjksX;kP;k iz’uklanHkkZr
‘kklukus xaHkhj fopkj d:u ;k Hkkxkr oS|dh; lks;h
lqfo/kk ok<fo.;kps dk;Z djkos- ts.ks d:u ekfM;k tekr
ikjaikfjd vkS”k/kksipkjkapk voyac u djrk oS|dh;
lks;h lqfo/kkapk ykHk ?ksrhy-
11½ ekuokP;k vUu] oL=] fuokjk gÓkk eqyHkwr xjtk
vkgsr- g;k xjtkcjkscjp fot] ik.kh] ‘kkSpky; ;kaph lq)k
vko’;drk vkgs- ekfM;kauk vkiY;k xjtk iw.kZ
dj.;klkBh jkukoukr HkVdkos ykxrs- d’khclh vkiyh
miftohdk ekfM;k yksd djhr vlrkr- NksVÓkk
NksVÓkk oLR;kae/;s ekfM;k tekr taxykr] MksaxjkG
Hkkxkr fo[kqjysyh vkgs- R;kapk fuokjk gk nxM foV
o ekrh dqGkapk vkgs- v’kk fLFkrhr vkiys thou txr
vlrkr- cgqrka’k ekfM;k xkokr fot] ik.kh ;kaph

53
 O;oLFkk ukgh- R;keqGs vusd xkos fotsfouk
va/kkjkr vlrkr- ‘kq) fi.;kps ik.kh ulY;kus vusd
jksxkapk lkeuk djkok ykxrks- ;klkBh ‘kklukus
ekfM;kauk eqyHkwr lqfo/kk feGkO;kr ;k–“Vhus
dkVsdksj fu;e r;kj d:u R;kaph vaeyctko.kh djkoh-
12½ ekfM;k tekrh gh vfrekxklysyh tekr vkgs- R;keqGs
R;kaP;kr vusd vfu”B izFkk fnlwu ;srkr- dks.krsgh
dk;Z dj.;kiqohZ iqtk vpkZ] vkjksX; fc?kMY;kl
xkokrhy iqtkjh] ekfld ikGhP;k dkyko/khr fL=;kauk ?
kjkP;k ckgsj >ksiMhr jkgkos ykxrs- v’kk fo?kkrd
izFkkaeqGs R;kapk lkekftd fodkl gks.;kl ck/kk
fuekZ.k gksrs- ;k tekrhrhy yksdkauk iqtsps egRo
iVowu nsÅu] vkjksX; fo”k;d rlsp ekfld ikGh ;k
fo”k;h xkokxkokr tkowu ekxZn’kZu dsY;kl lektkrhy
vfu”B :<h deh gks.;kl enr gksbZy-
13½ ekfM;k tekrhlkBh T;k ‘kkldh; ;kstuk vk[kY;k tkrkr
R;kaph vaeyctko.kh gh dkVsdksj Ogkoh dkj.k
pqdhP;k vaeyctko.kheqGs [kÚ;k
vkfnoklhauk ;k ;kstukapk ykHkp feGr ukgh- ;klkBh
‘kklukus ;kstukaP;k vaeyctko.khr ikjn’kZdrk vk.kwu
[kÚ;k ekfM;kauk ykHk feGsy ;k –“Vhus iz;Ru
djkos-

54
14½ dks.kR;kgh lektkpk fodkl gk usr`Rokf’kok; lk/; gksr
ulrks- R;kewGs vkfnoklhaP;k fodklklkBh [kachj o
vH;klw usr`Ro vkfnoklh lektkr fuekZ.k gks.ks xjtsps
vkgs- ;klkBh vkfnoklh lektkr jktdh; tk.kho tkx`rh
fuekZ.k dj.;kps dk;Z ftYákrhy lkekftd la?kVukauh o
‘kklukuh djkos-
15½ vkfnoklh Hkkx EgVyk Eg.kts R;k Hkkxkr
dks.krkgh ‘kkldh; vf/kdkjh o deZpkjh tk.;kl r;kj gksr
ukgh- vkfnoklh Hkkxkr dke dj.ks Eg.kts R;kauk ,d
izdkjs f’k{kk okVrs- R;keqGs ‘kkldh; vf/kdkjh o
deZpkjh ;kaP;krhy gk –“Vhdksu cnyfo.;klkBh
Lo;alsoh laLFkkuh esGkos o lHkk vk;ksftr d:u
ekxZn’kZu djkos vkf.k ‘kklukus lq)k ;kfo”k;h
mik;;kstuk djkO;kr-

55