Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CCPR
izkÑr&izek.ki=kh;&ikB~;Øe
(Certificate Course in Prakrit)
izFke i=k
(First Paper)
ikB ys[ku
Mk- deys'k oqQekj tSu
Mk- vusdkUr tSu
lEiknu
Mk- jtuh'k 'kqDy
la;kstu
Mk- t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
lgk;rk
vkpk;Z fot; oqQekj tSu
Mk- lfPpnkuUn frokjh
Mk- vt; oqQekj feJ
izdk'kue~
izks- jekdkUr ik.Ms;
funs'kd] eqDrLokè;k;ihBe~
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
izFkeeqæ.ke~ µ 2014
ISBN : 978-81-929486-8-3
VÄï.k
eSllZ vej fizafVax izsl] fnYyh & 110 009
i`"B foU;kl
jkthodqekj¯lg
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
i=k ifjp;
izLrqr ikB~;ozQe nks i=kksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA nksuksa i=kksa esa rhu&rhu [k.M fuèkkZfjr
gSaA
tSlk iwoZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd izFke i=k rhu [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr gSA izFke [k.M
esa ik¡p ikBksa esa izkÑr dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vè;;u dh n`f"V ls foospu fd;k x;k gSA blesa
izko`QrHkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk ifjp;] o.kZekyk] Loj o O;atu&ifjorZu bR;kfn dk
foospu fd;k x;k gSA f}rh; [k.M esa izkÑr&O;kdj.k dk lkekU; ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA
ik¡p ikBksa esa foHkDr bl [k.M esa izkÑr dh lafèk] lekl] dkjd] 'kCn:i rFkk /krq:i
dk foLr`r ifjp; lksnkgj.k foosfpr gSA r`rh; [k.M esa izkÑr okD;&jpuk vkSj vuqokn
ls lEc¼&fu;e rFkk vH;kl fn;s x;s gSaA
ikB ds vUr esa izk;ksfxd iz'u (Assignments) ds Lo:i rFkk lgk;d xzUFkksa
ds funsZ'k Hkh ns fn, x;s gSaA
w
vÄï&foHkktue~
1 izko`Qr dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud
vè;;u
1-1 izLrkouk
izkÑrHkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ikB esa vkidk Lokxr gSA izLrqr ikB esa vki izkÑrHkk"kk
vkSj lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp; izkIr djsaxs lkFk gh fofHkUu dky& [k.Mksa esa ifjofrZr
izkÑrksa dh Hkh tkudkjh fey ldsxhA ;gk¡ izkÑr&okÄ~e; dk Hkh ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA
bl ikB ds ekè;e ls vki izkÑr ds Lo:i o mRifÙk vkfn ls Hkh ifjfpr gksaxsA
1-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidks &
Ø izkÑr ds vFkZ dh tkudkjh gks ldsxhA
Ø izkÑr ds fofo/:iksa dk Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø izkÑr ds fofo/izdkjksa dh tkudkjh gks ldsxhA
Ø izkÑr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk Kku fey ldsxkA
izkÑr dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vè;;u Ø izkÑr esa jfpr fofo/izdkj ds lkfgR;ksa dh tkudkjh fey ldsxhA
Ø izkÑr xkFkk ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl dh tkudkjh fey ldsxhA
1-3 izkÑrHkk"kk dk ifjp;
Hkk"kkvksa esas izkÑrHkk"kk dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA izkÑr izkphu Hkkjr ds lkekU;tuksa
vkSj lkfgfR;d txr~ dh vkèkkjHkk"kk jgh gSA tuHkk"kk ls fodflr gksus ds dkj.k vkSj
tu&lkekU; dh LokHkkfod (izkÑfrd) Hkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k bls izkÑrHkk"kk dgk x;k gSA
izkÑr&lkfgR; esa thou dh leLr Hkkouk,¡ O;f×tr gqbZ gSaA izkÑrHkk"kk dh
lkfgR;&jpuk bZ-iw- 600 ls miyC/ gksrh gSA Hkxoku~ egkohj vkSj cq¼ us blh Hkk"kk esa
tudY;k.k dk mins'k fn;k FkkA lezkV~ v'kksd us f'kykys[k vkSj LrEHkys[kksa dks blh Hkk"kk
esa mRdh.kZ djk;kA [kkjosy dk gkFkhxqaiQk f'kykys[k izkÑr esa gh gSA izkÑrHkk"kk esa bZLoh
lu~ dh izFke&f}rh; 'krkCnh rd Hksn izk;% dksbZ ugha feyrk gSA ml le; nks izdkj dh
izkÑrksa dk Lo:i izkIr gSA ;Fkk& iwohZ izkÑr vkSj if'peh izkÑrA iwohZ izkÑr ekx/h
vkSj if'peh 'kkSjlsuh dgykrh gSA ckn esa 'kkSjlsuh dk ,d 'kSyhxr&Hksn egkjk"Vªh izkÑr
ds uke ls vfHkfgr gqvkA dkO;xzaFkksa dh jpuk loZ=k blh Hkk"kk esa dh x;h gSA ukVdksa vkSj
dkO;ksa dh izkÑrHkk"kk cksy&pky dh izkÑr ugha gS] vfirq lkfgfR;d izkÑr gSA
oS;kdj.kksa us izkÑrHkk"kk dks vuq'kkflr djus ds fy, izkÑr&O;kdj.k&xzaFk fy[ks gSa vkSj
mUgha fu;eksa ds vkèkkj ij Hkk"kk dk :i xBudj jpuk,¡a fy[kh gSaA
lkfgR;fuc¼ izkÑrHkk"kk dks dky dh n`f"V ls izkphu] eè;dkyhu vkSj
vkèkqfud bu rhu ;qxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA izkphu&izkÑr dk Lo:i vk"kZxzUFkksa]
f'kykys[kksa ,oa v'o?kks"k ds ukVdksa esa miyC/ gksrk gSA eè;dkyhu izkÑr dk Lo:i
Hkkl vkSj dkfynkl ds ukVdksa] xhfrdkO;ksa vkSj egkdkO;ksa esa rFkk vk/qfud izkÑr dk
Lo:i&viHkza'k lkfgR; esa ik;k tkrk gSA lezkV~ v'kksd vkSj [kkjosy ds ckn oSfnd /
ekZoyEch vkU/zoa'kh jktkvksa us izkÑrHkk"kk ds dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdksa dks dsoy vkJ; gh
iznku ugha fd;k] cfYd izkÑr dks jktHkk"kk dk in Hkh iznku fd;kA vkU/zoa'kh 'kkrokgu
us Lo;a gh ^xkFkkdks'k* dk ladyu dj vius le; dh yfyr vkSj mÙke&xkFkkvksa dks
lqfj{kr fd;kA
1-3-1 izkÑr dk vFkZ
ufelkèkq ds vuqlkj izkÑr 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& ^O;kdj.k vkfn laLdkjksa
ls jfgr yksxksa dk LokHkkfod opu&O;kikjA* mlls mRiUu vFkok ogh opu O;kikj
izkÑr gSA ^izkd~ Ñr* inksa ls ^izkÑr* 'kCn cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^igys fd;k x;kA*
^izkÑr* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk gS ^izÑR;k LoHkkosu fl¼a izkÑre~* vFkok ^izÑrhuka
lkèkkj.ktukukfena izkÑre~* bl vFkZ dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg;sA vFkkZr~ tu lkekU; dh
LokHkkfod Hkk"kk izkÑr gSA
1-3-2 çkÑr ds fofoèk uke
çkÑr ds fy, ikb;] ikbv,] ikb;] ikm;] ikxM] ikxr] ikx;]
ik;v] ikx;] ik;M tSls vusd uke çkIr gksrs gSaA tSu vax&lkfgR; esa ikxr 'kCn Hkh
feyrk gSA ^fo'ks"kko';d Hkk";* dh Vhdk esa vkpk;Z gsepUnz us ikx; 'kCn dk ç;ksx
fd;k gSA jkt'ks[kj ds ^diwZjeatjh* lV~Vd esa ikmv vk;k gSA okDifrjkt Ñr ^xmMogks*
8 çkÑr&dkO; esa izkÑr ds fy, ik;; 'kCn dk ç;ksx feyrk gSA mijksDr lHkh uke çkÑr
ds vFkZ esa iz;qDr gSaA vkpk;Z Hkjr us ukV~;'kkL=k esa bls çkÑr ds uke ls gh vfHkfgr izko`QrHkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;
fd;k gSA
1-3-3 çkÑr ds çdkj
bZloha dh izFke 'krkCnh esa çkÑr thfor&Hkk"kk FkhA fHkUu&fHkUu çns'kksa
esa cksys tkus ds dkj.k LoHkkor% mlds :iksa esa fHkUurk vkbZA mu cksypky dh Hkk"kkvksa
;k cksfy;ksa ds vkèkkj ij fofo/ çkÑrsa fodflr gqb±A çknsf'kd ;k HkkSxksfyd vkèkkj ij
çkÑrksa ds dbZ Hksn gq,A muds uke çns'k&fo'ks"k ds vkèkkj ij j[ks x;sA vkpk;Z Hkjr us
ukV~;'kkL=k esa çkÑrksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, ekxèkh] vofUrtk] çkP;k] lwjlsuh] vèkZekxèkh]
okÈhdk vkSj nkf{k.kkR;k uke ls çkÑr ds lkr Hksnksa dh ppkZ dh gSA oj#fp us egkjk"Vªh]
'kkSjlsuh] ekxèkh vkSj iS'kkph vkfn dk mYys[k fd;k gSA n.Mh us dkO;kn'kZ esa egkjk"Vªh]
'kkSjlsuh] xkSM+h vkSj ykVh bu pkj çkÑrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
1-3-4 izkÑr ,oa laLÑr dk vUr%lEcU/
laLÑr vkSj izkÑrHkk"kk ds chp HkkokRed vUrj ugha gSA nksuksa ds
fodkl dk lzksr ,d gh gS vkSj og gS ^NkUnl~*A MkW- ,yÝsM] MkW- fi'ksy] MkW- ih- Mh-
xq.ks vkfn fo}ku~ Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk ds lzksr ds :i esa ,d izkphu yksdHkk"kk dks Lohdkj
djrs gSa] ftlls NkUnl~ Hkk"kk (laLÑr) dk Hkh fodkl gqvk gSA fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ds nks :i
gksrs gSa& dF; vkSj lkfgR;&fuc¼A dF; Hkk"kk loZnk ifjorZu'khy gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh
Hkk"kk tc lkfgR; vkSj O;kdj.k ds fu;eksa ls caèk tkrh gS] rks mldk fodkl #d tkrk
gSA iqu% tuHkk"kk ls ,d u;h Hkk"kk mHkj dj vkrh gS] tks vkxs lkfgR; vkSj tuekul esa
lEizs"k.k dk ekè;e curh gSA ;gh fLFkfr laLÑr ,oa izkÑrHkk"kk ds lkFk Hkh gqbZ gSA
izkÑr us laLÑr ds vusd 'kCnksa] èofu:iksa ,oa dkO;:iksa dks xzg.k
dj viuk lkfgR; fodflr fd;k gS] mlhizdkj laLÑrHkk"kk Hkh le;≤ ij izkÑr
ls izHkkfor gksrh jgh gSA cksypky dh Hkk"kk vFkok dF;Hkk"kk izkÑr dk oSfnd Hkk"kk ds
lkFk tks lEcUèk Fkk] mlh ds vkèkkj ij lkfgfR;d izkÑrHkk"kk dk Lo:i fufeZr gqvk gSA
izfl¼ Hkk"kkfon~ okdjuky us dgk gS fd ^izkÑrksa dk vfLrRo fuf'pr:i ls oSfnd
cksfy;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk fo|eku Fkk] bUgha izkÑrksa ls ijorhZ lkfgfR;d izkÑrksa dk fodkl
gqvk gSA
izkÑrHkk"kk vius tUe ls gh tulkekU; ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA èoU;kRed vkSj
O;kdj.kkRed ljyhdj.k dh izo`fÙk ds dkj.k izkÑrHkk"kk yEcs le; rd tulkekU; ds
cksypky dh Hkk"kk jgh gSA ftlizdkj oSfndHkk"kk dks vk;ZlaLÑfr dh Hkk"kk gksus dk xkSjo
izkIr gS] mlhizdkj izkÑrHkk"kk dks vkxeHkk"kk@vk;ZHkk"kk gksus dh izfr"Bk izkIr gSA
1-3-5 izkÑr dk egÙo
yksdHkk"kk tc tu&tu esa yksdfiz; gks tkrh gS rFkk mldh 'kCn&lEink
c<+ tkrh gS] rc og dkO; dh Hkk"kk cuus yxrh gSA izkÑrHkk"kk dks ;g lkSHkkX; nks rjg
ls izkIr gSA igyk izkÑr esa tks vkxe&xzUFk] O;k[;k&lkfgR;] dFkk ,oa pfjrxzUFk vkfn
fy[ks x;sA muesa dkO;kRed lkSUn;Z vkSj e/qj jlkRedrk dk lekos'k gSA nwljk dkO; dh
izk;% lHkh fo/kvksa& egkdkO;] [k.MdkO;] eqDrddkO; vkfn dks izkÑrHkk"kk us le`¼
fd;k gSA bl lkfgR; us izkÑrHkk"kk dks yEcs le; rd izfrf"Br fd;k gSA v'kksd ds
f'kykys[kksa ds ys[kudky ls ysdj vkt rd ds bu vius 2400 o"kks± ds lkfgfR;d
9
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w
f}rh; ikB (Unit-II)
2- o.kZekyk
ikB lajpuk
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 mís';
2-3 o.kZekyk
cksèkiz'u
2-4 lkjka'k
2-5 'kCnkoyh
2-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
2-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
2-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
2-9 vH;kl&iz'u
2-1 izLrkouk
Hkk"kk eu ds Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk l'kDr ekè;e gSA Hkk"kk o.kks± ij
vkèkkfjr gSA lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh Hkkafr izkÑr Hkk"kk dh Hkh o.kZekyk gSA izkÑr rFkk mlds
lHkh Hksnksa esa bUgha o.kZekykvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA izkÑrHkk"kk esa iz;qDr gksus okys o.kks± dk
ifjp; izLrqr ikB esa fn;k x;k gSA
2-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑrHkk"kk dk cksèk gks ldsxkA
Ø izkÑrHkk"kk ds ekè;e ls Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh 'kfDr dk
fodkl gksxkA
Ø izkÑr&o.kZekyk dk foLr`r&Kku izkIr gks ldsxkA
2-3 o.kZekyk
o.kks± ds lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ o.kZ ;k v{kj
gSA o.kZ nks rjg ds gksrs gSa Loj vkSj O;×tuA
Lojo.kZ mPpkj.kLFkku
v (ßLo) d.B
vk (nh?kZ) d.B
b (ßLo) rkyq
bZ (nh?kZ) rkyq
m (ßLo) vks"B
Å (nh?kZ) vks"B
, (ßLo) d.B rFkk rkyq
vks (ßLo) d.B rFkk vks"B
izkÑr dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vè;;u O;×tuo.kZ mPpkj.k LFkku
d oxZ & d~ [k~ x~ ?k~ Ä~ d.B
p oxZ & p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ rkyq
V oxZ & V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ ewèkkZ
r oxZ & r~ Fk~ n~ èk~ u~ nUr
i oxZ & i~ iQ~ c~ Hk~ e~ vks"B
vUr%LFk (vèkZLoj) mPpkj.k LFkku
;~ rkyq
j~ ewèkkZ
y~ nUr
o~ nUr vks"B
mQ"eo.kZ
l~ nUr
g~ d.B
(uksV & Ä~ ×k~ .k~ u~ e~ dk mPpkj.k&LFkku ukfldk Hkh gS)
izkÑr o.kks± dh fo'ks"krk,¡
1- izkÑrHkk"kk esa Lojksa ds Iyqr&Lojksa dk mPpkj.k ugha gksrk gSA
2- izkÑr esa ½] ½`] y`] y¤ dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA blds LFkku ij v] b] m] fj
,oa ; gksrk gSA
3- lkekU;:i ls ^½* ds LFkku ij ^v* gksrk gSA
4- izkÑr esa nh?kZ ^,s* vkSj ^vkS* ugha gksrk gSA
5- ek=k ekxèkh izkÑr esa rkyO; ^'k* dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] mlesa nUR; ^l* dk iz;ksx
ugha gksrkA
6- ewèkZU; ^"k* dk iz;ksx dgha ugha gksrkA
7- folxZ dk iz;ksx Hkh dgha ugha gksrkA
8- dksbZ Hkh O;×tu fcuk Loj ds iz;qDr ugha gksrkA
9- izkÑr esa loZ=k ewèkZU; ^.k* gksrk gSA ek=k vèkZekxèkh izkÑr esa in ds vkfn esa
rFkk la;qDr O;atu dh fLFkfr esa nUR; ^u* gksrk gSA
cksèkiz'u
1- izkÑrHkk"kk esa fdrus Loj gSa\ muds uke crk;saA
2- izkÑrHkk"kk esa fdrus O;×tu gSa\ muds uke crk;saA
3- ^b* dk mPpkj.kLFkku D;k gS\
18
4- ^r* oxZ dk mPpkj.kLFkku D;k gS\ o.kZekyk
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w
r`rh; ikB (Unit-III)
3- Loj&ifjorZu
ikB lajpuk
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mís';
3-3 Loj&ifjorZu
3-3-1 nh?kZ&Lojksa dk âLo gks tkuk
3-3-2 ßLo&Lojksa dk nh?kZ gks tkuk
3-3-2-1 Í dk ifjorZu
3-3-2-2 y` dk ifjorZu
3-3-3-3 ,s dk ifjorZu
3-3-3-4 vks dk ifjorZu
3-3-3 LojHkfDr dk fu;e
3-3-4 Lojyksi
3-3-5 lEizlkj.k dk fu;e
cksèkiz'u
3-4 lkjka'k
3-5 'kCnkoyh
3-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
3-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
3-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
3-9 vH;kl&iz'u
3-1 izLrkouk
laLÑr&'kCnksa esa tks o.kZ&foÑfr ;k èofu&ifjorZu gksrk gS] mlh vkèkkj ij
izkÑr&'kCnksa dk fuoZpu fd;k x;k gSA izkÑr esa 'kCn&iz;ksxksa dh cgqyrk cgqr vfèkd
ik;h tkrh gSA bl ikB esa vki Loj&ifjorZu vkSj O;×tu&ifjorZu ds fo"k; esa i<+saxsA
3-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr esa Loj&ifjorZu ds fu;eksa dh tkudkjh gks ldsxhA
Ø izkÑr&'kCnksa dh jpuk dks le>us esa lgk;rk feysxhA
Ø izkÑr ds Loj&ifjorZu ds vUrxZr Loj&HkfDr dk Kku izkIr gks
ldsxkA
3-3- Loj ifjorZu
izkÑr ds Lojksa esa dqN LFkkuksa ij ßLo ds LFkku ij nh?kZ vkSj nh?kZ ds LFkku ij
ßLo gks tkrk gSA muds fu;e izkÑr&O;kdj.k ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
3-3-1 nh?kZ&Lojksa dk ßLo gks tkuk
nh?kZ&Loj ds ckn ;fn la;qDr&O;atu&o.kZ gks] rks nh?kZ&Loj dks ßLo
dj fn;k tkrk gSA
izkÑr dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vè;;u mnkgj.kµ
(d) ^vk* ds LFkku ij ßLo ^v* dk gksukµ
vkez > vac
rkez > rac
vkpk;Z% > vk;fjvks
ekxZ% > eXxks
okrkZ > oÙkk
ik.Moks > iaMoks
([k) nh?kZ ^bZ* ds LFkku ij ßLo ^b* dk gksukµ
th.kZe~ > ft..ka@tq..ka
rhFk± > frRFka
equhUnz% > eq¯.knks
(x) nh?kZ ^Å* ds LFkku ij ßLo ^m* dk gksukµ
d.Mw;rs > daMqvb
pw.kZ% > pq..kks
ÅfeZ > mfEe
(?k) , ds LFkku ij b] ;k ,W dk gksukµ
{ks=ke~ > [ks WÙka
ujsUnz% > .kfjanks
feysPN% > fefyPNks
(Ä) ^vks* ds LFkku ij m ;k vks W dk gksukµ
uhyksRiye~ > uhyqIiya
vks"Be~ > vksVB~W a
blhizdkj vU; mnkgj.k Hkh gSa] tgk¡ nh?kZLoj dk ßLohdj.k gksrk gS] mnkgj.kµ
dqrwgye~ > dksmgya@dksÅgya
;Fkk > tg
dqekj% > dqejks
ikalq > ialq
xEHkhja > xfgja
rnkuhe~ > r;kf.ka
22
3-3-2 ßLo&Lojksa dk nh?kZ gks tkuk Loj&ifjorZu
tc ^'k~*] ^"k~*] ^l* ds ckn vFkok igys ;fn ;~] j~] o~] 'k~] "k~ vkSj l~
o.kZ fdlh o.kZ ds lkFk la;qDr:i esa vkrs gSa] rks izk;% fodYi ls 'k~ "k~ vkSj l~ ds
igysokys Loj dks nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA ogk¡ ;~] j~] o~ vkfn dk yksi Hkh gksrk gSA bl fu;e
dks ljyHkk"kk esa dgsa] rks dg ldrs gSa fd izkÑr esa la;qDro.kZ esa ,d dk yksi gksus ij
iwoZLoj nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kµ
(d) ßLo ^v* dk nh?kZ ^vk* gksukµ
i';fr > iklb@iLlb
v'o% > vklks
o"kZ% > oklks
([k) ßLo ^b* dk nh?kZ ^bZ* gksukµ
fuLlge~ > uhlga] fuLlga
fo'okl% > ohlklks
foJke% > ohlkeks@foLlkeks
fuf"kDr% > uhflÙkks
(x) ßLo ^m* dk nh?kZ ^Å* gksukµ
nq''kklu% > nwlkl.kks@nqLlkl.kks
euq";% > e.kwlks
nqLlg% > nwlgks] nqLlgks
iq";% > iwlks
blds vykok vU;&LFkkuksa ij Hkh nh?kZ gksrk gS] ;Fkkµ
izopue~ > iko;.ka@io;.ka
izflf¼% > ikfl¼h@ifl¼h
mRlo% > Åloks
le`f¼% > lkfe¼h
3-3-2-1 Loj&ifjorZu ds vUrxZr ^½* o.kZ dk ifjorZu
v] b] m] ^fj* vkSj ^,* esa gksrk gS] mnkgj.kµ
(d) ½ dk v esa ifjorZuµ
u`R;e~ > .kPpa
r`.ke~ > r.ka
e`x% > evks
?k`re~ > ?kva
o`"kHk% > olHkks
o`f¼% > oM~<h
Ñre~ > dva 23
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28
prqFkZ ikB (Unit-IV) Loj&ifjorZu
4-1 izLrkouk
èofu&ifjorZu ds vkèkkj Loj vkSj O;×tu gksrs gSaA izkÑr esa 'kCn&iz;ksxksa dk
ckgqY; gSA Loj&ifjorZu dh rjg O;×tu&ifjorZu Hkh gksrk gSA in ds vkfn&eè; rFkk
vUr esa fLFkr vla;Dq r&O;×tuksa dk ifjorZu gksrk gS] ftldk bl ikB esa foospu fd;k tk,xkA
4-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr esa vla;qDr O;×tu&ifjorZu ds fu;eksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk
feysxhA
Ø izkÑr ds O;×tuksa dk Kku gks ik;sxkA
Ø vla;qDr&O;atu dkSu&dkSu gS] bldh tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsxhA
4-3 vla;qDr O;×tu&ifjorZu
izkÑrHkk"kk esa in ds vkfn] eè; rFkk vUr esa fLFkr vla;qDr&O;×tu o.kZ dk
fu;ekuqlkj ifjorZu gksrk gSA os fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
4-3-1 vkfn esa fLFkr vla;qDr&O;×tu dk ifjorZu
1- vkfn esa fLFkr ^;~* dk ifjorZu ^t~* esa gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kµ
;'k% > tlks
;e% > teks
;K% > tXxks
;Fkk > tgk
29
;kor~ > tk
prqn'Z k > pksng
jktdqye~ > jkmya
(>) dqN O;×tuksa dk f}Rohdj.k Hkh gks tkrk gS] mnkgj.kµ
izse > isEe
,d > ,Dd
rSye~ > rsYya
fufgre~ > fufgÙka
(×k) dHkh&dHkh nks O;×tuksa dk vkil esa LFkkukUrj.k Hkh gks tkrk gS
ftls o.kZO;R;; dgrs gSaµ
mnkgj.kµ okjk.klh > ok.kkjlh
vk'p;Ze~ > vPNsja
nh?kZe~ > nhgja
3- izkÑr esa inkUr O;×tu&o.kZ iz;qDr gksrs gh ugha gSaA inkUr ^e~* dk
loZ=k vuqLokj gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ u;ue~ > u;.ka] mRiye~ > mIiyaA
cksèk iz'u
1- nks Lojksa ds eè;orhZ d~] x~] p~] t~] r~] n~] i~] ;~] o~ ds LFkku ij D;k
vkns'k gksrk gS\
2- eè;orhZ ?k~] Fk~ ds LFkku ij D;k gksrk gS\
3- vkfn ^;* fdlesa ifjofrZr gksrk gS\
4- o.kZO;R;; D;k gS\
5- D;k izkÑr esa gyUr dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
4-4 lkjka'k
vla;qDr&O;×tuksa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaSA izkÑr&O;kdj.k ds xzUFkksa esa ifjorZu ds
lHkh fu;eksa ds fy, lw=kksa dk funsZ'k gSA vkfn O;×tu esa ek=k ^;* gh ^t* esa ifjofrZr
gksrk gSA eè;orhZ O;×tu vyx&vyx vkns'kkuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrs gSa vkSj izkÑr esa inkUr
O;×tu u gksus ls ifjorZu ugha gksrk] ek=k ^e~* dk vuqLokj gks tkrk gSA izkÑr esa dgha
Hkh gyUr dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
4-5 'kCnkoyh
1- ;'k% µ tlksA
2- yksd% µ yksvksA
33
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35
5-1 izLrkouk
HkkokfHkO;fDr esa tks oSfoè;rk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] mldk izeq[k&dkj.k Loj&O;×tu
ds ifjorZu ls èofu&ifjorZu gSA Loj&O;×tu dk lE;d~ Kku vR;ko';d gSA O;×tu
ifjorZu vla;qDr vkSj la;qDr nks izdkj ds gSaA bl ikB esa la;qDr O;×tu& ifjorZu ds
fu;eksa ,oa mnkgj.kksa dks fn;k x;k gSA
5-2- mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkiµ
Ø izkÑr esa la;qDr O;atu&ifjorZu ds fu;eksa dks tku ik;saxsA
Ø la;qDr&O;atu ds }kjk izkÑr 'kCn&iz;ksx djus esa l{ke gksaxsA
Ø laLÑr ls izkÑr esa gks jgs la;Dq r&O;atu&ifjorZu dk Kku izkIr dj
ldsxa As
5-3 la;qDr&O;×tu&ifjorZu
izkÑrHkk"kk dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd ;gk¡ ij vyx&vyx oxZ ds O;×tu o.kZ
,d lkFk la;qDr :i ls ugha gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ dsoy vius&vius o.kks± ds lkFk lfUèk gks
ldrh gS] rFkk ,d gh oxZ ds lkFk ,d gh oxZ dh lfUèk vkSj l] l] y] y] ;] ; ds
lkFk Hkh lfUèk gks ldrh gSA lkFk gh nks ls vfèkd O;×tu Hkh la;qDr :i esa iz;qDr ugha
gksrs gSaA tSlsµ
eU=k > ear
jUèkz > jaèk
la;qDr&O;×tu&ifjorZu ls lEcfUèkr vU; fu;e blizdkj gSaµ
(1) 'kCn ds izkjEHk esa la;qDr&O;×tuksa dk iz;ksx izk;% ugha gksrk gSA laLÑrHkk"kk
esa tks vkfn la;Dq r&O;×tu gS]a izkÑr esa mudk ;k rks yksi gks tkrk gS ;k ogk¡ Lojkxe gks
tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kµ Lusg% > .ksgks
xzke% > xkeks
U;k;% > .kk;ks
LFkfxr > Fkbv
Lojkxeµ Lusg > l.ksgks
Xyku > fxyk.k
Lej.k > lqej.k
}kj > nqokj
Jh > fljh
vioknµ dqN LFkyksa ij LFkku > .kgk.k] Luq"kk > .gqlk vkfn iz;ksx
vioknLo:i fey tkrs gSaA
(2) la;qDro.kZ dk igyk o.kZ tc d] x] V] M] r] n] i] 'k] "k l gksrk gS]
rks mldk yksi gksrk gSµ
mnkgj.kµ
d& HkqDre > HkqÙka] flDre~ > flRFka
x& nqXèke~ > nq¼a
V& "kV~in% > NIivks] dV~iQye~ > dIiQya
M& [kÄõ% > [kXxks] "kM~t% > lTtks
r& mRiye~ > mIiya] mRikn% > mIikvks
n& en~x%q > eXxw] eqnx~ j% > eksXxjks
i& lqIr% > lqÙkks] xqIr% > xqÙkks
'k& 'y{.ke~ > y.ga] fu'py% > f.kPpyks
"k& xks"Bh > xksVB~ h] "k"B% > NB~Bks
l& L[kfyr% > [kfyvks] Lusg% > .ksgks
(%)µ nq%[ke~ > nqD[ka] var%ikr% > varIikvks
3- izkÑr esa la;qDro.kZ tc ^c] y] o] j* gksrk gS] rc mldk yksi gks tkrk gS]
vkSj ijorhZ&o.kZ dk f}Ro gks tkrk gS] mnkgj.kµ
c& 'kCn% > líks] yqCèkd% > yks¼vks
y& mYdk > mDdk] oYdye~ > oDdya
o& iDoe~ > iDda] èoLr% > èkRFkks
j& vdZ% > vDdks] oxZ% > oXxks
jkf=k% > jÙkh
4- la;qDro.kZ dk f}rh; oxZ tc e] u] ; gksrk gS] rc bl fLFkfr esa e] u] ;
dk yksi gks tkrk gSµ
mnkgj.kµ
e& jf'e% > jLlh] Lej% > ljks
;qXee~ > tqXea
u& uXu% > .kXxks] yXu% > yXxks
;& ';ke% > lkek] dqM~;e~ > dqM~Ma
5- la;qDr&o.kZ dk ,d o.kZ&yksi gksus ij tks 'ks"k&o.kZ gS] mldk f}Ro gksrk gS]
fdUrq ;fn vkfn esa fLFkr la;qDr&o.kZ dk yksi gksrk gS] rc cps 'ks"k&o.kZ dk f}Ro ugha
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
{kek > [kek] LdUèk > [kaèkks
6- nks egkizk.k o.kZ [k] ?k] N] >] B] <] Fk] èk] iQ] Hk] dk la;qDr o.kZ ugha gksrk
gSA mlesa izFke&o.kZ vYiizk.k gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
v{ke% > vD[keks
7- dHkh&dHkh la;Dq r&o.kZ ls vO;ofgr&iwooZ rhZ nh?kZ&o.kZ dks ßLo Hkh dj fn;k
tkrk gSµ
mnkgj.k& ew[kZ% > eqD[kks
8- izkÑrHkk"kk esa {e] 'e] "e] Le] ã ds LFkku ij Eg gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k& {e & i{eu~ > iEgkba
'e & dq'eku% > dqEgk.kks
d'ehjk% > dEgkjk
"e & xzh"e% > fxEgks
Å"ek > mEgk
Le & vLekn`'k% > vEgkfjlks
foLe;% > foEgvks
ã& czãk > cEgk
lqãk > lqEgk
czkã.k% > cEg.kks
9- izkÑr Hkk"kk esa 'u] ".k] Lu] g~u] ã] {.k ds LFkku ij ^.g* gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
'u & iz'u% > i.gks
".k & fo".kq% > fo.gw
Lu & T;ksRluk > tks.gk
ã& ofÉ > o.gh
É& iwokZÉ% > iqOo.gks
{.k & rh{.ka > fr.ga
cksèkiz'u
1- la;qDr&o.kks± esa ^c] y] o] j* dh izkÑr esa D;k fLFkfr gksrh gS\
2- ^{kek* rFkk ^ew[kZ%* dk izkÑr:i fy[kksA
3- yksi ds ckn fdl fLFkfr esa 'ks"k&o.kZ dk f}Ro ugha gksrk\
4- D;k fHkÂoxhZ;&o.kks± dk izkÑr esa la;qDr&O;×tu cu ldrk gS\
5-4 lkjka'k
laLÑr ds la;qDr&O;×tu izkÑr esa fu;ekuqlkj ifjofrZr gksdj vR;Ur ljy gks
tkrs gSaA izkÑr esa ifjofrZr gksrs le; mudk ;k rks yksi gks tkrk gS ;k vko';drkuqlkj
Lojkxe gks tkrk gSA yksi ds ckn 'ks"k&o.kZ dk fu;ekuqlkj f}Rohdj.k Hkh gksrk gSA
5-5 'kCnkoyh
1- eU=k µ earA
2- Lusg% µ .ksgksA
3- Jh µ fljksA
4- Lusg% µ .ksgksA
5- vdZ% µ vDdksA
6- ';ke% µ lkekA
7- {kek µ [kekA
8- v{ke% µ vD[keksA
9- iz'u% µ i.gksA
10- xzh"e% µ fxEgksA
5-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
1- vfHkou izkÑr O;kdj.k& MkW- usfepUnz 'kkL=kh] rkjk izdk'ku] okjk.klhA
5-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
izkÑr dk Hkk"kkoSKkfud vè;;u 1- ljy izkÑr O;kdj.k & MkW- jktkjke tSu] izkP;Hkkjrh; izdk'ku] vkjkA
2- izkÑr O;kdj.k fof'kdk & MkW- lR;jatu cuthZ & tSuHkou dydÙkkA
3- vfHkuo izkÑr O;kdj.k & MkW- usfepan 'kkL=kh] rkjk izdk'ku] okjk.klhA
5-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
1- izkÑr esa la;qDr o.kks± esa ^c] y] o] j* dk yksi gksdj] ijorhZ&o.kZ dk
f}Ro gksrk gSA tSls 'kCn%@líks] mYdk@mDdk] oxZ%@oXxks vkfnA
2- d- ^{kek* dk izkÑr ^[kek* gS] ;gk¡ vkfn la;qDr&o.kZ dk yksi
gqvk ,oa cps 'ks"k o.kZ dk f}Ro ugha gqvkA
[k- ^ew[kZ* dk izkÑr ^eqD[kks* gS] ;gk¡ la;qDr&o.kZ ls vO;ofgr
iwoZorhZ nh?kZo.kZ dks ßLo fd;k x;k gSA
3- ;fn vkfn esa fLFkr la;qDr&o.kZ dk yksi gksrk gS] rc cps 'ks"k&o.kZ dk
f}Ro ugha gksrkA
4- nks egkizk.k&o.kZ [k] ?k] >] B] <] èk] iQ] Hk dk la;qDr&o.kZ ugha gksrk
gS] mlesa izFke&o.kZ vYiizk.k gksrk gSA ;Fkk& v{ke% vD[keksA
5-9 vH;kl iz'u
1- la;qDr&O;×tu&ifjorZu ds fu;eksa dks fy[ksaA
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40
la;qDr O;×tu ifjorZu
f}rh; [k.M
izko`Qr O;kdj.k
41
2 izko`Qr O;kdj.k
1-1 izLrkouk
^lfUèk* dk vFkZ gksrk gS ijLij fey tkuk vFkok ,d nwljs esa foyhu gks tkukA
vFkkZr~ nks o.kks± ds fudV vkus ij muesa o.kZ&foÑfr ds fu;ekuqlkj ifjorZu gksdj vkil
esa feyus dks lfUèk dgrs gSaA izLrqr&ikB esa izkÑr esa gksusokys lfU/ fu;eksa o :iksa dk
foospu fd;k tk;sxkA
1-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkiµ
Ø izkÑr esa lfUèk ds fu;e dks le>us esa leFkZ gksaxsA
Ø izkÑr lfUèk&fu"ks/ ds fu;e ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA
Ø lfU/ ds Hksn rFkk mnkgj.k dks HkyhHkk¡fr le> ldsaxs rFkk oSdfYid
O;oLFkk dks tku ldsaxsA
1-3 laf/
izkÑr&Hkk"kk esa lfUèk fodYi ls gksrh gSA blesa lfUèk cgqr ljy gS] izkÑr ds
lfUèk&lEcUèkh fu;eksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS&
(v) Loj&lfUèk
(c) vO;;&lfUèk
(l) O;דu&lfUèk
izko`Qr O;kdj.k izkÑrHkk"kk esa folxZ ugha gksrk] vr% folxZ&lfUèk Hkh ugha gksrh gSA
1-3-1 Loj&lfUèk
Loj ds lkFk Loj ds feykoV dks Loj&lfU/ dgrs gSaA
1-3-1-1 lo.kZ&Loj&lfUèk (nh?kZ&lfUèk)
ßLo ;k nh?kZ ^v] b] m* ds ckn ;fn lo.kZ&Loj vkrk gS] rks
mu nksuksa ds LFkku esa lo.kZ&nh?kZLoj gks tkrk gS] tSlsµ
(d) v $ v ¾ vk
v $ vk ¾ vk
vk $ v ¾ vk
vk $ vk ¾ vk
mnkgj.kµ
naM $ vghlks ¾ naMkghlks (n.Mkèkh'k%)
.kj $ vfgok ¾ .kjkfgok (ujkfèkik%)
.k $ vkxeks ¾ .kkxvks (ukxr%)
jek $ vghvks ¾ jekgh.kks (jekèkhu%)
.k $ vkyob ¾ .kkyob (ukyifr%)
([k) b $ b ¾ bZ
b $ bZ ¾ bZ
bZ $ b ¾ bZ
bZ $ bZ ¾ bZ
mnkgj.kµ
eqf.k $ bZljks ¾ eq.khljks (equh'oj%)
iqgoh $ bZlks ¾ iqgohlks (i`fFkoh'k%)
j;.kh $ bZlks ¾ j;.khlks (jtuh'k%)
(x) m $ m ¾ mQ
m $ mQ ¾ mQ
mQ $ m ¾ mQ
mQ $ mQ ¾ mQ
mnkgj.kµ
ogw $ mvja ¾ ogwvja (oèkwnje~)
44
Hkk.kq $ mokT>kvks ¾ Hkk.kqoT>kvks (Hkkuwikè;k;%) lafèk
fxfje~ ¾ fxfja
iQye~ ¾ iQya
o`{ke~ ¾ oPNa
(2) inkUr ^e~* ds ckn Loj vkus ij ^e~* dk vuqLokj fodYi ls gksrk
gS] mnkgj.kµ
;e $ vkgq ¾ tekgq] ta vkgq
uxje~ $ vkxPNb ¾ .kxjekxPNb .kxja vkxPNbA
(3) Ä~] ×k~] .k~ rFkk u~ ds ckn dksbZ Hkh O;×tu&o.kZ gks rks bu o.kks± dk
vuqLokj gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kµ
la[kks > l…ks ('k…%)
iadks > iÄïks (iÄï%)
panks > pUnks (pUnz%)
iaFkks > iUFkks (iUFkk)
mDdaBk > mDd.Bk (mRd.Bk)
la>k > l×>k (lUè;k)
vax.ka > vÄõ.ka (vÄõue~)
caèkoks > cUèkoks (ckUèko%)
vkjaHkks > vkjEHkks (vkjEHk%)
daib > dEib (dEirs)
dapqvks > d×pqvks (d×pqd%)
(4) dqN 'kCnksa ds vfUre&O;×tu dk edkj gksdj vuqLokj gks tkrk
gSA tSlsµ
mnkgj.kµ
lE;d~ > lEea
lk{kkr~ > lD[ka
;r~ > ta
i`Fkd~ > figa] iqgaA
vioknµ
dHkh & dHkh vfUre&O;×tu dk yksi u gksdj og ijorhZ&Loj ds lkFk
49
tSlsµubZ (unh)
ib (ifr)
db (dfo)
xv (xt)
(3) fØ;k&in ds Loj dh] Loj ijs jgus ij lfUèk ugha gksrh gS] tSlsµ
gksb $ bg ¾ gksb bg
Hkofr $ bg ¾ Hkofr bg
(4) ^bZ vFkok m] mQ* ds i'pkr~ dksbZ Hkh fotkrh;&Loj vk vk;s] rks
lfUèk ugha gksrhµ
tSlsµ
tkb $ vUèk ¾ tkbvaèk (tUekUèk%)
iq<oh $ vkm ¾ iq<ohvkm (i`Foh&vki)
cgq $ vfV~Bv ¾ cgqvfV~B; (cgqvfLFkd)
cgq $ voxw< ¾ cgw voxw< (oèkwvoxw<)
(5) ^, vkSj vks* ds ckn Loj ijs gksus ij lfUèk ugha gksrh gSA
tSlsµ
,µ egkohjs $ vkxPNb ¾ egkohjs vkxPNb
,xs $ vk;k ¾ ,xs vk;k
vksµ vgks $ vPNfj;a ¾ vgks vPNfj;a
xks;eks $ vkèkosb ¾ xks;eks vkèkosb
cksèk iz'u
1- izkÑr esa folxZ&lfUèk dh D;k fLFkfr gksrh gS\
2- lo.kZ&lfUèk fdls dgrs gSaA
3- vO;;&lfUèk D;k gSA
4- O;×tu&lfUèk ds fdUgha nks fu;eksa dks fyf[k,\
5- izkÑr esa lfUèk dk fu"ksèk dgk¡&dgk¡ gksrk gS\
1-4 lkjka'k
izkÑrHkk"kk esa lfUèk dk iz;ksx vR;Ur ljy gSA ;gk¡ lHkh lfUèk;k¡ fodYi ls
gksrh gSa] ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fdUgha LFkkuksa ij lfUèk;k¡ gks Hkh tkrh gS vkSj dbZ LFkyksa
ij ugha Hkh gksrh gSaA fdUrq dgk¡ gksrh gS vkSj dgk¡ ugha gksrh gS] bldk funsZ'k izkÑr 51
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53
2-1 izLrkouk
tuHkk"kk ds :i es izpfyr izkÑr esa lekl ds iz;ksx cgqr de gSa] fdUrq
lkfgfR;d:i esa fy[kh x;h izkÑr esa lekl'kSyh cgqr fn[krh gSA izkÑr ds oS;kdj.kksa
us lekl ds fy, vyx ls fu;e ugha cuk;s gSaA vr% lekl ds tks fu;e laLÑrHkk"kk
esa gSa] os gh fu;e izkÑrHkk"kk esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;s x;s gSaA
2-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø lekl'kSyh }kjk lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z&cks/ dh tkudkjh gks ldsxhA
Ø de 'kCnksa esa viuh ckr dks dgus dh {kerk dk fodkl gks ldsxkA
Ø izkÑr esa gks jgh lekl dh O;oLFkk dks le>us esa lgk;rk feysxhA
2-3 lekl dk egÙo
ftl foèkk esa fy[kuk vkSj cksyuk de iM+s] fdUrq vFkZcksèk esa dgha dksbZ :dkoV
u vk;s] ml foèkk dh [kkst gh ^lekl 'kSyh* gSA
tSlsµ izkÑr esa ^U;k;L; vèkh'k%* dks dguk gks] rks fcuk lekl ds ^u.kk;L;
vèkh'kks* dguk iM+rk gS] fdUrq ;fn lekl'kSyh esa dguk gks] rks ^.kk;kèkhlks* dgdj
lEiw.kZ vFkZ dks crk fn;k tkrk gSA N% v{kjksa ds LFkku ij pkj v{kjksa esa gh iwjk dke gks
tkrk gS rFkk lkfgfR;d n`f"V ls okD;&lkSUn;Z Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA
2-4 lekl ds Hksn
lekl ds N% Hksn ekus tkrs gSaµ
1- vOobZHkko (vO;;hHkko) lekl
2- rIiqfjl (rRiq#"k) lekl
3- dEeèkkj; (deZèkkj;) lekl
4- fnxq (f}xq) lekl
5- nan (}U}) lekl
6- cgqOohgh (cgqczhfg) lekl
2-4-1 vOobZHkko (vO;;hHkko) lekl
ftl in esa iwoZin ds vFkZ dh izèkkurk gks rFkk vO;;ksa ds lkFk ftldk
iz;ksx gks] og vO;;hHkko lekl gSA vO;;hHkko dk vFkZ gS tks igys vO;; ugha Fkk
mldk Hkh vO;; cu tkukA iwoZ in ^vO;;* dk izkèkkU; gksus ls blesa leLr in vO;;
gks tkrk gSA ;g lekl vfèkdka'kr% foHkfDr] lehi vkfn vFkksZa esa gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kµ
gfjfEe vfg > vfg gfj (vfèkgfj¾gfj ds fo"k; esa)
xq#.kks lehoa > moxq# (mixq#¾xq# ds lehi)
Hkks;.kLl iPNk > v.kqHkks;.ka (vuqHkkstue~¾Hkkstu ds ckn)
fn.ka fn.ka ib > ibfn.ka (izfrfnue~)
:oLl tksXxa > v.kq:oa (vuq:ie~¾:i ds ;ksX;)
2-4-2 rIiq#l (rRiq#"k) lekl
ftlesa mÙkjin ds vFkZ dh izèkkurk jgrh gS rFkk iwoZin ds foHkfDr dk
yksi gks tkrk gS] mls rRiq#"k&lekl dgrs gSaA ;gk¡ iwoZin izk;% fo'ks"k.k dk vkSj mÙkjin
izk;% fo'ks"; dk dk;Z djrk gSA
iwoiZ n esa iz;ksx dh x;h foHkfDr ds Hksn ds dkj.k gh blds N% Hksn gS%a µ
f}rh;k& lqga iÙkks > lqgiÙkks (lq[kizkIr%)
r`rh;k& xq.ksfg lEi.kks > xq.klEi..kks (xq.klEiUu%)
prqFkhZ& cgqt.kLl fgvks > cgqt.kfgvks (cgqtufgr%)
i×peh& lalkjkvks Hkhvks > lalkjHkhvks (lalkjHkhr%)
"k"Bh& nsoLl FkqbZ > nsoRFkqbZ@nsoFkqbZ (nsoLrqfr%)
lIreh& .kjslq lV~Bks > .kjlsV~Bks (ujJs"B%)
2-4-3 dEeèkkj; (deZèkkj;) lekl
fo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"; ds lekl dks deZèkkj;&lekl dgrs gSaA blesa
nksuksa izFkek&foHkfÙkQ esa gksrs gSa] vr% bls lekukfèkdj.k ;k izFkek&rRiq#"k Hkh dgrs gSaA
blds Hksn mnkgj.k&lfgr fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
izko`Qr O;kdj.k 1- fo'ks"k.k&iwoZ in (fo'ks"k.k $ fo'ks";)
mnkgj.k&
egarks jk;ks > egkjk;ks (egkjkt%)
2- fo'ks"k.kksHk;in (fo'ks"k.k $ fo'ks"k.k)
mnkgj.k&
ihva ra oRFka > ihvoRFka (ihroL=ke~)
3- mieku iwoZin (mieku $ lkèkkj.k èkeZ)
mnkgj.k&
?k.kks bn lkeks > ?k.klkeks (?ku';ke%)
4- mies;ksÙkjin (mieku $ mies;)
mnkgj.k&
panks bo eqga > pUn eqga (pUnzeq[ke~)
5- miekuksÙkjin& (mies; $ mieku)
mnkgj.k&
eqga panksOo > eqgpanks (eq[kpUnz%)
2-4-4 fnxq (f}xq) lekl
;fn deZèkkj; lekl esa iwoZin la[;kokph gks vkSj mÙkjin laKk gks] rc
ogk¡ ^fnxq lekl* gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
(d) fr.ga yksvk.ka lewgks > fryks;a (f=kyksda)
([k) o.ga rÙkk.ka lekgkjks > orÙka (uorÙoe~)
2-4-5 nan (}a}) lekl
nks ;k nks ls vfèkd laKk,¡ tc ,d lkFk tksM+s ds :i esa iz;qDr gksa rks
mls }U} lekl dgrs gSaA blesa lHkh inksa dk vFkok muds lewg dk izkèkkU; gksrk gSA dksbZ
Hkh eq[; ;k xkS.k ugha gksrkA
blds izeq[k rhu Hksn mnkgj.k&lfgr fuEuizdkj ls gSaµ
brjsrjtksx nan
blesa lHkh in vius i`Fkd~ vfLrÙo dks dk;e j[krs gSa] vr% leLr
in esa cgqopu dk iz;ksx gksrk gSµ
mnkgj.k&
lqjk ; vlqjk ; > lqjklqjk (lqjklqjkS)
56
thok ; vthok ; > thokthok (thokthokS)
lekgkj nan& lekl
blesa leLr inksa ls lewg dk cksèk gksrk gSA vr% og loZnk uiql
a dfyax
,dopu esa gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
.kk.ka ; nal.ka ; pfjÙka > .kk.knal.kpfjÙka (Kkun'kZupkfj=ke~)
; ,,fla lekgkjks
,xlsl nan&
tc leLr inksa esa ls ,d gh in 'ks"k jgs mls ^,d'ks"k }a}* (,xlsl
nan) dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k&
ekvk ; fivk ; fÙk > fivjk (firjkS)
2-4-6 cgqOohgh (cgqczhfg) lekl
tc nks ;k nks ls vfèkd in feydj fdlh vU; in dk fo'ks"k.k curs
gksa rks ml lekl dks cgqczhfg lekl dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k&
.kfRFk iqÙkks tLl lks > viqÙkks (viq=k%) (ugha gS ftldk iq=k
og)
iQys.k lg > liQya (iQy ds lkFk)
f.kXxnk yTtk tLl lks > f.kyTtks (fuyZTt%) (fudy x;h gS yTtk
ftldh og)
cksèk iz'u
1- lekl dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ksaA
2- lekl fdrus gS\ Hksnlfgr o.kZu dhft,A
3- fnxqlekl dk nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
2-5 lkjka'k
izkÑr esa lekl ds fu;e laLÑr ds gh leku gSaA lekl dk iz;ksx lkfgR; esa
lkSUn;Z ykrk gS rFkk de 'kCnksa esa viuh ckr dks dgus dh {kerk c<+krk gSA
2-6 'kCnkoyh
1- moxq# µ xq# ds lehiA
2- v.kqHkks;.k µ Hkkstu ds cknA
3- xq.klai..kks µ xq.k lEiÂA
4- nsoFkqbZ µ nsoLrqfrA 57
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58
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3- lekl&iz;ksx ls D;k ykHk gksrk gS\ mnkgj.k&lfgr fy[ksaA lekl
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59
3-1 izLrkouk
izkÑr esa Ng dkjd ,oa N% foHkfDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA prqFkhZ ,oa i"Bh foHkfÙkQ dks
,d ekuus ls lkr ds LFkku ij N% foHkfÙkQ;ksa ds izR;; gh iz;qDr gksrs gSa] tcfd vFkZ
lkr foHkfÙkQ;ksa ds xzg.k fd;s tkrs gSaA izkÑrHkk"kk esa iz;ksx ds vuqlkj dkjd vkSj
foHkfÙkQ;ksa ds Øe cnyrs jgrs gSaA fiQj Hkh dkjd vkSj foHkfDr ds lkekU;&fu;eksa dks
bl ikB esa vki i<+saxsA
3-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø dkjd ,oa foHkfDr dk Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø okD;&lajpuk dk cksèk gks ik;sxkA
Ø izkÑr&O;kdj.k esa dkjd ,oa foHkfDr esa gks jgs ifjorZu dk Kku gks
ldsxkA
3-3 dkjd ,oa foHkfDr
laKk] loZuke vkSj fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa esa yxusokys izR;; ^foHkfÙkQ* dgykrs gSaA
^fdfj;k, fo.kV~Boíxa dkjxa*µ vFkkZr~ tks fØ;k dk fuorZd gS] og dkjd gSA fØ;k dk
tks mRiknd gks] fØ;k ls ftldk lh/k lEcUèk gks vFkok fØ;k dh mRifÙk esa tks lgk;d
gks] mls ^dkjd* dgk x;k gSA
fo'ks"k
izkÑrHkk"kk esa f}opu dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] mlds LFkku ij cgqopu dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA
prqFkhZ ds LFkku ij "k"Bh foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fdUrq vFkZ prqFkhZ foHkfDr
dk gh iz;qDr gksrk gSA
lEcksèku esa izFkek foHkfDr ds gh izR;; tqMr+ s gSAa vr% mls vyx foHkfDr ugha
ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq :iksa esa dgha&dgha vUrj gksrk gSA
izkÑr esa foHkfDr dh izo`fÙk laLÑr ls fHkUu gksrh gSA
3-3-1 dkjd&foHkfDr dk lEcUèk
dkjd vkSj foHkfÙkQ ds lEcUèk ge fuEufyf[kr pkVZ ls ns[k ldrs gSa&
dkjd foHkfDr
(laLÑr) ,dopu (laLÑr) cgqopu
(izkÑr) (izkÑr)
1- dÙkkZ izFkek (gS] u) lq Mks > vks tl~ yksi] (v>vk)
2- deZ&f}rh;k (dks) ve~ vuqLokj (-) 'kl~ yksi] , (vk)
3- lkèku (dj.k)& Vk .k] .ka (.kk) fHkl~ (fg] fg¡ fga)
r`rh;k (ls ds }kjk] lkFk)
4- lEiznku & prqFkhZ
(ds fy,] dks)
5- viknku & iapeh Äfl Ùkks] vks] m H;l~ Ùkks] vks] m]
(ls foyx) fg] fgarks fg] fgarks] laqrks
6- lEcUèk & "k"Bh Äl~ Ll vke~ .k] .ka
(dk] ds] dh)
7- vfèkdj.k & lIreh fÄ ,] fEe lqi~ lq] lqa
(esa] ij)
8- lacksèku (gs] vks] vjs) lq yksi ;k izFkek tl~ izFkek dh rjg
dh rjg
blds fy, "k"Bh ds :i gksaxs
3-3-2 dkjd ds dqN fof'k"V fu;e
izkÑrHkk"kk esa laLÑr ls dqN fHkUu Hkh iz;ksx feyrs gSaA muds fu;e
fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
(v) dgha & dgha f}rh;k] r`rh;k] i×peh vkSj lIreh ds LFkku ij
"k"Bh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSµ
mnkgj.kµ
(d) ^f}rh;k* dh txg ^"k"Bh* dk iz;ksx&
lhekèkja oans > lhekèkjLl oans (lhekèkj dh oUnuk djrk gw¡)
([k) ^r`rh;k* dh txg ^"k"Bh* dk iz;ksx&
èkusu yCèk% > èk.kLl y¼ks (èku ls izkIr)
(x) ^i×peh* dh txg ^"k"Bh* dk iz;ksx&
pksjfn~cHksfr > pksjLl chgb (pksj ls Mjrk gS)
izko`Qr O;kdj.k (?k) ^lIreh* dh txg ^"k"Bh* dk iz;ksx&
i`"Bs ds'kHkkj% > fiV~Bh, dslHkkjks (ihB ij ckyksa dk Hkkj)
(vk) dHkh&dHkh ^f}rh;k* vkSj ^r`rh;k* ds LFkku ij ^lIreh* dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
(d) ^f}rh;k* ds LFkku ij ^lIreh* dk iz;ksx&
xzkea olkfe > xkes olkfe (xk¡o esa jgrk gw¡)
([k) ^r`rh;k* ds LFkku ij ^lIreh* dk iz;ksx&
f=kfHk% rSjyaÑr i`Foh > frlq rslq vyafd;k iqgoh
(mu rhuksa ds }kjk i`Foh vyaÑr gq;h gS)
(b) dHkh&dHkh i×peh ds LFkku ij r`rh;k vkSj lIreh gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k&
(d) ^i×peh* ds LFkku ij ^r`rh;k* dk iz;ksx&
pksjkr~ foHksfr > pksjs.k chgb (pksj ls Mjrk gS)
([k) ^i×peh* ds LFkku ij ^lIreh* dk iz;ksx&
fo|ky;kr~ ifBRok vkxeks cky% > foTtky;fLla if<ma
vkxvks ckyks (fo|ky; ls i<+dj ckyd vk x;k gS)
(bZ) dHkh&dHkh ^lIreh* ,oa ^izFkek* ds LFkku ij ^f}rh;k* gks
tkrh gSµ
mnkgj.k&
(d) ^lIreh* ds LFkku ij ^f}rh;k* dk iz;ksx&
fo|qTT;ksra Lejfr jk=kkS > foTtqTtks;a Hkjb jfÙka (jkf=k esa
fo|qr ds izdk'k dk ;kn djrk gS)
([k) izFkek ds LFkku ij ^f}rh;k* dk iz;ksx&
prqfoZa'kfrjfi ftuojk% > pmohlafi ft.kojk
(m) dHkh&dHkh fo'ks"kdj ^vèkZekxèkh izkÑr* esa ^lIreh* ds LFkku
ij ^r`rh;k* Hkh ns[kh tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k&
rfLeu~ dkys rfLeu~ le;s > rs.ka dkys.ka] rs.ka le,.ka& ml dky esa]
ml le; esa
3-3-3 foHkfDr ds vuqlkj okD;iz;ksx
;gk¡ ge vc lkekU;:i ls ek=k ,dopu ds dqN okD;iz;ksxksa ds }kjk
62 dkjd&foHkfDr dks le>saxsA
izFke& vks dkjd ,oa foHkfDr
lIreh& ,] fEe
eks{ks bPNk vfLr > eksD[ks bPNk vfRFkA (eks{k ds fo"k;
esa bPNk gSA)
frys"kq rsye~ > fryslq rsya (fryksa esa rsy gS)
cksèk iz'u
1- izkÑr esa prqFkhZ&foHkfDr ds vFkZ esa fdldk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
2- izkÑr esa fdl opu dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk\
3- foHkfÙkQ&lEcUèkh izR;; dgk¡ gksrs gSa\ 63
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65
4-1 izLrkouk
'kCn&:i fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh laink gksrs gSaA laKk rFkk loZuke&'kCnksa ds iqfYyax]
L=khfyax rFkk uiqaldfyax ds :iksa dks tkudj gh ge okD;&lajpuk djrs gSaA 'kCn:iksa
dk lgh iz;ksx u fd;k tk,] rks okD; xyr gks tkrk gS rFkk lgh vFkZ Hkh Hkkf"kr ugha
gksrk gSA vr% laLÑr dh gh Hkk¡fr izkÑr ds izeq[k 'kCn:iksa dks ge ;gk¡ le>saxsA
4-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr ds 'kCn:iksa dks le>dj okD;&lajpuk esa lgk;rk feysxhA
Ø izkÑr esa dkSu&dkSu ls 'kCn:i gksrs gSa\ bldk Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø laLÑr ls izkÑr&'kCn:i dh fHkUurk dk cks/ gks ldsxk\
Ø izkÑr&'kCn:i ds Lo:i dks le>us esa lgk;rk feysxhA
4-3 'kCn:i
vdkjkUr iqfYyax 'kCn:i
oPN (o`{k] oRl)
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFkek oPNks oPNk
f}rh;k oPNa oPNs] oPNk
r`rh;k oPNs.k&oPNs.ka oPNsfg] oPNsfg¡] oPNsfg¡
iapeh oPNk] oPNÙkks oPNksvks oPNÙkks] oPNkvks] oPNkm]
oPNkm] oPNkfga] oPNkfgarks
oPNsfg] oPNkfgarks] oPNklaqrks]
"k"Bh@prqFkhZ oPNLl oPNk.k&.ka
lIreh oPNs] oPNfEe oPNslq] oPNslqa
lEcksèku oPN] oPNk] oPNks oPNk
loZuke 'kCn:i
vLen~&vEg 'kCn:i
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFkek vga] vg;a] ga] o;a] eks] vEg] vEgs] Hks
f}rh;k ea] eea] feea] .ks] .ka] eEg] vEgs] vEg] .ks
r`rh;k eb] e,] e;kb] ee,] eekb] vEgsfg] vEgkfg] vEg] vEgs].ks
fe] es] .ks
iapeh ebÙkks] eeÙkks] egÙkks eT>Ùkks] eÙkks eeÙkks] vEgÙkks] eekfgarks
vEgkfgarks] eeklaaqrks] eeslqarks]
70 vEgklqarks] vEgslqarks
"k"Bh@prqFkhZ ee] es] eb] eg] ega] eT>] eT>a .ks] .kks] eT>] vEg] vEga] 'kCn:i
vEgs] vEgks] vEgk.k]
egk.k] eT>k.k
lIreh vEgfEe] vEgslq] eeslq] egslq] eT>slq
eefEe] egfEe] eT>fEe vEglq] eelq] eglq] eT>lq]
vEgklq
rqe (;q"en~) 'kCn:i
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFkek ra] rqa] rqea] rqoa] Hks] rqCHks] rqT>s] rqEgs] rqÕgs] mÕgs
f}rh;k ra] rqa] rqea] rqoa] oks] rqCHks] rqT>] mÕgs] Hks
r`rh;k rb] r,] rq,] Hks] rqCHksfga] rq;g~ fs ga] rqT>sfga
rqeb] rqe,] rqes] rqekb mÕggsfga] rqÕgsfga] mT>sfga
iapeh rbÙkks] rqoÙkks] rqeÙkks] rqgÙkks] rqCHkk] rqCHkÙkks] mÕgÙkks] mEgÙkks] rqÕgÙkks]
rqCHkÙkks] rqÕgÙkks] mÕgÙkks] mEgÙkks] rqEgÙkks] rqT>Ùkks
rqT>Ùkks] rqEgÙkks] rqgÙkks
"k"Bh@prqFkhZ rs] rqg] rqga] rqo] ns] rqT>] mT> oks] Hks] rqCHk] rqCHka] rqCHkk.k]
rqok.k] rqek.k] rqgk.k] rqEgk.k]
rqCHkk.ka] rqok.ka] rqek.ka] rq;~gk.ka]
rqEgk.k&.ka] rqT>k.k&.ka
lIreh rqes] rqe,] rqekb] rb] r,] rql]q rqols ]q rqel
s ]q rqgl
s ]q rqCHksl]q
rqfEe] rqofEe] rqefEe] rqgfEe rqEgsl]q rqT>sl]q rqolq] rqelq] rqglq]
rqCHklq] rqEglq] rqT>lq] rqCHkklq]
rqEgklq] rqT>klq
rn~&'kCn ds :i
rn~&l] r iqfyax 'kCn:i
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFkek l] lks rs] .ks
f}rh;k ra] .ka rs] rk] .ks] .kk
r`rh;k rs.k] fr.kk] .ks.k rsfg] rsfga] rsfg¡
iapeh rÙkks] rvks] rks] rEgk rkfgarks] rklaqrks
"k"Bh@prqFkhZ rLl] rkl] ls rsfla] rk.k&.ka] fla
lIreh rfLla] rfEe] rRFk] rfga rslq&lqa] .kslq&laq
rkgs] rkbvk
rn~&lk] rk L=khfyax 'kCn:i
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFkek lk rkvks] rkm] rhvks] rhm
71
72
bne~&b;a uiqaldfyax 'kCn:i 'kCn:i
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFke bva] b.ka] b.keks bekb] bekba] bekf.k
f}rh; bva] b.ka] b.kvks bekb&ba&f.k
'ks"k :i r`rh;k ls lIreh rd iqfYyax ds leku pysaxsA
,rn~ 'kCn ds :i
,rn~&,v iqfyax 'kCn:i
foHkfDr ,dopu cgqopu
izFkek ,l] ,lks ,,
f}rh;k ,va ,,
r`rh;k ,,.k] ,b.kk ,,fg] ,,fga]
iapeh ,Ùkks] ,vkvks] ,vkm ,vkfg ,vkfgarks] ,vklqarks
"k"Bh ,vLl ,vk.k&.ka] ,,fla
lIreh ,vfLla] ,vfEe] ,RFk] bRFk ,,lq&lqa
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3- laKk 'kCn:i ,oa loZuke 'kCn:i esa D;k vUrj gS\ mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V djsaA
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w
iape ikB (Unit-V)
5- èkkrq :i
ikB lajpuk
5-1 izLrkouk
5-2 mís';
5-3 fofo/ /krq:i
5-4 izkÑr èkkrq:iksa dh izeq[k&fo'ks"krk;sa
cksèkiz'u
5-5 lkjka'k
5-6 'kCnkoyh
5-7 lanHkZ&xzUFk
5-8 lgk;d&xzUFk
5-9 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
5-10 vH;kl&iz'u
5-1 izLrkouk
/krq:i&ikB esa vkidk Lokxr gSA vki tkurs gSa fd fØ;k ds ewy:i dks
^èkkrq* dgk tkrk gSA izkÑr esa laLÑr dh gh rjg izFke iq#"k] eè;e iq#"k rFkk mÙke
iq#"kµ ;s rhu iq#"k gksrs gSaA 'kCn:i dh gh rjg izkÑr ds èkkrq:i Hkh laLÑr ls dqN
fHk gSaA èkkrq:iksa ds iq#"kksa esa rFkk opuksa esa ,d:irk Hkh feyrh gSA èkkrq:iksa ds
oSdfYid:iksa dh Hkh cgqyrk gSA
5-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr ds èkkrq:iksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk feysxhA
Ø okD;jpuk dk Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø izkÑr èkkrq:i&O;oLFkk dks le>us dh {kerk dk fodkl gks ldsxkA
5-3 /krq :i
gl /krq (gl~¾g¡luk)
orZekudky
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iqñ glb] gl,] glsb glfUr] glars] gfljs] glsars
eñ iqñ glfl] glls] glsfl gflRFkk] glg] glsbRFkk] glsg
mñ iqñ glkfe] glfe] glsfe gfleks] &eq]&e] glkeks] &eq] e] gleks
&eq] &e] glseks] &eq] &e
Hkwrdky
,dopu cgqopu
izko`Qr O;kdj.k izñ iqñ glhv glhv
eñ iqñ glhv glhv
mñ iqñ glhv glhv
Hkfo";r~dky
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iqñ gflfgb] &fg,] gflLlb gflfgafr] &fgars] &fgjs] &Llafr
eñ iqñ gflfgfl] &fgls] &Llfl gflfgRFkk] &fgg] &Llg
mñ iqñ gflLla] &Llkfe] gkfe] gflLlkeks] &eq]&eq_ gflgkeks] &eq]
gflfgfe e_ gflfgeks]&eq]&e_ gflfgLlk] &fgRFkk
foè;FkZ ,oa vkKkFkZ
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iqñ glm glarq
eñ iqñ glfg] gllq glg
(glsTtlq] glsTtfg] glsTts] gl)
mñ iqñ glkeq] gfleq] gleq glkeks] gfleks] gleks
fØ;kfrifÙk
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iqñ glsTt] glsTtk] glUrks] glsTt] glsTtk] glarks]
glek.kks glek.kks
eñ iqñ glsTt] glsTtk] glUrks] glsTt] glsTtk] glarks]
glek.kks glek.kks
mñ iqñ glsTt] glsTtk] glarks] glsTt] glsTtk] glarks]
glek.kks glek.kks
^ik* /krq (ihuk)
orZekudky
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iq ñ ikb ikafr] ikars] ikbjs
eñ iq ñ ikfl ikbRFkk] ikg
mñ iq ñ ikfe ikeks] &eq] &e
Hkwrdky
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iq ñ iklh] ikgh] ikghv iklh] ikgh] ikghv
78
e-ñ iq ñ iklh] ikgh] ikghv iklh] ikgh] ikghv èkkrq :i
mñ iq ñ iklh] ikgh] ikghv iklh] ikgh] ikghv
Hkfo";r~dky
,dopu cgqopu
izñ iq ñ ikfgb ikfgafr
eñ iq ñ ikfgfl ikfgRFkk
mñ iq ñ ikfgfe ikfgeks
Hkwrdky
,dopu cgqopu
izñiqñ gkslh gksgh] gksghv
eñiqñ gkslh gksgh] gksghv
mñiqñ gkslh gksgh] gksghv
Hkfo";r~dky
,dopu cgqopu
izñiqñ gksfgb gksfgafr
eñiqñ gksfgfl gksfgRFk] gksfgg
mñiqñ gksgkfe] gksfgfe] gksgkeks] gksfgeks_
gksfgRFkk
fofèk ,oa vkKkFkZ
80
,dopu cgqopu
izñiqñ gksm gksarq èkkrq :i
eñiqñ gksfg] gkslq gksg
mñiqñ gkseq gkseks
fØ;kfrifÙk
,dopu cgqopu
izñiqñ gksTt] gksTtk] gksarks] gksek.kks
eñiqñ gksTt] gksTtk] gksarks] gksek.kks
mñiqñ gksTt] gksTtk] gksarks] gksek.kks
5-4 izkÑr èkkrq:iksa dh izeq[k&fo'ks"krk;sa
1- izkÑr 'kCn:iksa dh gh rjg èkkrq:iksa esa Hkh f}opu dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk
gSA mlds LFkku ij cgqopu dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- O;×tukUr èkkrqvksa esa Loj (v) tqM+dj LojkUr gks tkrk gSA
3- izkÑr èkkrq:iksa esa Hokfnx.k dh gh izèkkurk gSA vU; x.k izk;% ugha gSaA
4- vkReusinh&:iksa dh txg ijLeSinh&:iksa dk izkèkkU; gSA
5- lgk;d&fØ;k ds lkFk ÑnUr:iksa ds iz;ksx dh cgqyrk gSA
6- dr`ZokP; vkSj deZokP; ds :iksa esa izk;% ,dhdj.k gqvk gSA
7- Hkwrdky vkSj fØ;kfrifÙk esa lHkh iq#"kksa vkSj lHkh opuksa esa izk;% ,d
leku izR;; tqM+rs gSaA
8- izkÑr esa orZekudky] Hkwrdky] Hkfo";r~dky] vkKkFkZd foè;FkZd vkSj
fØ;kfrifÙk bu Ng izdkj ds :iksa dk vfLrÙo gSA vkKkFkZd vkSj
foè;FkZd ds :iksa esa izk;% ,d:irk jgrh gSA
9- dqN èkkrq,a ,slh gSa ftuds vUR; O;×tu dks f}Ro vkns'k gks tkrk gSA
bl dkj.k mlds dgha&dgha nks :i Hkh curs gSaA tSlsµ pyb] pYyb
(pyfr) ldb] lDdb ('kDuksfr)A
cksèkiz'u
1- izkÑr èkkrq:iksa dh fdUgh nks fo'ks"krkvksa dks fyf[k,A
2- ^gl* èkkrq dk orZekudky eè;eiq#"k dk :i fy[ksaA
3- ^ik* /krq dk fof/ ,oa vkKkFkZd:i rhuksa iq#"kksa esa fy[ksaA
5-5 lkjka'k
izkÑrHkk"kk esa èkkrq:iksa esa vf/d ljyrk gSA èkkrq:iksa dk ;g ljyhdj.k lkn`';
vkSj èofu fodkl ds dkj.k gqvk gSA fØ;kinksa ds iz;ksx ds fy, èkkrq:iksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA okD;jpuk ds fy, èkkrq:iksa dk Kku djuk pkfg,A
5-6 'kCnkoyh
81
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83
1-1- izLrkouk
iwoZ&ikB esa vkidks izkÑrHkk"kk ,oa O;kdj.klEer o.kZekyk] 'kCn:i] èkkrq:i]
fyÄõ] opu vkfn dk ifjp; djk;k tk pqdk gSA bl ikB esa izkÑr&'kCnksa dh okD;jpuk
vkSj vuqokn dk Kku djk;k tk,xkA
1-2- mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑ r'kCnksa ,oa fØ;kvksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx }kjk vuqokn dk Kku izkIr
djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA
Ø izkÑrHkk"kk ds lkekU;Kku dh #fp mRiUu gks ldsxhA
Ø izkÑr ls fgUnh vkSj fgUnh ls izkÑr esa vuqokn&dkS'ky fodflr gksxkA
1-3 vdkjkUr 'kCn:i vkSj iz;ksx
izkÑr esa pkj izdkj ds 'kCn ik;s tkrs gSaµ
(1) vdkjkUr ^v* vkSj ^vk* ls vUr gksus okys 'kCn_
(2) bdkjkUr ^b* vkSj ^bZ* ls vUr gksus okys 'kCn_
(3) mdkjkUr ^m* vkSj ^Å* ls vUr gksus okys 'kCn ,oa
(4) gyUr (ftuds vUr esa O;×tu v{kj vk;s gksa)A ijUrq ;g fo'ks"k gS fd iz;ksx
esa] gyUr 'kCn miyCèk ugha gksrs] vr% muds LFkku ij Hkh mÙkQ rhuksa izdkj ds
'kCnksa esa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj ds 'kCn dk O;ogkj ik;k tkrk gSA
iqfyÄõ vdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds foHkfÙkQ&fpUg
,dopu cgqopu
i<ek vks vk
chvk a ,] vk vdkjkUr 'kCn:i vkSj iz;ksx
jkeks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ckylks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
jes'kks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xksokyks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
90
2- izkÑrokD;&jpuk ds ik¡p lkekU;&fu;e fy[ksaA
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3- vdkjkUr nso 'kCn ,oa ^gks* vkSj ^gl* orZekudkfyd fØ;k:iksa dks ;kn dj
fyf[k;sA
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w
f}rh; ikB (Unit-II)
2- loZuke
ikB lajpuk
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 mís';
2-3 loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk
2-4 loZuke ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
2-5 lkjka'k
2-6 'kCnkoyh
2-7 lanHkZ&xzUFk
2-8 lgk;d&xzUFk
2-9 cksèk&iz'uksa ds mÙkj
2-10 vH;kl&iz'u
2-1 izLrkouk
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ds lÄõksikÄõ Kku ds fy, O;kdj.k'kkL=k dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA izkÑrHkk"kk ls ifjp; djkus ds fy, izkÑr&Hkk"kkfonksa us izkÑr&O;kdj.k xzUFkksa dh
jpuk dhA okD;jpuk esa loZuke dk viuk egÙo gSA bl ikB esa loZuke dk ifjp;
izkIr djsaxsA
2-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr&loZuke dk Kku Li"V gksxkA
Ø ewy loZuke&'kCnksa dk iz;ksxdj okD;jpuk dk Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø loZuke ds iz;ksx ls okD; esa D;k peRdkj vk tkrk gS] bldk Kku
izkIr gksxkA
2-3 loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk
laKk ds LFkku ij vkus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA loZuke ds iz;ksx ls okD;
lqUnj cu tkrs gSa] tSlsµnhok;.kks rRFk olb] lks ; vb nqDdj ckyroe.kqpjbA bl okD;
esa ^lks* loZuke ^nhok;.kks* ds LFkku ij vk;k gSA
2-4 loZuke ds lkekU;&fu;e
1- ftl laKk ds LFkku ij ;k mlds lkFk tks loZuke vkrk gS] mlesa mlh
ds fyÄõ o opu gksrs gSa] tSlsµjkeLl fHkPpks [kfÙk;iqÙkks vfRFkA lks
nqCcyks fo f.kCHkvks vfRFkA (jke dk ukSdj {kf=k; gS] og nqcZy gksdj
Hkh fuHkZ; gS)A
;gk¡ ^[kfÙk;iqÙk* 'kCn iqfyÄõ vkSj ,dopu gS] vr% blds LFkku ij
iz;qDr gksus okyk loZuke ^lks* Hkh iqfyÄõ vkSj ,dopu gSA
2- vuqokn esa dÙkkZ ds vuqlkj fØ;k dk opu vkSj iq#"k gksrk gSA dÙkkZ tc
mÙkeiq#"k esa jgrk gS] rks fØ;k Hkh mÙkeiq#"k dh gksrh gSA loZuke
3- ^rqe* vkSj ^eSa* cksèkd 'kCnksa ds vfrfjDr 'ks"k lHkh 'kCn izFkeiq#"k esa
gksrs gSaA
4- 'kCn&:ikofy ds fu;eksa ds vkèkkj ij laLÑr ds leku izkÑr esa
loZukeksa dks lokZfn (loZ] fo'o] mHk;] ,d] ,drj) vU;kfn (vU;]
brj] drj] dre) ;nkfn (;n~] rn~] ,rn~ fde~) iwokZfn (iwoZ ij
voj] nf{k.k] mÙkj] vij] vèkj Lo) ,oa bnekfn (bne~] vnl~] ;q"en]
vLen~] Hkor~) oxks± esa foHkÙkQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- u”knhd dh oLrq ;k O;fÙkQ ds fy, be (bne~)] vfèkd ikl dh oLrq
;k O;fÙkQ ds fy, ,v (,rn~)] lkeus ds nwjorhZ inkFkZ ;k O;fÙkQ ds
fy, veq (vnl~) vkSj ijks{k (tks oÙkQk ds lkeus ugha gks)] ml inkFkZ
;k O;fÙkQ ds fy, l (rn~) 'kCn dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
fganhHkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ fgUnh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
1- v;a cksYybA
2- beks cksYybA
3- lks xPNbA
4- bes .keafrA
5- ,rs [ksÙks èkkoafrA
6- rs ikBa fy[kafrA
7- rqea Hk.kflA
8- rLl HkTtk pq..ka ihlbA
9- vga Hk;sfeA
10- vEgs ra tkf.keA
11- .k dksfo ra gf.kma leRFkksA
12- ga oRFka èkkjsfeA
13- ga iksRFk;a i<kfeA
14- vga uekfeA
15- lks rqTb èk.ka nsbA
ikb;Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ izkÑr Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
1- og dgk¡ jgrk gS\
2- ;g mldk ?kj gSA
3- eSa iVuk tkrk gw¡A
93
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w
r`rh; ikB (Unit-III)
3- bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx
ikB lajpuk
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mís';
3-3 bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr&'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
3-4 lkjka'k
3-5 'kCnkoyh
3-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
3-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
3-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
3-9 vH;kl&iz'u
3-1 izLrkouk
Hkk"kkvksa ds lÄõksikÄõ Kku ds fy, rÙkr~&Hkk"kk ds izpfyr O;kdj.k&xzUFkksa ds
uke] o.kZekyk] fyÄõ] opu] 'kCn:i] èkkkrq:i vkfn dk ifjp; feyrk gSA ;gk¡ ij
bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
3-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr ds bdkjkUr ,oa mdkjkUr&'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ds }kjk okD;&jpuk
dk Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø izkÑr ds bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;eksa dk Kku
gksxkA
Ø izkÑr ds 'kCn&iz;ksx ls okD;jpuk fuekZ.k&{kerk dk fodkl gksxkA
3-3 bdjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr&'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
1- bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr iqfyax&'kCnksa esa izFkek ds ,dopu vkSj cgqopu
esa r`rh;k] prqFkhZ vkSj i×peh ds cgqopu esa vUr ds bdkj vkSj mdkj
dks nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA
2- izFkek vkSj f}rh;k ds cgqopu esa ^vks* vkSj ^.kks* vkns'k gksrk gSA
3- bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr iqfyax 'kCnksa esa r`rh; foHkfÙkQ ds ,dopu esa
^.kk* vkns'k gksrk gSA
4- bZdkjkUr vkSj ÅdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds :i bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds
leku gksrs gSAa gsepUnzkpk;Z us nh?kZ (bZdkj vkSj Ådkj ds fy,) ßLo
(bdkj vkSj mdkj) dk fu;eu fd;k gSA
fganh Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ fgUnh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
1- gjh i<bA
2- gfj.kks èk.ka nsbA bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx
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98
2- ePpq] gjh] rqEg] fxfj] lOo..kq 'kCnksa ls okD; cukdj vH;kl dhft,A
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prqFkZ ikB (Unit-IV)
4- LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr iqfyÄõ&'kCn&iz;ksx
ikB&lajpuk
4-1 izLrkouk
4-2 mís';
4-3 LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr iqfyÄõ&'kCnkas ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
4-4 lkjka'k
4-5 'kCnkoyh
4-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
4-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
4-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
4-9 vH;kl&iz'u
4-1 izLrkouk
Loj ,oa O;×tu Hkk"kk dh bdkbZ gksrs gSaA LojkUr vkSj O;×tukUr iqfyax 'kCnksa dks
tkudj gh ge okD;jpuk djrs gSaA ;fn 'kCnksa dk lgh iz;ksx u fd;k tk,] rks okD;
xyr gks tkrk gS rFkk lgh vFkZ Hkh Hkkf"kr ugha gksrk gSA vr% ;gk¡ LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr
iqfYyax 'kCnksa dk Kku djk;k tk jgk gSA
4-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr ds LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr iqfYyax 'kCn&iz;ksx ls okD;lajpuk esa lgk;rk
feysxhA
Ø izkÑr vkSj laLd`r esa tks LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr iqfYyax 'kCnksa esa Hksn gS mldk
Hkh Kku gksxkA
4-3 LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr iqfYyÄõ 'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
1- laLÑr ds ½dkjkUr 'kCn izkÑr esa izk;% vdkjkUr vFkok mdkjkUr gks tkrs gSaA
2- laLÑr ds ,sdkjkUr vkSj vkSdkjkUr 'kCn izkÑr esa vdkjkUr gks tkrs gSa vkSj :i
Hkh vdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds leku gksrs gSaA
3- izkÑr esa O;×tukUr ;k gyUr 'kCn ugha gksrsA dqN gyUr 'kCnksa ds vUR;
O;×tuksa dk yksi gksrk gS vkSj dqN gyUr 'kCn vtUr (LojkUr) ds :i esa
ifj.kr gks tkrs gSaA
fganh Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ fgUnh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
(1) eT> Hkk;jks egkfoTtky;s i<bA
(2) fivk rLl oogkjs.k f[kTtbA
(3) jkeks fiM.kks èk.ka xs.gbA LojkUr ,oa O;×tukUr iqfyÄõ&'kCn&iz;ksx
(4) vga f.k;fivja lsokfeA
(5) rs f.k; HkÙkja e..kafrA
(6) eT> Hkk;jks dqya tksvbA
(7) rLl fivk rqT> ?kja vkxPNbA
(8) lOos t.kk m..kba djsafrA
(9) rs f.k; vIik.ka m¼jafrA
(10) jkg.kks iklknks mÙkqaxks vfRFkA
(11) j..kks fo;kjks mÙkeks vfRFkA
(12) ,xks jk;k rRFk f.kolbA
(13) lks f.kPpa jkb.ka dOoa lkobA
(14) var.kks lea v..kfeÙka .kfRFkA
(15) lks vbZo nkfjnzks vfRFkA
ikb;Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq@izkÑr Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
(1) esjs firk Ldwy esa vè;kid gSaA
(2) HkkbZ dk yM+dk i<+us tkrk gSA
(3) firk ds ?kj esa eksgu jgrk gSA
(4) fnyhi dk ;'k loZ=k O;kIr gSA
(5) èku ls cM+s&cM+s dke gksrs gSaA
(6) nkrk dks lHkh vk'khokZn nsrs gSaA
(7) èku dh 'kksHkk nku ls gksrh gSA
(8) viuh&viuh iqLrd firk dks nsrk gw¡A
(9) mldk firk xjhc gSA
(10) jes'k dk firk èkuh gSA
(11) lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh vkRek,¡ leku gSaA
(12) ;ksxh vkRek dk è;ku djrs gSaA
(13) bUnz ty dk nsork gSA
(14) ew[kZ dk cy lnk ew[kZrk ls izdV gksrk gSA
(15) firk mlds O;ogkj ls f[k gksrk gSA
cksèk iz'u
1- laLd`r ds ½dkjkUr&'kCn izkÑr esa izk;% D;k gksrs gSa\
2- izkÑr esa gyUr&'kCn gksrs vFkok ugha\
3- ^lks vbZo nkfjn~nks vfRFk*& bldk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
4- ^firk mlds O;ogkj ls nq%[kh gksrk gS\* bldk izkÑr esa vuqokn dhft,A
101
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102
2- izkÑr vkSj laLÑr 'kCn ½dkjkUr] ,sdkjkUr vkSj vkSdkjkUr ds Hksn fyf[k,A
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w
iape ikB (Unit-V)
5- L=khfyÄõ 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx
ikB&lajpuk
5-1 izLrkouk
5-2 mís';
5-3 vkdkjkUr L=khfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds foHkfDr&fpÉ
5-4 vkdkjUr L=khfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
5-5 lkjka'k
5-6 'kCnkoyh
5-7 lanHkZ&xzUFk
5-8 lgk;d&xzUFk
5-9 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
5-10 vH;kl&iz'u
5-1 izLrkouk
Hkk"kk dks lqn<` + cukus esa O;kdj.k dk fo'ks"k;ksxnku gSA izkÑrHkk"kk dk izkP;fo|kvksa
esa viuk egÙo gSA izkÑr okD;jpuk ds fy, 'kCn:i] èkkrq:i] loZuke vkfn dk Kku
vko';d gSA mlh Øe esa bl ikB esa L=khfyax&'kCnksa ds fu;eksa ds mnkgj.k ;gk¡ n'kkZ;s
x;s gSaA
5-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø L=khfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds foHkfDr&fpÉksa dk Kku gksxkA
Ø L=khfyÄõ&'kCnkas dk lE;d~ Kku gks ldsxkA
Ø okD;jpuk esa L=khfyax&'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dh tkudkjh gksxhA
5-3 vkdkjkUr L=khfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds foHkfDr&fpÉ
,dopu cgqopu
i<ek (yqd)~ m] vks] (yqd~
chvk ** m] vks] (yqd~)
rb;k v] b] , fg] fga] fg¡
pmRFkh v] b] , .k] .ka
iapeh v] b] ,] Ùkks] vks] m rks] vks] m] fgarks] lqarks
NV~Bh v] b] , .k] .ka
lÙkeh v] b] , lq] lqa
laoksg.k (yqd)~ m] vks (yqd~)
fganh Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq@fganh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
(1) lks ekya èkkjbA L=khfyÄõ 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx
(2) ynkvks foPNa os<afrA
(3) ynkfga ?kjLl lksgk gobA
(4) ekyk ekykvks jebA
(5) rs vEgks ekykvks nsafrA
(6) iqQYysfga ekykvks f.kEek.ka gobA
(7) ekykfgarks lq;aèkks vk;bA
(8) rLl daBfEe ekykvks lksgafrA
(9) lmaryk iqIIkQekya èkkjbA
(10) rs ckyvk ekykvks fta?kafrA
(11) gfyík, ihva jaxa gksbA
(12) lwofEe gfyík iMbA
(13) rLl ebZ mÙkek vfRFkA
(14) eqÙkh, ija lqga vfRFkA
(15) HkqÙkh, lOos i;Ùka dq.kafrA
ikb;Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq@izkÑrHkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
(1) og esjh vkKk dk ikyu djrk gSA
(2) mldk vk'khokZn liQy gksxkA
(3) d{kk esa fdrus Nk=k gSaA
(4) eSa Hkkr [kkrk gw¡A
(5) eSa jksVh [kkrk gw¡A
(6) og eq>dks ekr djrk gSA
(7) xaxk dk izokg rst gSA
(8) 'kdqUryk iq"iekyk dks èkkj.k djrh gSA
(9) mlds ;gk¡ y{eh dk fuokl gSA
(10) eafnj ds Åij èotk iQgjkrh gSA
(11) mldh lHkh izfr"Bk djrs gSaA
(12) ekrk cPps dks I;kj djrh gSA
(13) mldh vkÑfr lqUnj gSA
(14) dey dh mRifÙk ty ls gksrh gSA
(15) mldk ;'k loZ=k iSQyrk gSA
105
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w
"k"B ikB (Unit-VI)
6- gyUrL=khfyÄõ 'kCn
ikB lajpuk
6-1 izLrkouk
6-2 mís';
6-3 gyUrL=khfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
6-4 lkjka'k
6-5 'kCnkoyh
6-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
6-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
6-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
6-9 vH;kl&iz'u
6-1 izLrkouk
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dk lkÄõksikÄõ&Kku izkIr djus ds fy, O;kdj.k dk Kku
vR;ko';d gSA okD;jpuk esa gyUr&L=khfyÄõ ds 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dk Kku Hkh visf{kr gSA
bldk foospu bl ikB esa fn;k x;k gSA
6-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø okD;jpuk esa gyUrL=khfyÄõ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djuk lh[k ldsaxsA
Ø gyUrL=khfyÄõ ds 'kCnksa }kjk vuqokn djus esa l{ke gksaxsA
6-3 gyUrL=khfyÄõ 'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
izkÑr esa gyUr&'kCnksa dk vHkko gS] blfy, gyUr L=khfyÄõ:i Hkh vkdkjkUr]
bZdkjkUr vkSj vdkjkUr L=khfyÄõ 'kCnksa ds leku gh gksrs gSaA
fganhHkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ fgUnhHkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
(1) vk;kls foTtw foTtks;bA
(2) rLl efgek lOoRFk foRFkh..kk vfRFkA
(3) rqEgk.ka lehos cgqlai;k vfRFkA
(4) ra vTt Nqgk yXxbA
(5) lXxfEe vPNjkvks f.kolafrA
(6) glafr ckyk .k;ja xPNbA
(7) rLl ckgk, ihMk vfRFkA
(8) HkoaÙkh, tÙkk lgyk gksbA
(9) rLl dqfPN, ihMk vfRFkA
(10) rLl lksgk vTt fo oV~VbA gyUrL=khfyÄõ 'kCn
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110
lIre ikB (Unit-VII)
7- uiqaldfyÄõ ds iz;ksx
ikB&lajpuk
7-1 izLrkouk
7-2 mís';
7-3 uiqaldfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
7-4 lkjka'k
7-5 'kCnkoyh
7-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
7-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
7-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
7-9 vH;kl&iz'u
7-1 izLrkouk
laLÑr&O;kdj.k dh rjg izkÑr esa Hkh iqfyax] L=khfyÄõ vkSj uiqaldfyÄõ&bu
rhu fyÄõksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA izÑr ikB esa uiqaldfyÄõ ds iz;ksx&gsrq fu;e ,oa
okD;jpuk&gsrq okD; fn, x;s gSaA
7-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkiµ
Ø uiqaldfyÄõ&lEcUèkh 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dk Kku izkIr djsaxsA
Ø uiqaldfyÄõ&'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dj ldus esa n{krk izkIr gks ldsxhA
Ø izkÑr&okD;&jpuk ds iz;ksx esa dq'kyrk izkIr gks ldsxhA
7-3 uiqaldfyÄõ&'kCnksa ds lkekU;&fu;e
1- uiqaldfyÄõ esa LojkUr&'kCnksa esa izFkek vkSj f}rh;k ds ,dopu esa
vquLokj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- uiqaldfyÄõ esa LojkUr&'kCnksa esa izFkek vkSj f}rh;k ds cgqopu esa ba] b¡
vkSj f.k foHkfÙkQ fpÉ yxk;s tkrs gSaA
3- izFkek ds ,dopu esa bdkjkUr vkSj mdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds vfUre ^b* vkSj
^m* dks nh?kZ ugha gksrkA
4- r`rh;k foHkfÙkQ ls vkxs ds lHkh:i iqfYyax ds leku gh gksrs gSaA
fganh Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ fganhHkk"kk eas vuqokn djsaµ
(1) lks ikodEea .k djsbA
(2) jk;k lqo..k;kja dgbA
(3) lks rofLr fHkD[kqa ; ihMbA
(4) xqjoks l;k vEg jD[karqA
(5) ikb;dOoa yks, dLl fg;;a u lqgkosbA
(6) rLl laBk.ka Hk;koga vfRFkA
(7) eT> ikBks vIia fo .k foEgjbA
(8) fl¼ky;fEe fl¼k f.kolafrA
(9) rh, tksOo.ka vgq..kfo v[kq..ka vfRFkA
(10) okfjfEe ePNk f.kolafrA
(11) lks voT>k.ka djsbA
(12) vEgk.ka rLl vkl.ka #PpbA
(13) flag xTt.ka o.ks lq.kbA
(14) rLl ok;j.kkea cgwÙkeea vfRFkA
(15) rLl laxhva eT> cgqfi;a vfRFkA
ikb;Hkklk, v.kqok;a dq.karq @ izkÑr Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djsaµ
(1) ewY; vfèkd gksus ij jktk ugha [kjhnrk gSA
(2) ;g vkx tyrh gSA
(3) lksuk pedrk gSA
(4) eSa ,d ckr lksprk gw¡A
(5) yM+ds dkWyst esa gYyk djrs gSaA
(6) fdlh uxj esa ,d dqEgkj jgrk gSA
(7) eq>s ia[ks dh gok vPNh yxrh gSA
(8) mlds ikl vikj ,s'o;Z gSA
(9) eSa vkidh iz'kalk djrk gw¡A
(10) rqe idk iQy [kkrs gksA
(11) mlds ikl rhu xk;sa gSaA
(12) lalkj esa ifjxzg dk lap; gh iki dk dkj.k gSA
(13) eSa Luku djds Hkkstu djrk gw¡A
(14) lwDr&xzUFkksa dh 'kSyh laf{kIr gksrh gSA
(15) rqe yksx ekrk&firk dh vkKk ekurs gksA
cksèk iz'u
1- izkÑr esa uiqaldfyÄõ esa r`rh;k&foHkfDr ds vkxs ds lHkh :i fdlds leku
gksrs gSa\
2- uiqaldfyÄõ esa LojkUr&'kCnksa esa izFkek vkSj f}rh;k ds ,dopu esa fdldk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
3- ^lks ikodEea .k djsb*& bldk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
4- ^;s dk;Z gekjs }kjk gksrs gSSa*& bldk izkÑr esa vuqokn dhft,A
7-4 lkjka'k
izkÑr&okD;jpuk esa uiqaldfyÄõ ds 'kCnksa ds fu;eksa dk lkekU;Kku djk;k x;k
gSA izkÑr esa r`rh;k&foHkfDr ls vkxs ds lHkh :i iqfyax ds leku gh gksrs gSaA
7-5 'kCnkoyh
1- xTt.ka µ xtZuA
2- laxhva µ laxhrA
3- fg;;a µ ân;A
4- ikodEea µ ikideZA
5- iDoa iQya µ idk iQyA
7-6 lUnHkZ&xzUFk
1- izkÑr ekxksZinsf'kdk & cspjnkl thojkt tks'kh] m- iz- tSu laLFkku]
y[kumQA
7-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
1- vfHkuo izkÑr O;kdj.k & MkW- usfepUnz 'kkL=kh] rkjk izdk'ku] okjk.klhA
7-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
1- izkÑr esa r`rh;k&foHkfDr ds vkxs ds lHkh :i iqfYyaÄõ ds leku gksrs gSaA
2- uiqaldfyÄõ esa LojkUr&'kCnksa esa izFkek vkSj f}rh;k ds ,dopu esa vuqLokj dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3- ^og ikideZ u djsa*& ;g fgUnh vuqokn gksxkA
4- ^bekf.k dTtkf.k vEgsfga gksafr*& ;g izkÑr esa vuqokn gksxkA
7-9 vH;kl iz'u
1- izkÑrHkk"kk esa O;kdj.k ds vUrxZr uiqaldfyÄõ ds 'kCnksa ds fu;eksa dks fy[ksaA
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v"Ve ikB (Unit-VIII)
8- dky vkSj fØ;k ds okD;&iz;ksx
ikB lajpuk
8-1 izLrkouk
8-2 mís';
8-3 dky vkSj fØ;k ds okD;&iz;ksx
8-3-1 orZekudky ds lkekU;&fu;e
8-3-2 Hkwrdky ds lkekU;&fu;e
8-3-3 Hkfo";Rdky ds lkekU;&fu;e
8-3-4 vkKkFkZd ds lkekU;&fu;e
8-3-5 foè;FkZd ds lkekU;&fu;e
8-3-6 fØ;kifrifÙk ;k gsrq&gsrqen~HkkokRed ds lkekU;&fu;e
cksèkiz'u
8-4 lkjka'k
8-5 'kCnkoyh
8-6 lanHkZ&xzUFk
8-7 lgk;d&xzUFk
8-8 cksèkiz'uksa ds mÙkj
8-9 vH;kl&iz'u
8-1 izLrkouk
okD;jpuk ds fy, fØ;kinksa dk viuk egÙo gSA fØ;kinksa ls dky vkSj fØ;k
dk fuèkkZj.k gksrk gSA izÑr&ikB esa fØ;kin&lEcUèkh Kku izkIr djus ds fy, fu;e vkSj
mnkgj.k fn, x, gSaA
8-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkidksµ
Ø izkÑr&okD;jpuk gsrq dky&fuèkkZj.k djrs gq, fØ;kinksa dk Kku gks
ldsxkA
Ø izkÑr&O;kdj.k esa okD;jpuk ds vH;kl&gsrq dky vkSj fØ;k dk Kku
izkIr gks ldsxkA
8-3 dky vkSj fØ;k ds okD;&iz;ksx
dky vkSj fØ;k dk ijLij ?kfu"B&lEcU/ gksrk gSA bldk foospu dkykuqlkj
fn;k tk jgk gSA
8-3-1 orZekudky ds lkekU;&fu;e
rkRdkfyd orZekudky ds okD;ksa dk vuqokn nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
1- izFke&izfØ;k }kjk lkekU; orZekudky ds fØ;k:iksa dks j[kdj
gh izkÑr&okD; fy[ks tkrs gSaA
2- nwljh&izfØ;k esa ewyèkkrq esa ^Ur* izR;; yxkdj dÙkkZ ds opu
ds vuqlkj ^vfRFk* ;k ^lfUr* yxkdj vuqokn djrs gSaA
izkphu izkÑr&lkfgR; esa rkRdkfyd orZeku ds iz;ksx izk;% dky vkSj fØ;k ds okD;&iz;ksx
ugha feyrsA ogk¡ lkekU; orZeku dh fØ;k ls gh okD;ksa dk
vuqokn fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ ij rkRdkfyd orZeku dk
vuqokn ^Ur* vkSj ^vfRFk* ds ;ksx ls fd;k tk jgk gSA
orZekudky ds nks Hksn gSaµ lkekU; orZeku vkSj rkRdkfyd orZekuA
lkekU; orZeku dk vuqokn orZekudky ds leku:iksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA orZekudky
esa èkkrq dk ^vfRFk* :i rhuksa iq#"k vkSj nksuksa opuksa esa curk gSA
fganh Hkklk, v.kqokna dq.karq@fgUnhHkk"kk esa vuqokn djks&
1- ckyvks glbA
2- rs iBafrA
3- vEgs èkkoafrA
4- rs iklknvks iMafrA
5- lks xq#a i.kebA
6- vga lPpa oksYykfeA
7- vEgs Hkoara i.kekehA
8- rqea iksRFk;a iBflA
9- HkoUrks iksRFk;a fygbA
10- rqEgs [ksfyRFkkA
11- rs IkMfyiqÙks olafrA
12- rs dklh, olafrA
13- rs t.kk pyafrA
14- lks xPNarks vfRFkA
15- rqea xPNarks vfRFkA
16- rs iBark lafrA
17- rqEgs iBark vfRFkA
18- lk NÙkk xPNarh vfRFkA
19- lqjsanks foTtky;a xPNarks vfRFkA
20- lks dyes.k fy[karks vfRFkA
21- lks fxga xPNarks vfRFkA
22- flD[kvks ckyvk i<Urks vfRFkA
23- rs les.k dTta dq.kark lafrA
115
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