Final Chapters

Life-Span
Life-Span Human
Human Development,
Development, 7thEdition,
Fifth Edition, Carol
CarolK.
K. Sigelman
Sigelman and
andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
Chapter 1
Understanding Life-Span
Human Development
Life-Span Human Development, 7th Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider
Chapter 1
How should we think about DEVELOPMENT?

How can we conceptualize LIFE SPAN?
How can we approach the nature vs

nurture issue in the study of
development?
How is DEVELOPMENT studied?

Life-Span
Life-Span Human
Human Development,
CarolK.
K. Sigelman
Sigelman and
andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
What is Development?
Three broad domains
Physical Systematic
Development
Cognitive
Continuities
Psychosocial
Life-Span
Life-Span Human
Human Development,
CarolK.
K. Sigelman
Sigelman and
andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
Defining Development
Growth
Physical changes that occur from conception to
maturity
Biological aging
Deterioration of organisms that leads to death
Gain-stability-loss
Aging
Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes,
positive and
negative, in the mature organism
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider
Chapter 1
Life-Span HumanHuman
Life-Span Development, Fifth Edition,
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
Sigelman andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Chapter 2
Theories of
Human Development
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

• Instincts and unconscious motivation
• Id, Ego, and Superego formed from psychic
energy (Libido)
– Id: Instinctual nature of humans
– Ego: rational and objective
– Superego: internalized moral standards
• A dynamic personality system
– Regular conflicts between the three parts
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Freud’s Psychosexual Development

• Child moves through 5 stages
• Libido- the psychic energy of the sex instinct
• Stages result from conflict between Id & Superego
• Conflict creates anxiety
• Ego defends against anxiety with defense
mechanisms
• Early experiences have long-term effects on
personality
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Defense Mechanisms
Repression - removing unacceptable thoughts

or traumatic memories from consciousness
Regression - retreating to an earlier, less

traumatic stage of development
Projection - seeing in others the motives we

fear we possess
Reaction formation - expressing motives that

are just the opposite of one’s real motives
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
Human Development
and Relationships
Chapter 1
Internal working Models

Cognitive representations of themselves
and other people that guide their
processing of social information and
behavior in relationships
Chapter 1
Infants construct expectations about relationships

based on their interactions with caregivers
Securely attached infants who received responsive
care will form internal working models suggesting that
they are lovable and other people can be trusted to
care for them
Insecurely attached subjected to insensitive, neglectful
and abusive care may conclude they are difficult to
love and that other people are unreliable.
Chapter 1
Undiscriminating social responsiveness (birth to

2 or 3 months) They do not yet show a clear
preference for one person over another.
Discriminating social responsiveness (2 or 3
months to 6 or 7 months). Infants begin to express
preferences for familiar companions.
Active proximity seeking or true attachment (6 or 7
months to about 3 years). An infant will follow her
mother to stay close, protest when her mother leaves,
and greet her mother warmly when she returns.
Chapter 1
Goal-corrected partnership (3 years and ol

der).
taking a parent’s goals and plans into consideration
and adjusting their behavior
lasts a lifetime.
Example: A 4-year-old probably understands where

Dad is going and can control the need for his attention
until Dad returns.
Chapter 1
Separation anxiety- once attached to a

parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful
when separated from that parent. Separation
anxiety normally appears when infants are for
ming their first genuine attachments, peaks
between 14 and 18 months
Stranger anxiety- a wary or fretful reaction
to the approach of an unfamiliar person
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Unoccupied play. Children stand idly, look around,

or engage in apparently aimless activities such as
pacing.
Solitary play. Children play alone, typically with
objects, and appear to be highly involved in what
they are doing.
Onlooker play. Children watch others play, taking
an active interest in and perhaps even talking to
the players but not directly participating.
Chapter 1
Parallel play. Children play next to one another,

doing much the same thing, but they interact little
Associative play. Children interact by swapping
materials, or following each other’s lead, but they
are not united by the same goal
Cooperative play. Children join forces to achieve a
common goal; they act as a pair or group, dividing
their labor and coordinating their activities in a
meaningful way
Chapter 1
Play is an evolved behavior that helps the young

adapt during childhood and prepare for adulthood
Play allows children to experiment with new
behaviors, it may also help humans learn to
respond creatively to new challenges in their
environments
Play fosters cognitive, motor, and social skills and
helps children cope with emotional problems
Play contributes to healthy emotional development
by providing opportunities to express bothersome
feelings, regulate emotions, resolve emotional
conflicts, and master challenges
Chapter 1
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Qjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gladstonebrookes.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2019%2F08%2F29%
2Fppi-the-beginning-of-the-
end%2F&psig=AOvVaw2mBLC59xSe1oFzMY9wWKD_&ust=1574015930256083
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
The Physical Self
Chapter 5
Menopause and Andropause

Menopause: estrogen production declines
– age range 45-54
– Symptoms: hot flashes, vaginal dryness
– Little anxiety, irritability, depression, or
other stereotypes
– Exercise & adequate sleep helpful
Andropause: decreasing testosterone
– Symptoms: Libido, fatigue, erection, and
memory problems
Life Span Development: A Topical Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 4
Health and
Wellness
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved
When Malnutrition Is Severe
Marasmus
• Malnutrition during first year
• Infants stop growing
• Attributable to severe deficiency in
proteins and calories
• Causes the body to waste away and
ultimately results in death
Kwashiorkor
• Found in older children
• Child’s stomach, limbs, and face swell
• Body struggles to make use of few
available nutrients
Nutritional Problems in
Adolescence
Poor eating habits
• High consumption of junk food/sugar/fats
• Large portion sizes
• Lack of variety
Related health concerns
• Obesity
• Osteoporosis
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
SIDS: The Unanticipated Killer
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a
disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die
in their sleep
• SIDS strikes about 1 in 2,500 infants in the
United States each year
• Although it seems to occur when normal
patterns of breathing during sleep are
interrupted, researchers have been unable to
discover why that might happen
Figure 4-7 Declining Rates of SIDS
In the United States, SIDS rates have dropped dramatically as parents have become more informed
and now put babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomachs. SUID: Sudden Unexplained
Infant Death.
Type A and B Behavior Pattern
Type A behavior: Type B behavior:
• Competitiveness, • Non-competitiveness,
impatience, and a patience, and a lack
tendency toward of aggression
frustration and
• Evidence that Type B
hostility
people have less than
• Evidence is
half the risk of
correlational, so
coronary disease
cannot conclude
that Type A behavior than Type A people
causes heart disease have
•FINISH
Life Span Development: A Topical Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 2
Genetics, Prenatal Development,
and Birth
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Genes and Chromosomes:
The Code of Life
Humans begin life simply
Gametes from male and female join
ovum and sperm
Fused gametes create a zygote
Resulting combination of their genetic
instructions - over 2 billion chemically
coded messages - is sufficient to begin
creation of a human
Figure 2.1 - Contents of a Single Human
Cell
Genes
Specific DNA sequences
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped DNA portions
in 23 pairs
Contain genetic blueprint
for individuals
Replicate through mitosis
MODULE 2.3:
PRENATAL GROWTH AND
BIRTH
• Describe the process of fertilization.
• Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.
• Describe major physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.
• Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about
them.
• Describe the normal process of labor.
• Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.
• Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain
how they can be addressed.
• Describe the process of Cesarean delivery and explain why its use is increasing.
• Describe infant mortality rates and explain factors that affect these rates.
Life Span Development: A Topical
Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 12
Gender and
Sexuality
Gender Differences
• Gender refers to our sense of being male or female
• Sex typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior
Adults view the behavior of children through the
lens of gender
• All cultures prescribe gender roles for males and females
• These roles differ greatly across cultures
• Considerable amount of disagreement over extent and
causes of gender differences
Gender Differences
• Differences between male and female infants are
generally minor
• Male infants tend to be more active and fussier
than female infants.
• Boys’ sleep tends to be more disturbed than
that of girls. Boys grimace more, although no
gender difference exists in the overall amount of
crying.
• There is also some evidence that male newborns
are more irritable than female newborns,
although the findings are inconsistent.
Gender and Play
Differences noted in play of male
and female preschoolers
• Males
– More rough and tumble play
– Same-sex playmate preference
around age three years
• Females
– Organized games and role
playing
– Same-sex playmate preference
around age two years
Preschoolers’ Gender Expectations
• Preschoolers expect boys to demonstrate:
• Competence
• Independence
• Forcefulness
• Competitiveness
• Preschoolers expect girls to demonstrate:
• Warmth
• Expressiveness
• Nurturance
• Submissiveness
•
•
•
•
Bisexuality
Homosexuality
Transsexualism
Heterosexuality
Sexual orientation relates to sexual interests
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation questions occur during adolescence
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ages&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjd6
-jj_NTlAhXGz4UKHc-
DBLgQjB16BAgBEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fm
edium.com%2F%40jencrook%2Fthe-problem-
with-other-people-knowing-your-sexuality-
better-than-you-do-
• Heterosexuality (sexual attraction and behavior directed at
someone of the opposite sex).
• Homosexual (attracted to same sex)
• Bisexual (attracted to both).
• Transsexual -make or desire to make a transition from their
birth sex to that of the opposite sex, with some type of
medical alteration (gender reassignment therapy) to their
body.
• Sexual orientation relates to sexual interests, while gender

identity refers to ones psychological orientation, of feeling,
behaving, like assigned sex.
Dating: Close Relationships in the 21st
Century
Functions of Dating
• Learning to establish intimacy
• Learning to engage in entertainment
• Shaping identity
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9TlAhWOxIUKHSI2ABoQjB16BAgBEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2F10-ways-to-avoid-falling-victim-to-online-dating-predators-dangers-
safety-a6915301.html&psig=AOvVaw18wQYib9EOQl8V4dIRpJOW&ust=1573106980001443
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The
Three Faces of Love
• Intimacy
• Passion
• Decision/Commitment
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9TlAhULzhoKHWzCCcEQjB16BAgBEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdkawalya44.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F01%2F24%2Fi-hate-how-much-i-love-you%2F&psig=AOvVaw1amisGTyS-ig-
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory:
The Three Faces of Love
• Intimacy
• Feelings of closeness, affection, connection.
• Passion
• Motivational drives relating to sex, physical
closeness, and romance, physiological;
• Decision/Commitment
• Thoughts of love and determination to
maintain that love.
Figure 12-5 The Shape of Love
Over the course of a relationship, the three aspects of love—intimacy, passion, and
decision/commitment—vary in strength. How do these change as a relationship develops?
Marriage Gradient
- Tendency for men to marry women who are slightly
younger, smaller and lower in status and women to
marry men who are slightly older, larger and higher
in status
- Limits the potential mates for women as they age
- Wider choices for males as they age
- “Bottom of the Barrel” men
- “Cream of the Crop” women
Marriage Gradient
- Bottom of the Barrel men- men don’t marry
because they cannot find women of lower status
that meet the demand of the gradient and
cannot find women of same of higher status that
accepts them as mates
- Cream of the Crop women- women cannot

marry because they are higher in status or seek
someone of higher status than anyone available
in the pool of men
Mechanisms for Togetherness
• Many couples state that their spouse is their
“best friend”
• They also view marriage as a long-term
commitment
• They believe their spouse has grown more
interesting over the years
• Most feel their sex lives (although frequency
goes down) are satisfying
Figure 12.11 The Phases of Marital Satisfaction
For many couples, marital satisfaction falls and rises in a U –shaped configuration. It begins to
decline after the birth of children but increases when the youngest child leaves home and
eventually returns to a level of satisfaction
similar to that at the start of marriage. Why do you think this pattern of satisfaction occurs?
Struggling Marriages
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Struggling Marriages
• People become more individualistic, spending less
time together
• Many feel concerned with their own personal
happiness and leave an unhappy marriage
• Divorce is more socially acceptable
• Feelings of romantic, passionate love subside over
time
Second Time Around
• Older couples are more mature and realistic
• Roles are more flexible
• Couple looks at marriage less romantically and is
more cautious
• Divorce rate is higher for second marriages
• More stress, especially with blended families
• After divorce has been experienced once, it is
easier to walk away a second time
Life Span Development - A Topical Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 10
Development of
the Self
Cultural Influence
• View of self is culturally bound
Collectivist Orientation: Asian

• View of self is family tied
• notion of interdependence
Individualistic Orientation: Western

• View of self is individually directed
• emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the
individual.
Burnout
Dissatisfaction,
disillusionment,
frustration, and
weariness from jobs
• Occurs most often in
jobs that involve
helping others and
strikes those who are
most idealistic and
driven
Unemployment
Causes economic and psychological consequences
• Feeling anxious, depressed, and irritable
• Self-confidence and concentration may plummet
• Sometimes depression
and/or suicide
Age Discrimination
• Encourage older workers to
leave their jobs in order to
replace them with younger
employees whose salaries
will be considerably lower
• Believe older workers are
not up to demands of the
job or are less willing to
adapt to a changing
workplace

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Final Chapters

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Life-Span

How should we think about DEVELOPMENT?

How can we approach the nature vs

How is DEVELOPMENT studied?

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

Repression - removing unacceptable thoughts

Regression - retreating to an earlier, less

Projection - seeing in others the motives we

Reaction formation - expressing motives that

Internal working Models

Infants construct expectations about relationships

Undiscriminating social responsiveness (birth to

Goal-corrected partnership (3 years and ol

Example: A 4-year-old probably understands where

Separation anxiety- once attached to a

Unoccupied play. Children stand idly, look around,

Parallel play. Children play next to one another,

Play is an evolved behavior that helps the young

Menopause and Andropause

Sexual orientation questions occur during adolescence

• Sexual orientation relates to sexual interests, while gender

- Cream of the Crop women- women cannot

Collectivist Orientation: Asian

Individualistic Orientation: Western

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