SCHOOL NAME

CITY REGION

THEME OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT:

Negative sentences in the history of the English language

Theme: «Negative sentences in the history of the English language»

Full name of the student: Akhmetbaeva Aknur
Grade: 8 «D»
Head: subject teacher
Scientific supervisor:

2022-2023 ACADEMIC YEAR

 ESSAY
As a result of the consideration of the theoretical foundations of the study of
the category of negation in the English language, a number of conclusions were
made.
1. Negation is considered from different points of view. Proponents of the
psychological concept, consider denial as the generation of different personal
mental reactions of the speaker, a subjective manifestation the human psyche. For
a pragmatic approach, negation is an intra-linguistic phenomenon that expresses
something rejecting. Some linguists consider negation as an expression of the
absence of an objective connection. There is a point of view among linguists that
negation is a reflection of objective disconnection. Also widespread is the concept
that includes the values of negation in the category of modality.
2. Some authors define negation as a grammatical category, others argue that
this category is expressed in a syntactic and lexical way. Within the framework of
our work, the concept of negation is considered as a lexico-grammatical category,
since it has lexical and grammatical means of expression.
3. According to the concept of "general" and "particular" negation, negative
sentences are classified depending on the position of the negative element with the
predicate or with other members of the sentence. A sentence with a negation with a
predicate is generally negative; with other members of the sentence, it is partial
negative. It should be noted that many English language researchers are of the
opinion that the "general" negation can also refer to different members of the
sentence, and not just to the predicate.
4. The result of "double negation" is a litota, an underlined statement, an
unintensified statement. Such a denial may indicate the speaker's illiteracy, as well
as give the statement an excessiveness.
Negation occupies a special place in various studies of linguistic and mental
categories. As part of our research, we considered it appropriate to identify
different types of negative sentences in modern English. In addition, an important
aspect in this chapter is the analysis of negative sentences, which are not always
expressed in a negative form, i.e. have an implicit character. An analysis of the
expressive possibilities of negation is also carried out.
The expressiveness of negation can be transmitted by the following means.
The use of colloquial cliches and turns of speech, the use of some prepositional
combinations, amplifying adverbs; the redundancy of the use of negative elements
and constructions in speech; the use of double negation. Negative statements with
the listed means have a strong expressiveness, more accurately convey the negative
emotions of the speakers. The multiple use of negative elements in speech
indicates emotional agitation or anxiety of the speaker. Denial can also express
restraint in the expression of assessments.
 АННОТАЦИЯ
Біздің ғылыми жобамыздың тақырыбы - "Ағылшын тілі тарихындағы
болымсыз сөйлемдер". Бұл жобада біз ағылшын тілінің тарихын зерттеп,
болымсыз сөйлемдердің жасалу жолдарының ерекшеліктерін анықтадық.
Болымсыздық мәселесі ең алдымен жалпылама мәселе болып
табылады, өйткені қарастырылып отырған тілдік құбылыстың дамуындағы
осы заңдылықтар мен тенденцияларды тиісті деректерді салыстыру және
кейіннен теориялық жалпылау арқылы ғана анықтауға болады, "тіл білімі"
сөзінің тар мағынасында теріске шығару проблемасы жалпы әмбебап
белгілерді сақтай отырып, оны құбылыс ретінде сипаттайды.
Қазіргі уақытта ағылшын тілінде, жалпы лингвистикадағыдай,
зерттеушілердің онша маңызды емес тобын қанағаттандыратын
болымсыздық шығарудың анықтамасы жоқ. Теріске шығарудың көптеген
және бір - біріне ұқсамайтын анықтамалары оны түсінудің екі негізгі тәсілін
айқын көрсетеді-кең, тұжырымдамалық және тар, грамматикалық.
Ағылшын тілі, кез - келген басқа тіл сияқты, грамматикалық ( етістік-
предикатпен емес ), лексикалық-грамматикалық жолмен ( no, nobody, none,
nothing есімдіктері, neither, never, nowhere үстеулері), лексикалық (un -, in -,
варианттарымен аффикстер) мүмкін теріс мағынаны білдірудің кең
мүмкіндіктеріне ие, ассимиляциядан туындаған, dis -, поп -, less -, кейбір
етістіктер fail, lack, want және т. б.), конструктивті - синтаксистік, яғни кейбір
тұрақты айналымдарды қолдану арқылы ( Ask me another! I wish J knew және
т.б.), сондай-ақ тиісті интонация көмегімен кез келген тілдік құрал.
Мұның бәрі кейбір лингвистерге теріске шығаруды өзінің тарихи
дамуының белгілі бір кезеңінде тілде болатын грамматикалық, лексикалық,
фразеологиялық және басқа құралдар жиынтығымен көрсетілген кең
тұжырымдамалық ұғым ретінде түсіндіруге негіз береді. Осыған сәйкес,
теріске шығару әдетте белгілі бір тілдік тәсілмен немесе ұғымдар арасында
оң байланыстардың жоқтығын немесе сөйлеуші адамның ұғымдарды ойша
бөлуін білдіретін категория ретінде анықталады.
Жоғарыда аталған теріс мағынаны берудің әртүрлі тәсілдері бір-бірімен
негізінен семантикалық, мазмұнды түрде байланыста болатындығын
байқамау мүмкін емес, бірақ олардың көпшілігі ресми түрде бір-бірімен
ешқандай байланысы жоқ. Nor, neither, unless теріс одақтары, әрине, теріс
мағынаны берудің грамматикалық құралдарының қатарына жатады, бірақ
оларды дәстүрлі түрде бөлінген "грамматикалық" топтарға және басқа да
бірқатар құралдарға жатқызу мүмкін емес, өйткені теріс одақтар тек өздеріне
тән белгілерге ие, олардың аталған топтарының сөздеріне де, басқаларына да
тән емес. Шамасы, олар теріс мағынаны білдіретін грамматикалық
құралдардың үшінші, арнайы тобын білдіреді. Бұл грамматикалық
құралдарды терминологиялық тұрғыдан ажырату дәстүрлі грамматикада
сәтті жүргізілмейді.
 АННОТАЦИЯ
Тема нашего научного проекта- "Отрицательные предложения в
истории английского языка". В этом проекте мы изучили историю
английского языка и определили особенности того, как создаются
отрицательные предложения.
Проблема отрицания - это прежде всего проблема обобщения,
поскольку эти закономерности и тенденции в развитии рассматриваемого
языкового явления могут быть выявлены только путем сопоставления
соответствующих данных и последующего теоретического обобщения,
проблема отрицания в узком смысле слова "Лингвистика" характеризует его
как явление, сохраняя при этом общие универсальные черты.
В настоящее время в английском языке, как и в общей лингвистике, нет
определения отрицательного происхождения, которое могло бы
удовлетворить менее важную группу исследователей. Многочисленные и
разнородные определения отрицания наглядно демонстрируют два основных
подхода к его пониманию-широкий, концептуальный и узкий,
грамматический.
Английский, как и любой другой язык, обладает широкими
возможностями выражения возможного отрицательного значения
грамматически ( не с глаголом-сказуемым), лексически-грамматически
( местоимения no, nobody, none, nothing, наречия neither, never, nowhere),
лексически (аффиксы с вариантами un -, in -,), от ассимиляции порожденный,
dis -, поп -, less -, некоторые глаголы fail, lack, want и т. д.), конструктивно -
синтаксический, то есть с использованием некоторых регулярных оборотов
( Ask me another! I wish J knew и др.), а также любой языковой инструмент с
соответствующей интонацией.
Все это дает основание некоторым лингвистам трактовать отрицание
как широкое концептуальное понятие, выраженное набором грамматических,
лексических, фразеологических и других средств, существующих в языке на
определенном этапе его исторического развития. В соответствии с этим
отрицание обычно определяется как категория, которая относится к
определенному языковому подходу или отсутствию положительных связей
между понятиями или мысленному разделению концепций говорящим
человеком.
Невозможно не заметить, что различные способы передачи
вышеупомянутого негативного смысла связаны друг с другом в основном
семантическим, содержательным образом, но большинство из них формально
не имеют никакого отношения друг к другу. Отрицательные союзы Nor,
neither, unless, безусловно, относятся к числу грамматических средств
передачи отрицательного значения, но их нельзя отнести к традиционно
выделенным "грамматическим" группам и ряду других средств, так как
отрицательные союзы имеют только свои характерные признаки, не
свойственные ни словам их указанных групп, ни другим. По-видимому, они
представляют собой третью, особую группу грамматических средств,
которые имеют отрицательное значение. Терминологическое различие этих
грамматических средств не успешно проводится в традиционной грамматике.

ANNOTATION

The topic of our research project is "Negative sentences in the history of the
English language". In this project, we studied the history of the English language
and identified the features of the ways in which negative sentences are formed.
The problem of negation is primarily a generalizing problem, since these
patterns and trends in the development of the linguistic phenomenon under
consideration can be identified only by comparing the relevant data and subsequent
theoretical generalization, the problem of negation in the narrow sense of the word
"linguistics" characterizes it as a phenomenon, while maintaining general universal
features.
Currently, in English, as in linguistics in general, there is no definition of
negative derivation that would satisfy a less significant group of researchers.
Numerous and dissimilar definitions of negation clearly demonstrate two main
ways of understanding it - broad, conceptual and narrow, grammatical.
English, like any other language, has a wide range of possibilities for
expressing possible negative meanings in a grammatical ( verb - not predicate ),
lexically-grammatical way ( pronouns no, nobody, none, nothing, adverbs neither,
never, nowhere), lexically (affixes with variants un -, in -, caused by assimilation,
dis -, pop -, less -, some verbs fail, lack, want, etc.), constructively-syntactically,
that is, using some regular rounds ( ask me another! I wish J knew, etc.), as well as
any language tool with the help of appropriate intonation.
All this gives some linguists a reason to interpret negation as a broad
conceptual concept, expressed in a set of grammatical, lexical, phraseological and
other means that exist in the language at a certain stage of its historical
development. According to this, negation is usually defined as a category that
implies a certain linguistic approach or the absence of positive connections
between concepts, or the mental division of concepts by the speaker.
It is impossible not to notice that the various ways of transmitting the above
negative meaning are connected with each other mainly in a semantic, substantive
form, but many of them are not formally related to each other in any way. Negative
unions Nor, neither, unless, of course, are among the grammatical means of
transmitting a negative meaning, but they cannot be attributed to traditionally
separated "grammatical" groups and a number of other means, since negative
unions have only their own characteristics, not inherent in the words of the named
groups of them, nor in any other. Apparently, they mean the third, special group of
grammatical means that express a negative meaning. The terminological
distinction of these grammatical means is not successfully carried out in traditional
grammar.
 CONTENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROJECT
I. Introduction............................................................................................................
II. MAIN
PART..........................................................................................................
2.1. Ways of expressing negation in the Old English
period.........................................
2.2. The polynegativity of the Old English
sentence.....................................................
2.3. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the category of
negation................................
III. PRACTICAL
PART............................................................................................
3.1. Analysis of the expressive possibilities of
negation...............................................
IV. Conclusion............................................................................................................
LIST OF
LITERATURE...........................................................................................
 І. INTRODUCTION
The category of denial has a long history and has always attracted the
attention of scientists. Negation is the object of research in various branches of
science: formal logic, philosophy, linguistics. In the search for its own approach to
understanding denial, this phenomenonis interpreted from the point of view of the
peculiarities characteristic of a particular science. In linguistics, negation plays an
important role and means a component of meaning in a sentence, indicating the
connection established between elements of a sentence that does not exist in the
real world, or that an affirmative statement that is contrary to it may be perceived
by the speaker as false.
In various forms, the category of negation is present in all languages of the
world and is expressed mainly in a sentence. Negation gives the utterance a new
specific shade, thereby accentuating opposition to reality. Due to the branching of
the system the means expressing negation in a sentence, the complexities of their
interrelationships and choice depending on the purpose and situation of
communication, the study of the category of negation is one of the problems,
interest in which is growing with the development of linguistic science.
The purpose of the project: The study of the features of negation as a
lexico-grammatical category, as well as in identifying the specifics of negative
constructions of the history of the English language.
The relevance of the project: An integrated approach to the analysis of the
essence of negation, which consists in studying various means of its expression for
a full understanding of the meaning of an authentic literary work, since the system
of negations in English differs significantly from the system of negation in other
languages.
The object of the study: Lexico-grammatical category of negation.
Subject of research: Characteristics of negative constructions in the history
of the English language.
Hypothesis: The most common way of expressing negation is predicative,
i.e. auxiliary verb + particle not.
Tasks:
1. To determine the theoretical foundations of the study by considering various
approaches to the definition of the category of negation;
2. To study the classification and determine the ways of expressing the word in
English;
3. Identify the main types of negative sentences.
Research methods:
1. Study of special literature.
2. Watch videos.
3. Control.
4. Experiment.
5. Experience.
6. Analysis of the received data.
7. Generalization.
ІІ. MAIN PART
2.1. Ways of expressing negation in the Old English period

The historical development of the category of negation in Old and Middle

English generally corresponds to the scheme of the Espersen cycle. According to
the general scheme of the cycle for Germanic and Romance languages, primary
negative markers are phonetically weakened, and therefore there is a need to
strengthen them with a postverbal element, which gradually becomes the only
negative marker in the sentence, displacing the primary marker. In the negation of
a whole sentence in Old English, the use of the negative particle "ne" prevails,
which, as a rule, takes a position immediately before the predicate expressed by the
verb in a personal form.
The particle "ne" was the most frequent negative element for expressing
negation in the Old English sentence. Scientists who have studied the etymology of
this negative particle claim that it goes back to the Old English adverb "on", the
meaning of which was "never". All negative words of the Old English language
had the morpheme “ne” in their morphological composition.
As the simplest examples of Old English negation with the particle
"not", A. Van Kamenade gives the following sentences:
 1. Ne sende se deofol da jyr o f heofenum, peak pe hit ufan come (The devil
did not send fire from heaven, though it came from above);
He ne cmdwyrde dam wife cet jruman (He did not answer the woman at
first).
An analysis of the development of negation in English shows that at a
certain stage, in particular, in the Old English period, a negative sentence
could have several negative elements in its composition. Throughout the
development of the English language, there was a gradual change in the
system of negation, as a result of which polynegativity was replaced by
mononegativity. A later phenomenon of the Old English period was the use
of the amplifying negative particle “naht (noht)”, formed from a previously
existing negative pronoun.
2.2. The polynegativity of the Old English sentence

At the end of the Old English period, there is a double negation, represented
by the particle “ne” and the amplifying negative particle “naht (noht)”; this double
construction was located at the verb. Yu. I. Gurova indicates that the negative
elements in the sentence were not equal. She gives the following example: Ne con
ic nht singan. (I cannot sing.)
Yu. Gurova argues that the particle “ne” is the core of the negative
projection of the sentence (mandatory negation), since it occupies a position before
the modal verb that is of primary importance in this syntactic construction, while
the second negative particle “noht” is not mandatory for the negative construction
of the sentence, that is, it is an optional negation.
Polynegative sentences in Old English were created by combining verbal
negation with negative pronouns or adverbs and conjunctions, as well as by using
two or three negative pronouns and adverbs without negation in the verb. The
negative particle “ne” is most often found in negative sentences. The negative
element “noht” performs not only the role of negation, but also always stands in
the creative case and performs the function of direct complement in the infinitive.
Yu.I. Gurova illustrates this phenomenon with the following example: Swæð: Ne
con ic noht singan. (And he said: I do not know how to sing.)
A. Van Kamenade draws attention to the fact that the distinction between the
negation that applied to the whole sentence and the negation that related only to
one of the members of the sentence, that is, the particular and general negation, in
the Old English language was difficult. She demonstrates this with the following
examples:
1. Þæt he na siþþan geboren ne wurde;
that he never afterward born not would-be.
2. that he would not be born afterward;
Þæt heora nan ne mehte nanes wcepnes gewealdan.
3. that of-them none not could no weapon wield;
that none of them could wield any weapon.

In both cases, there is a double negation with

the particle “ne” in the verb and the carrier element of the second negation
(the negative adverb “na”, the negative pronoun “nan”). A. Van Kamenade
argues that in the Old English language, negative elements in the members
of the sentence had the ability to extend a negative meaning to the sentence
as a whole.
The main means of expressing negation in the Old English sentence
was the particle “ne”, which occupied a position before a verb, pronoun or
adverb, and its enclitic attachment to these elements of syntactic
construction was possible. So, “ne" in combination with the verbs beon
/wesan (to be), habban (to have), witan (to know), willan (to want) formed
such forms as: nis (ne is), nille (ne wille), nadde (ne hadde), niste (ne wiste).
O. Jespersen pointed out that the particle “ne” in speech was often
subjected to reduction, and therefore there was a need to strengthen it with
 the help of additional negative elements, such as: “na” (no), “nalles” (not at
all) or “noht”, a particle formed from a negative pronoun “nowiht"
(nothing).

Yu. Gurova argues that with double negation (the negative particle
“ne” in combination with the negative adverb na, nolde, nahwar), the
negative particle is stronger in its functional characteristics, and the adverb
performs an additional function, but not always. Adverbs also have certain
characteristic features, so they can be equally and even stronger than
particles, for example, independently form a mononegative negation in a
sentence.
2.3. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the category of negation

Negation belongs to one of the significant categories of language, which is

conditioned by a person's desire to differentiate the phenomena of reality.
Linguistic negation refers to complex linguistic categories. It covers the entire
vocabulary and grammar, has various means and ways of expression, a complex
semantic and syntactic structure.
In the dictionary of linguistic terms, O.S. Akhmanova gives the following
definitions of negation: "negation is an expression using lexical, phraseological,
syntactic and other means of language that the connection established between the
elements of a statement does not really exist (thought in speech as not really
existing)".
 In Kazakh and foreign grammars of the English
language lack a general classification of the means of expressing negation. Some
researchers include the following adverbs in the section describing this category as
seldom, rarely, etc. and consider their valence. Other authors believe that a
sentence is negative if the negation directly refers to one of the main terms, and
sentences with a negative complement of the type "I said nothing" are considered
as affirmative.
In this regard, various authors have their own point of view on the category
of negation. For example, I.V. Andreeva believes that the category of negativity
(negation) should be considered in the structure of sentences, and negation should
be defined as a grammatical category.
S. Rakhimov argues that in English the category of negation is expressed
syntactically – not, neither, no, non; and lexically – with pronouns nobody,
nothing, none, neither, no; with negative adverbs – never, nowhere; and with the
negative word no.
To fully understand the specifics of negation as a lexico-grammatical
category, we need to turn to the history of its development and ways of expression.
In the Old English language, sentences had a polynegativity, i.e. they had several
negative elements in their structure. The polynegativity of the Old English
sentence was created by combining the negative particle ne and the negative
pronoun, negative adverbs or negative conjunctions. The main means of
transmitting the negative was the negative particle ne, which was placed before a
verb, pronoun or adverb.
 Later, another amplifying particle naht (noht) appears, formed from the
former negative pronoun. Thus, negation in Old English was more often used as a
double construction ne...nacht (noht). Amplifying negative particles were added to
the glago lu in the event that there were no other negative elements in the sentence,
except for the verb.
At the beginning of the Middle English period, the negation in the sentence
remains polynegative and has several negative elements in its composition. The
NE particle began to occur with the negation of NOT instead of the other negative
elements, but rarely. And then the NE particle was reduced in use.
In the Early New English period, the negation in a sentence becomes
mononegative, as in modern English. The particle does not fulfill the function of
the basic negation, the process of using the polynegative negation disappears.

In the XVI century, the distinction

between predicative and non-predicative negation appeared. These distinctions
correspond to the stage of the development of a simple sentence, when the means
of a clear transfer of relations between the members of the predicative complex –
the subject and the predicate - are developed: a clear word order is established, the
auxiliary verb do appears in interrogative sentences. The clear opposition of the
predicative and non-predicative negation in sentences with generalizing terms led
to a change in the content of negative sentences.
 Since then, the grammatical sign of a negative sentence is "... not the
presence of a negative pronoun or adverb, but the presence of a negation with one
of the members of the predicative complex. Sentences with negation with a minor
member of the sentence should be considered as affirmative".
In modern English, negation can be expressed with the power of affixes,
negative pronouns and particles:
1) The lexical means of expressing negation include negative affixes. They
are implemented to represent the antonyms of lexical units and do not assume a
negative form of the sentence. For example: understand - misunderstand,
conductor - nonconductor, order - disorder, legal - illegal, father - fatherless,
appear - disappear, dress - undress, possible - impossi ble, equal - unequal, rational
- irrational;
2) The lexical and grammatical means of negation include the negative
pronouns and adverbs: no, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nowhere, neither, etc.;
3) The grammatical way of expressing negation refers to the part of the ca
not, which is added to auxiliary or connective verbs, adjoins the predicate in the
sentence and transmits the negative meaning of the verb, noun, adjective and other
parts of speech in the position of the predicate in the sentence structure, for
example:
It was not necessary for her to describe Charlotte.
V.N. Bondarenko distinguishes lexical negation into implicit and explicit.
He refers words with negative semantics to the lexical means of implicit
expression from the ritz, for example: to fail, overlook, to lack, etc. Words with
negative affixes belong to the explicit means.
ІІІ. PRACTICAL PART
3.1. Analysis of the expressive possibilities of negation
Since negation has more emotionality and expressiveness than affirmation, it
is important for our study to study the stylistic possibilities of negation.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that the expressiveness of
negation depends on its function to indicate that the connection between the
components indicated in the proposal does not really exist. As a result, any
reflection presupposes the opposite between the possible and the real, which forms
an evaluative and expressive potential.
Consider the following examples:
She remembered that airplane pilots had a phrase for it: the point of no
return (Sheldon, 1985: 114)
In this example, negation provides an opportunity to make this sentence
quite concise and thereby increase the expression of the irrevocability of the
moment in question.
 The frequency form of negation expression includes some expressive
colloquial cliches and turns of speech. Among them we have identified the
following expressions:
 leave alone;
 God alone knows;
 be quiet, go away;
 get out;
 let go of;
 get away.
Consider the use of these expressions in sentences:
Tracy wildly jerked around. “Leave me alone! All of you. I’m—I’m not that
way. ” (Sheldon, 1985: 41).
God only knew what those damned female prisoners were thinking or doing
(Sheldon, 1985: 46).
Unless you want an extra one, be quiet. I mean—very quiet (Sheldon, 1985:
73).
Now get out before I call security and have you thrown out (Sheldon, 1994:
37).
Let go of me! (Sheldon, 1985: 30).
Get away from me ((Sheldon, 1985: 57)
In these examples, the characters are in a high degree of emotional state and
their feelings are expressed with the help of emotionally saturated replicas. Such
cliched expressions have a strong expressiveness, contribute to a more accurate
transmission of the negative emotions of the speakers. Some sentences are
variations of elliptical constructions that suggest the possibility of explication of
the negation itself within the same expression. In addition, these speech turns are
always accompanied by a special, distinctive intonation.
In addition to the listed turns of speech, we have also identified some
prepositional combinations:
 out of cash;
 beyond words;
 out of it.
Consider offers with these combinations:
I’m really beginning to run out of cash (Sheldon, 2004: 167).
They spent the rest of the afternoon, and most of the night, talking and
making love, and they opened their hearts to each other, and it was wonderful
beyond words (Sheldon, 1985: 15).
 Charles had to be left out of it. (Sheldon, 1985: 20).
Spatial prepositions can express a negative meaning, since the negation and
the characteristic of the object of the phenomenon in space are conceptually close.
Thus, their meaning in these examples becomes a way of transmitting negation
with a strong evaluative coloring.

The use of negative structions in Eng-

lish language

5
4.4 4.5
4.3

3.5
3
2.8
2.4 2.5
2 2
1.8

nowhere no one nobody not today

grammatical lexical emphase

It should be noted that some negative constructions with certain lexical

accompaniments also give the utterance an emphase. In our study, we identified
the amplifying adverb too, which implies that some action was not performed
due to some circumstances: She was too excited to eat…
Tracy was too paralyzed to answer (Sheldon, 1985: 55).
Although these sentences are affirmative in structure, they imply a negative
meaning, and the use of the adverb too contributes to the intensification of
statements.
ІҮ. Conclusion
To date, much attention is paid to the study of the category of negation in
linguistics, since negation, like any phenomenon of language, undergoes linguistic
changes that affect the ways of its expression and conditions of use. Negation is a
category peculiar to all languages of the world, which expresses the absence of any
connections between the elements of reality.
Notwithstanding the fact that there are many works devoted to the study of
the category of negation, there is no single point of view about the place of
negation in language.
Within the framework of this study, the concept of negation is considered as
a lexico-grammatical category, since syntactic units in the sentence structure in the
predicate position are formed using auxiliary and modal verbs with the addition of
the particle "not", and lexical components that convey negation are found in
various positions in the structure of the utterance.
 Despite the variety of approaches to the study of this phenomenon, the key is
the concept of "general" and "private" denial. In this paper, together with generally
negative sentences, with a negatively formed predicate, private negative sentences
that are semantically generally negative are considered.
The concept of "double negation" was also considered, which was the norm
in Old English and Middle English, and in modern English, the use of double
negation is a means of reflecting a non-standard spoken language, and also creates
an emphase and a weakened statement.
EARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL: IF THE CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH
PRESENTED IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT ARE ADDITIONALLY
STUDIED WITHIN THE WALLS OF THE SCHOOL;

IF THE NEW IDEAS STUDIED IN THIS PROJECT CONTINUE;

SHOW THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY WITH SPECIAL 3D ANIMATION

PROGRAMS;
 LIST OF LITERATURE

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potencies in modern English: abstract. diss. ... Candidate of Philological
Sciences. – M., 2013;
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Arnold. –M.: Nauka, 2017;
3. Beloborodova A.V. Means of expressing negation and negative
connotation in phraseological units with the meaning of indifference in
the Russian and English languages // Bulletin of the Leningrad State
University named after A.S. Pushkin. – 2018;
4. Bondarenko V.N. Negation as a logical and grammatical category. – M.:
Nauka, 2019;
5. Brodsky I.N. Negative statements. –Leningrad: LSU, 2017;
6. Gurova Yu.I. Multidimensional analysis of the historical development of
denial in the diachrony of the English language // Philological Sciences.
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School, 2017;
8. Kayumova M.S. Ways of expressing the category of negativity in the
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– St. Petersburg: Soyuz, 2015;
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