THE MANDIBLE

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Joe Iwanaga, DDS, PhD, is an oral and

maxillofacial surgeon and clinical
anatomist. He is an Associate Profes-
sor of Neurosurgery and Neurology at
Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, Louisiana. He is also an
Associate Professor of Anatomy and
Dental and Oral Medical Center at
Kurume University School of Medi-
cine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. He is
the author of more than 400 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Dr.
Iwanaga is a President of the Clinical Anatomy Research Association
in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Councilor-at-Large of the American
Association of Clinical Anatomists, and Coordinator of the FIPAT Oral
Anatomy Working Group of the International Federation of Associa-
tions of Anatomists. He is a Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Section ed-
itor of the journal Clinical Anatomy.

R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD is a

clinical anatomist, author, editor, and
researcher. He is Professor of Neuro-
surgery, Neurology, Surgery, and Struc-
tural & Cellular Biology at Tulane
University School of Medicine, New
Orleans, Louisiana. Dr. Tubbs is Pres-
ident-Elect of the American Associa-
tion of Clinical Anatomists and serves
as the Editor-in-Chief of the journal
Clinical Anatomy. His h-index is 74 and
in 2018, he was listed as a “hyperpro-
lific author” in the journal Nature. He
has also authored/edited over 50 books
and is a section editor for the 41st and
42nd editions of Gray’s Anatomy.
 Published and Distributed Throughout the World by

CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER, LTD.

2600 South First Street
Springfield, Illinois 62704

This book is protected by copyright. No part of

it may be reproduced in any manner without written
permission from the publisher. All rights reserved.

© 2022 by CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER, LTD.

ISBN 978-0-398-09378-5 (hard)

ISBN 978-0-398-09379-2 (ebook)

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2021033598 (print)

2021033599 (ebook)

With THOMAS BOOKS careful attention is given to all details of manufacturing

and design. It is the Publisher’s desire to present books that are satisfactory as to their
physical qualities and artistic possibilities and appropriate for their particular use.
THOMAS BOOKS will be true to those laws of quality that assure a good name
and good will.

Printed in the United States of America

MM-S-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Iwanaga, Joe, author. | Tubbs, R. Shane, author.

Title: The mandible : an atlas of osteological and radiological anatomy
/ by Joe Iwanaga and R. Shane Tubbs.
Description: Springfield, Illinois : Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Ltd.,
[2022]
Identifiers: LCCN 2021033598 (print) | LCCN 2021033599 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780398093785 (hardback) | ISBN 9780398093792 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Mandible—anatomy & histology | Mandible—diagnos-
tic imaging | Anatomic Variation | Atlas
Classification: LCC QM695.F32 (print) | LCC QM695.F32 (ebook) |
NLM WU 17 | DDC 611/.716—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033598
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033599
 PREFACE

T his is an anatomical atlas focusing on the mandible—a first of its kind. The fine osteo-
logical and radiological anatomy involved in dental and oral surgery has progressed
greatly in recent years, especially in the field of dental implants. In dental implant surgery,
the maxilla and mandible are the operative fields. The frequent complications of dental im-
plants on the maxilla are bleeding and iatrogenic maxillary sinusitis, but these are less likely
to be life threatening injuries. However, dental implant surgery of the mandible can lead to
serious complications such as mental nerve paresthesia and airway obstruction due to
hematoma. Thus, knowledge of anatomical structures relevant to the mandible is significant.
In this theme, a number of atlases on the anatomy of the oral cavity, head and neck, and
oral and maxillofacial regions have been published. However, when the dentist needs a com-
prehensive photographic review of the anatomy focusing on the mandible, including its well-
described anatomy and rarely shown variations with both gross and radiological
observations, there are only limited resources that are useful for surgery.
Therefore, our book is devoted to the osteological and radiological anatomy of the
mandible for dentists, oral surgeons, and related researchers and health care providers. We
believe that this book will satisfy the growing demand in this field of surgery, research and
education.

J.I.
R.S.T.

v
 CONTENTS

Page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Chapter 1: Overview of the Mandible (90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1. Anterior view (20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Posterior view (15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3. Lateral view (32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4. Superior view (23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 2: Anterior Mandible (136) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.1. Oblique view (29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2. Anterior view (20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3. Superior view (13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4. Posterior view (74) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Chapter 3: Mandibular Body (180) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

3.1. Mental foramen (46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.2. Buccal shelf (19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.3. Submandibular/sublingual fossae (52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.4. Retromolar area (20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
3.5. Wisdom tooth (17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
3.6. Coronal section (26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Chapter 4: Ramus of Mandible (270) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

4.1. Mandibular foramen (90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.2. Condylar process (100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.3. Coronoid process (60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4.4. Angle (20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Chapter 5: Fetus (66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

5.1. 27-week (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
5.2. 29-week (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
5.3. 28-week (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
5.4. 28-week (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

vii
viii The Mandible

5.5. 29-week (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

5.6. 31-week (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Chapter 6: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) (50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

6.1. Mandible in CBCT (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
6.2. Anterior mandible in CBCT (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
6.3. Mental foramen in CBCT (18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
6.4. Various trabecular patterns in CBCT (22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Chapter 7: Teeth (left) (41) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

7.1. Central incisor (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
7.2. Lateral incisor (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
7.3. Canine (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
7.4. First premolar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
7.5. Second premolar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
7.6. First molar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
7.7. Second molar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
7.8. Third molar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
7.9. Alveolar process (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
THE MANDIBLE
 Chapter 1

OVERVIEW OF THE MANDIBLE

 1.1: ANTERIOR VIEW

Plate 1.1.1.

Plate 1.1.2.

5
6 The Mandible

Plate 1.1.3.

Plate 1.1.4.
 Overview of the Mandible 7

Plate 1.1.5.

Plate 1.1.6.
8 The Mandible

Plate 1.1.7.

Plate 1.1.8.
 Overview of the Mandible 9

Plate 1.1.9.

Plate 1.1.10.
10 The Mandible

Plate 1.1.11.

Plate 1.1.12.
 Overview of the Mandible 11

Plate 1.1.13.

Plate 1.1.14.
12 The Mandible

Plate 1.1.15.

Plate 1.1.16.
 Overview of the Mandible 13

Plate 1.1.17.

Plate 1.1.18.
14 The Mandible

Plate 1.1.19.

Plate 1.1.20.
 1.2: POSTERIOR VIEW

Plate 1.2.1.

Plate 1.2.2.

15
16 The Mandible

Plate 1.2.3.

Plate 1.2.4.
 Overview of the Mandible 17

Plate 1.2.5.

Plate 1.2.6.
18 The Mandible

Plate 1.2.7.

Plate 1.2.8.
 Overview of the Mandible 19

Plate 1.2.9.

Plate 1.2.10.
20 The Mandible

Plate 1.2.11.

Plate 1.2.12.
 Overview of the Mandible 21

Plate 1.2.13.

Plate 1.2.14.
22 The Mandible

Plate 1.2.15.
 1.3: LATERAL VIEW

Plate 1.3.1.

Plate 1.3.2.

23
24 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.3.

Plate 1.3.4.
 Overview of the Mandible 25

Plate 1.3.5.

Plate 1.3.6.
26 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.7.

Plate 1.3.8.
 Overview of the Mandible 27

Plate 1.3.9.

Plate 1.3.10.
28 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.11.

Plate 1.3.12.
 Overview of the Mandible 29

Plate 1.3.13.

Plate 1.3.14.
30 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.15.

Plate 1.3.16.
 Overview of the Mandible 31

Plate 1.3.17.

Plate 1.3.18.
32 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.19.

Plate 1.3.20.
 Overview of the Mandible 33

Plate 1.3.21.

Plate 1.3.22.
34 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.23.

Plate 1.3.24.
 Overview of the Mandible 35

Plate 1.3.25.

Plate 1.3.26.
36 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.27.

Plate 1.3.28.
 Overview of the Mandible 37

Plate 1.3.29.

Plate 1.3.30.
38 The Mandible

Plate 1.3.31.

Plate 1.3.32.
 1.4: SUPERIOR VIEW

Plate 1.4.1.

Plate 1.4.2.

39
40 The Mandible

Plate 1.4.3.

Plate 1.4.4.
 Overview of the Mandible 41

Plate 1.4.5.

Plate 1.4.6.
42 The Mandible

Plate 1.4.7.

Plate 1.4.8.
 Overview of the Mandible 43

Plate 1.4.9.

Plate 1.4.10.
44 The Mandible

Plate 1.4.11.

Plate 1.4.12.
 Overview of the Mandible 45

Plate 1.4.13.

Plate 1.4.14.
46 The Mandible

Plate 1.4.15.

Plate 1.4.16.
 Overview of the Mandible 47

Plate 1.4.17.

Plate 1.4.18.
48 The Mandible

Plate 1.4.19.

Plate 1.4.20.
 Overview of the Mandible 49

Plate 1.4.21.

Plate 1.4.22.
50 The Mandible

Plate 1.4.23.
 Chapter 2

ANTERIOR MANDIBLE
 2.1: OBLIQUE VIEW

Plate 2.1.1.

Plate 2.1.2.

53
54 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.3.

Plate 2.1.4.
 Anterior Mandible 55

Plate 2.1.5.

Plate 2.1.6.
56 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.7.

Plate 2.1.8.
 Anterior Mandible 57

Plate 2.1.9.

Plate 2.1.10.
58 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.11.

Plate 2.1.12.
 Anterior Mandible 59

Plate 2.1.13.

Plate 2.1.14.
60 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.15.

Plate 2.1.16.
 Anterior Mandible 61

Plate 2.1.17.

Plate 2.1.18.
62 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.19.

Plate 2.1.20.
 Anterior Mandible 63

Plate 2.1.21.

Plate 2.1.22.
64 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.23.

Plate 2.1.24.
 Anterior Mandible 65

Plate 2.1.25.

Plate 2.1.26.
66 The Mandible

Plate 2.1.27.

Plate 2.1.28.
 Anterior Mandible 67

Plate 2.1.29.
 2.2: ANTERIOR VIEW

Plate 2.2.1.

Plate 2.2.2.

68
 Anterior Mandible 69

Plate 2.2.3.

Plate 2.2.4.
70 The Mandible

Plate 2.2.5.

Plate 2.2.6.
 Anterior Mandible 71

Plate 2.2.7.

Plate 2.2.8.
72 The Mandible

Plate 2.2.9.

Plate 2.2.10.
 Anterior Mandible 73

Plate 2.2.11.

Plate 2.2.12.
74 The Mandible

Plate 2.2.13.

Plate 2.2.14.
 Anterior Mandible 75

Plate 2.2.15.

Plate 2.2.16.
76 The Mandible

Plate 2.2.17.

Plate 2.2.18.
 Anterior Mandible 77

Plate 2.2.19.

Plate 2.2.20.
 2.3: SUPERIOR VIEW

Plate 2.3.1.

Plate 2.3.2.

78
 Anterior Mandible 79

Plate 2.3.3.

Plate 2.3.4.
80 The Mandible

Plate 2.3.5.

Plate 2.3.6.
 Anterior Mandible 81

Plate 2.3.7.

Plate 2.3.8.
82 The Mandible

Plate 2.3.9.

Plate 2.3.10.
 Anterior Mandible 83

Plate 2.3.11.

Plate 2.3.12.
84 The Mandible

Plate 2.3.13.
 2.4: POSTERIOR VIEW

Plate 2.4.1.

Plate 2.4.2.

85
86 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.3.

Plate 2.4.4.
 Anterior Mandible 87

Plate 2.4.5.

Plate 2.4.6.
88 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.7.

Plate 2.4.8.
 Anterior Mandible 89

Plate 2.4.9.

Plate 2.4.10.
90 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.11.

Plate 2.4.12.
 Anterior Mandible 91

Plate 2.4.13.

Plate 2.4.14.
92 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.15.

Plate 2.4.16.
 Anterior Mandible 93

Plate 2.4.17.

Plate 2.4.18.
94 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.19.

Plate 2.4.20.
 Anterior Mandible 95

Plate 2.4.21.

Plate 2.4.22.
96 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.23.

Plate 2.4.24.
 Anterior Mandible 97

Plate 2.4.25.

Plate 2.4.26.
98 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.27.

Plate 2.4.28.
 Anterior Mandible 99

Plate 2.4.29.

Plate 2.4.30.
100 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.31.

Plate 2.4.32.
 Anterior Mandible 101

Plate 2.4.33.

Plate 2.4.34.
102 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.35.

Plate 2.4.36.
 Anterior Mandible 103

Plate 2.4.37.

Plate 2.4.38.
104 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.39.

Plate 2.4.40.
 Anterior Mandible 105

Plate 2.4.41.

Plate 2.4.42.
106 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.43.

Plate 2.4.44.
 Anterior Mandible 107

Plate 2.4.45.

Plate 2.4.46.
108 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.47.

Plate 2.4.48.
 Anterior Mandible 109

Plate 2.4.49.

Plate 2.4.50.
110 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.51.

Plate 2.4.52.
 Anterior Mandible 111

Plate 2.4.53.

Plate 2.4.54.
112 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.55.

Plate 2.4.56.
 Anterior Mandible 113

Plate 2.4.57.

Plate 2.4.58.
114 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.59.

Plate 2.4.60.
 Anterior Mandible 115

Plate 2.4.61.

Plate 2.4.62.
116 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.63.

Plate 2.4.64.
 Anterior Mandible 117

Plate 2.4.65.

Plate 2.4.66.
118 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.67.

Plate 2.4.68.
 Anterior Mandible 119

Plate 2.4.69.

Plate 2.4.70.
120 The Mandible

Plate 2.4.71.

Plate 2.4.72.
 Anterior Mandible 121

Plate 2.4.73.

Plate 2.4.74.
 Chapter 3

MANDIBULAR BODY
 3.1: MENTAL FORAMEN

Plate 3.1.1.

Plate 3.1.2.

125
126 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.3.

Plate 3.1.4.
 Mandibular Body 127

Plate 3.1.5.

Plate 3.1.6.
128 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.7.

Plate 3.1.8.
 Mandibular Body 129

Plate 3.1.9.

Plate 3.1.10.
130 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.11.

Plate 3.1.12.
 Mandibular Body 131

Plate 3.1.13.

Plate 3.1.14.
132 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.15.

Plate 3.1.16.
 Mandibular Body 133

Plate 3.1.17.

Plate 3.1.18.
134 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.19.

Plate 3.1.20.
 Mandibular Body 135

Plate 3.1.21.

Plate 3.1.22.
136 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.23.

Plate 3.1.24.
 Mandibular Body 137

Plate 3.1.25.

Plate 3.1.26.
138 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.27.

Plate 3.1.28.
 Mandibular Body 139

Plate 3.1.29.

Plate 3.1.30.
140 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.31.

Plate 3.1.32.
 Mandibular Body 141

Plate 3.1.33.

Plate 3.1.34.
142 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.35.

Plate 3.1.36.
 Mandibular Body 143

Plate 3.1.37.

Plate 3.1.38.
144 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.39.

Plate 3.1.40.
 Mandibular Body 145

Plate 3.1.41.

Plate 3.1.42.
146 The Mandible

Plate 3.1.43.

Plate 3.1.44.
 Mandibular Body 147

Plate 3.1.45.

Plate 3.1.46.
 3.2: BUCCAL SHELF

Plate 3.2.1.

Plate 3.2.2.

148
 Mandibular Body 149

Plate 3.2.3.

Plate 3.2.4.
150 The Mandible

Plate 3.2.5.

Plate 3.2.6.
 Mandibular Body 151

Plate 3.2.7.

Plate 3.2.8.
152 The Mandible

Plate 3.2.9.

Plate 3.2.10.
 Mandibular Body 153

Plate 3.2.11.

Plate 3.2.12.
154 The Mandible

Plate 3.2.13.

Plate 3.2.14.
 Mandibular Body 155

Plate 3.2.15.

Plate 3.2.16.
156 The Mandible

Plate 3.2.17.

Plate 3.2.18.
 Mandibular Body 157

Plate 3.2.19.
 3.3: SUBMANDIBULAR SUBLINGUAL FOSSAE

Plate 3.3.1.

Plate 3.3.2.

158
 Mandibular Body 159

Plate 3.3.3.

Plate 3.3.4.
160 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.5.

Plate 3.3.6.
 Mandibular Body 161

Plate 3.3.7.

Plate 3.3.8.
162 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.9.

Plate 3.3.10.
 Mandibular Body 163

Plate 3.3.11.

Plate 3.3.12.
164 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.13.

Plate 3.3.14.
 Mandibular Body 165

Plate 3.3.15.

Plate 3.3.16.
166 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.17.

Plate 3.3.18.
 Mandibular Body 167

Plate 3.3.19.

Plate 3.3.20.
168 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.21.

Plate 3.3.22.
 Mandibular Body 169

Plate 3.3.23.

Plate 3.3.24.
170 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.25.

Plate 3.3.26.
 Mandibular Body 171

Plate 3.3.27.

Plate 3.3.28.
172 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.29.

Plate 3.3.30.
 Mandibular Body 173

Plate 3.3.31.

Plate 3.3.32.
174 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.33.

Plate 3.3.34.
 Mandibular Body 175

Plate 3.3.35.

Plate 3.3.36.
176 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.37.

Plate 3.3.38.
 Mandibular Body 177

Plate 3.3.39.

Plate 3.3.40.
178 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.41.

Plate 3.3.42.
 Mandibular Body 179

Plate 3.3.43.

Plate 3.3.44.
180 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.45.

Plate 3.3.46.
 Mandibular Body 181

Plate 3.3.47.

Plate 3.3.48.
182 The Mandible

Plate 3.3.49.

Plate 3.3.50.
 Mandibular Body 183

Plate 3.3.51.

Plate 3.3.52.
 3.4: RETROMOLAR AREA

Plate 3.4.1.

Plate 3.4.2.

184
 Mandibular Body 185

Plate 3.4.3.

Plate 3.4.4.
186 The Mandible

Plate 3.4.5.

Plate 3.4.6.
 Mandibular Body 187

Plate 3.4.7.

Plate 3.4.8.
188 The Mandible

Plate 3.4.9.

Plate 3.4.10.
 Mandibular Body 189

Plate 3.4.11.

Plate 3.4.12.
190 The Mandible

Plate 3.4.13.

Plate 3.4.14.
 Mandibular Body 191

Plate 3.4.15.

Plate 3.4.16.
192 The Mandible

Plate 3.4.17.

Plate 3.4.18.
 Mandibular Body 193

Plate 3.4.19.

Plate 3.4.20.
 3.5: WISDOM TOOTH

Plate 3.5.1.

Plate 3.5.2.

194
 Mandibular Body 195

Plate 3.5.3.

Plate 3.5.4.
196 The Mandible

Plate 3.5.5.

Plate 3.5.6.
 Mandibular Body 197

Plate 3.5.7.

Plate 3.5.8.
198 The Mandible

Plate 3.5.9.

Plate 3.5.10.
 Mandibular Body 199

Plate 3.5.11.

Plate 3.5.12.
200 The Mandible

Plate 3.5.13.

Plate 3.5.14.
 Mandibular Body 201

Plate 3.5.15.

Plate 3.5.16.
202 The Mandible

Plate 3.5.17.
 3.6: CORONAL SECTION

Plate 3.6.1.

Plate 3.6.2.

203
204 The Mandible

Plate 3.6.3.

Plate 3.6.4.
 Mandibular Body 205

Plate 3.6.5.

Plate 3.6.6.
206 The Mandible

Plate 3.6.7.

Plate 3.6.8.
 Mandibular Body 207

Plate 3.6.9.

Plate 3.6.10.
208 The Mandible

Plate 3.6.11.

Plate 3.6.12.
 Mandibular Body 209

Plate 3.6.13.

Plate 3.6.14.
210 The Mandible

Plate 3.6.15.

Plate 3.6.16.
 Mandibular Body 211

Plate 3.6.17.

Plate 3.6.18.
212 The Mandible

Plate 3.6.19.

Plate 3.6.20.
 Mandibular Body 213

Plate 3.6.21.

Plate 3.6.22.
214 The Mandible

Plate 3.6.23.

Plate 3.6.24.
 Mandibular Body 215

Plate 3.6.25.

Plate 3.6.26.
 Chapter 4

RAMUS OF MANDIBLE
 4.1: MANDIBULAR FORAMEN

Plate 4.1.1.

Plate 4.1.2.

219
220 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.3.

Plate 4.1.4.
 Ramus of Mandible 221

Plate 4.1.5.

Plate 4.1.6.
222 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.7.

Plate 4.1.8.
 Ramus of Mandible 223

Plate 4.1.9.

Plate 4.1.10.
224 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.11.

Plate 4.1.12.
 Ramus of Mandible 225

Plate 4.1.13.

Plate 4.1.14.
226 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.15.

Plate 4.1.16.
 Ramus of Mandible 227

Plate 4.1.17.

Plate 4.1.18.
228 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.19.

Plate 4.1.20.
 Ramus of Mandible 229

Plate 4.1.21.

Plate 4.1.22.
230 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.23.

Plate 4.1.24.
 Ramus of Mandible 231

Plate 4.1.25.

Plate 4.1.26.
232 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.27.

Plate 4.1.28.
 Ramus of Mandible 233

Plate 4.1.29.

Plate 4.1.30.
234 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.31.

Plate 4.1.32.
 Ramus of Mandible 235

Plate 4.1.33.

Plate 4.1.34.
236 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.35.

Plate 4.1.36.
 Ramus of Mandible 237

Plate 4.1.37.

Plate 4.1.38.
238 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.39.

Plate 4.1.40.
 Ramus of Mandible 239

Plate 4.1.41.

Plate 4.1.42.
240 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.43.

Plate 4.1.44.
 Ramus of Mandible 241

Plate 4.1.45.

Plate 4.1.46.
242 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.47.

Plate 4.1.48.
 Ramus of Mandible 243

Plate 4.1.49.

Plate 4.1.50.
244 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.51.

Plate 4.1.52.
 Ramus of Mandible 245

Plate 4.1.53.

Plate 4.1.54.
246 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.55.

Plate 4.1.56.
 Ramus of Mandible 247

Plate 4.1.57.

Plate 4.1.58.
248 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.59.

Plate 4.1.60.
 Ramus of Mandible 249

Plate 4.1.61.

Plate 4.1.62.
250 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.63.

Plate 4.1.64.
 Ramus of Mandible 251

Plate 4.1.65.

Plate 4.1.66.
252 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.67.

Plate 4.1.68.
 Ramus of Mandible 253

Plate 4.1.69.

Plate 4.1.70.
254 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.71.

Plate 4.1.72.
 Ramus of Mandible 255

Plate 4.1.73.

Plate 4.1.74.
256 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.75.

Plate 4.1.76.
 Ramus of Mandible 257

Plate 4.1.77.

Plate 4.1.78.
258 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.79.

Plate 4.1.80.
 Ramus of Mandible 259

Plate 4.1.81.

Plate 4.1.82.
260 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.83.

Plate 4.1.84.
 Ramus of Mandible 261

Plate 4.1.85.

Plate 4.1.86.
262 The Mandible

Plate 4.1.87.

Plate 4.1.88.
 Ramus of Mandible 263

Plate 4.1.89.

Plate 4.1.90.
 4.2: CONDYLAR PROCESS

Plate 4.2.1.

Plate 4.2.2.

264
 Ramus of Mandible 265

Plate 4.2.3.

Plate 4.2.4.
266 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.5.

Plate 4.2.6.
 Ramus of Mandible 267

Plate 4.2.7.

Plate 4.2.8.
268 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.9.

Plate 4.2.10.
 Ramus of Mandible 269

Plate 4.2.11.

Plate 4.2.12.
270 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.13.

Plate 4.2.14.
 Ramus of Mandible 271

Plate 4.2.15.

Plate 4.2.16.
272 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.17.

Plate 4.2.18.
 Ramus of Mandible 273

Plate 4.2.19.

Plate 4.2.20.
274 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.21.

Plate 4.2.22.
 Ramus of Mandible 275

Plate 4.2.23.

Plate 4.2.24.
276 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.25.

Plate 4.2.26.
 Ramus of Mandible 277

Plate 4.2.27.

Plate 4.2.28.
278 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.29.

Plate 4.2.30.
 Ramus of Mandible 279

Plate 4.2.31.

Plate 4.2.32.
280 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.33.

Plate 4.2.34.
 Ramus of Mandible 281

Plate 4.2.35.

Plate 4.2.36.
282 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.37.

Plate 4.2.38.
 Ramus of Mandible 283

Plate 4.2.39.

Plate 4.2.40.
284 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.41.

Plate 4.2.42.
 Ramus of Mandible 285

Plate 4.2.43.

Plate 4.2.44.
286 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.45.

Plate 4.2.46.
 Ramus of Mandible 287

Plate 4.2.47.

Plate 4.2.48.
288 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.49.

Plate 4.2.50.
 Ramus of Mandible 289

Plate 4.2.51.

Plate 4.2.52.
290 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.53.

Plate 4.2.54.
 Ramus of Mandible 291

Plate 4.2.55.

Plate 4.2.56.
292 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.57.

Plate 4.2.58.
 Ramus of Mandible 293

Plate 4.2.59.

Plate 4.2.60.
294 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.61.

Plate 4.2.62.
 Ramus of Mandible 295

Plate 4.2.63.

Plate 4.2.64.
296 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.65.

Plate 4.2.66.
 Ramus of Mandible 297

Plate 4.2.67.

Plate 4.2.68.
298 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.69.

Plate 4.2.70.
 Ramus of Mandible 299

Plate 4.2.71.

Plate 4.2.72.
300 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.73.

Plate 4.2.74.
 Ramus of Mandible 301

Plate 4.2.75.

Plate 4.2.76.
302 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.77.

Plate 4.2.78.
 Ramus of Mandible 303

Plate 4.2.79.

Plate 4.2.80.
304 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.81.

Plate 4.2.82.
 Ramus of Mandible 305

Plate 4.2.83.

Plate 4.2.84.
306 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.85.

Plate 4.2.86.
 Ramus of Mandible 307

Plate 4.2.87.

Plate 4.2.88.
308 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.89.

Plate 4.2.90.
 Ramus of Mandible 309

Plate 4.2.91.

Plate 4.2.92.
310 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.93.

Plate 4.2.94.
 Ramus of Mandible 311

Plate 4.2.95.

Plate 4.2.96.
312 The Mandible

Plate 4.2.97.

Plate 4.2.98.
 Ramus of Mandible 313

Plate 4.2.99.

Plate 4.2.100.
 4.3: CORONOID PROCESS

Plate 4.3.1.

Plate 4.3.2.

314
 Ramus of Mandible 315

Plate 4.3.3.

Plate 4.3.4.
316 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.5.

Plate 4.3.6.
 Ramus of Mandible 317

Plate 4.3.7.

Plate 4.3.8.
318 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.9.

Plate 4.3.10.
 Ramus of Mandible 319

Plate 4.3.11.

Plate 4.3.12.
320 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.13.

Plate 4.3.14.
 Ramus of Mandible 321

Plate 4.3.15.

Plate 4.3.16.
322 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.17.

Plate 4.3.18.
 Ramus of Mandible 323

Plate 4.3.19.

Plate 4.3.20.
324 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.21.

Plate 4.3.22.
 Ramus of Mandible 325

Plate 4.3.23.

Plate 4.3.24.
326 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.25.

Plate 4.3.26.
 Ramus of Mandible 327

Plate 4.3.27.

Plate 4.3.28.
328 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.29.

Plate 4.3.30.
 Ramus of Mandible 329

Plate 4.3.31.

Plate 4.3.32.
330 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.33.

Plate 4.3.34.
 Ramus of Mandible 331

Plate 4.3.35.

Plate 4.3.36.
332 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.37.

Plate 4.3.38.
 Ramus of Mandible 333

Plate 4.3.39.

Plate 4.3.40.
334 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.41.

Plate 4.3.42.
 Ramus of Mandible 335

Plate 4.3.43.

Plate 4.3.44.
336 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.45.

Plate 4.3.46.
 Ramus of Mandible 337

Plate 4.3.47.

Plate 4.3.48.
338 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.49.

Plate 4.3.50.
 Ramus of Mandible 339

Plate 4.3.51.

Plate 4.3.52.
340 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.53.

Plate 4.3.54.
 Ramus of Mandible 341

Plate 4.3.55.

Plate 4.3.56.
342 The Mandible

Plate 4.3.57.

Plate 4.3.58.
 Ramus of Mandible 343

Plate 4.3.59.

Plate 4.3.60.
 4.4: ANGLE

Plate 4.4.1.

Plate 4.4.2.

344
 Ramus of Mandible 345

Plate 4.4.3.

Plate 4.4.4.
346 The Mandible

Plate 4.4.5.

Plate 4.4.6.
 Ramus of Mandible 347

Plate 4.4.7.

Plate 4.4.8.
348 The Mandible

Plate 4.4.9.

Plate 4.4.10.
 Ramus of Mandible 349

Plate 4.4.11.

Plate 4.4.12.
350 The Mandible

Plate 4.4.13.

Plate 4.4.14.
 Ramus of Mandible 351

Plate 4.4.15.

Plate 4.4.16.
352 The Mandible

Plate 4.4.17.

Plate 4.4.18.
 Ramus of Mandible 353

Plate 4.4.19.

Plate 4.4.20.
Chapter 5

FETUS
 5.1: 27–WEEK

Plate 5.1.1.

Plate 5.1.2.

357
358 The Mandible

Plate 5.1.3.

Plate 5.1.4.
 Fetus 359

Plate 5.1.5.

Plate 5.1.6.
360 The Mandible

Plate 5.1.7.

Plate 5.1.8.
 Fetus 361

Plate 5.1.9.

Plate 5.1.10.
362 The Mandible

Plate 5.1.11.
 5.2: 29–WEEK

Plate 5.2.1.

Plate 5.2.2.

363
364 The Mandible

Plate 5.2.3.

Plate 5.2.4.
 Fetus 365

Plate 5.2.5.

Plate 5.2.6.
366 The Mandible

Plate 5.2.7.

Plate 5.2.8.
 Fetus 367

Plate 5.2.9.

Plate 5.2.10.
368 The Mandible

Plate 5.2.11.
 5.3: 28–WEEK

Plate 5.3.1.

Plate 5.3.2.

369
370 The Mandible

Plate 5.3.3.

Plate 5.3.4.
 Fetus 371

Plate 5.3.5.

Plate 5.3.6.
372 The Mandible

Plate 5.3.7.

Plate 5.3.8.
 Fetus 373

Plate 5.3.9.

Plate 5.3.10.
374 The Mandible

Plate 5.3.11.
 5.4: 28–WEEK

Plate 5.4.1.

Plate 5.4.2.

375
376 The Mandible

Plate 5.4.3.

Plate 5.4.4.
 Fetus 377

Plate 5.4.5.

Plate 5.4.6.
378 The Mandible

Plate 5.4.7.

Plate 5.4.8.
 Fetus 379

Plate 5.4.9.

Plate 5.4.10.
380 The Mandible

Plate 5.4.11.
 5.5: 29–WEEK

Plate 5.5.1.

Plate 5.5.2.

381
382 The Mandible

Plate 5.5.3.

Plate 5.5.4.
 Fetus 383

Plate 5.5.5.

Plate 5.5.6.
384 The Mandible

Plate 5.5.7.

Plate 5.5.8.
 Fetus 385

Plate 5.5.9.

Plate 5.5.10.
386 The Mandible

Plate 5.5.11.
 5.6: 31–WEEK

Plate 5.6.1.

Plate 5.6.2.

387
388 The Mandible

Plate 5.6.3.

Plate 5.6.4.
 Fetus 389

Plate 5.6.5.

Plate 5.6.6.
390 The Mandible

Plate 5.6.7.

Plate 5.6.8.
 Fetus 391

Plate 5.6.9.

Plate 5.6.10.
392 The Mandible

Plate 5.6.11.
 Chapter 6

CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT)

 6.1: MANDIBLE IN CBCT

Plate 6.1.1.

Plate 6.1.2.

395
396 The Mandible

Plate 6.1.3.
 6.2: ANTERIOR MANDIBLE IN CBCT

Plate 6.2.1.

Plate 6.2.2.

397
398 The Mandible

Plate 6.2.3.

Plate 6.2.4.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 399

Plate 6.2.5.

Plate 6.2.6.
400 The Mandible

Plate 6.2.7.
 6.3: MENTAL FORAMEN IN CBCT

Plate 6.3.1.

Plate 6.3.2.

401
402 The Mandible

Plate 6.3.3.

Plate 6.3.4.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 403

Plate 6.3.5.

Plate 6.3.6.
404 The Mandible

Plate 6.3.7.

Plate 6.3.8.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 405

Plate 6.3.9.

Plate 6.3.10.
406 The Mandible

Plate 6.3.11.

Plate 6.3.12.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 407

Plate 6.3.13.

Plate 6.3.14.
408 The Mandible

Plate 6.3.15.

Plate 6.3.16.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 409

Plate 6.3.17.

Plate 6.3.18.
 6.4: VARIOUS TRABECULAR PATTERNS IN CBCT

Plate 6.4.1.

Plate 6.4.2.

410
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 411

Plate 6.4.3.

Plate 6.4.4.
412 The Mandible

Plate 6.4.5.

Plate 6.4.6.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 413

Plate 6.4.7.

Plate 6.4.8.
414 The Mandible

Plate 6.4.9.

Plate 6.4.10.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 415

Plate 6.4.11.

Plate 6.4.12.
416 The Mandible

Plate 6.4.13.

Plate 6.4.14.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 417

Plate 6.4.15.

Plate 6.4.16.
418 The Mandible

Plate 6.4.17.

Plate 6.4.18.
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 419

Plate 6.4.19.

Plate 6.4.20.
420 The Mandible

Plate 6.4.21.

Plate 6.4.22.
 Chapter 7

TEETH (LEFT)
 7.1: CENTRAL INCISOR

Plate 7.1.1.

Plate 7.1.2.

423
424 The Mandible

Plate 7.1.3.

Plate 7.1.4.
 Teeth (Left) 425

Plate 7.1.5.
 7.2: LATERAL INCISOR

Plate 7.2.1.

Plate 7.2.2.

426
 Teeth (Left) 427

Plate 7.2.3.

Plate 7.2.4.
428 The Mandible

Plate 7.2.5.
 7.3: CANINE

Plate 7.3.1.

Plate 7.3.2.

429
430 The Mandible

Plate 7.3.3.

Plate 7.3.4.
 Teeth (Left) 431

Plate 7.3.5.
 7.4. FIRST PREMOLAR

Plate 7.4.1.

Plate 7.4.2.

432
 Teeth (Left) 433

Plate 7.4.3.

Plate 7.4.4.
434 The Mandible

Plate 7.4.5.
 7.5: SECOND PREMOLAR

Plate 7.5.1.

Plate 7.5.2.

435
436 The Mandible

Plate 7.5.3.

Plate 7.5.4.
 Teeth (Left) 437

Plate 7.5.5.
 7.6: FIRST MOLAR

Plate 7.6.1.

Plate 7.6.2.

438
 Teeth (Left) 439

Plate 7.6.3.

Plate 7.6.4.
440 The Mandible

Plate 7.6.5.
 7.7: SECOND MOLAR

Plate 7.7.1.

Plate 7.7.2.

441
442 The Mandible

Plate 7.7.3.

Plate 7.7.4.
 Teeth (Left) 443

Plate 7.7.5.
 7.8: THIRD MOLAR

Plate 7.8.1.

Plate 7.8.2.

444
 Teeth (Left) 445

Plate 7.8.3.

Plate 7.8.4.
446 The Mandible

Plate 7.8.5.
 7.9: ALVEOLAR PROCESS

Plate 7.9.1.

447