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A T O SIN OS E T UH R F HE
AT OS U H R: IN T U EN M : S IT T A E IN T U EA D E S S IT T D R S J ASM H NI S IK N HS N R AT OI S EG ER G R N IN E IN C LE E OLG : W R N A -5 6 7 A A G L 031

T L O T EP P R N T O KS C R Y IT E F H A E : E W R E U IT & C YT G AH RPORP Y E A ID M IL : C N A TN .: OTC O sr a th n 2 @ m il.c m ik n so i1 3 g a o +199611 994963, +189775 994368

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H w v r, a g n ra o e ie o n tw rk se u o ee e e l v rv w f e o c rity a d n c p g p y is p v e a d v rio s a o m a T is p p r ry to ra h ro id d n a u lg rith s re h a e a s to p v e a b a re ie o im ro id ro d v w f c y to r p y r p ga h n tw r se u ity a d e ok c r n

, w p rtic la re a to d ita sig a re ith a u r g rd ig l n tu s.

N tw rkse u a dc p g p yis a su je t to w e ra g g e o c rity n ry to ra h b c o id n in toc v ra e a o t h wtop te t in rm tio ind ita fo a d oe g bu o ro c fo a n ig l rm n to p v e se u se ic s. d u d Ad ta d re ie o th ro id c rity rv e isc sse . e ile v w f e su je t o b c f sig a r s n tu e n tw r se u ity a d c y to r p y e ok c r n r p ga h is th np se te . T e p rp se o a e re n d h u o f in d ita ig l

d ita sig a r ig l n tu e

is to p v e a m a s fo a e tity to b d its id n to a p c ro id en r n n in e tity ie e o in rm tio . T e c m o a c s o d ita sig a re w s f fo a n h o m n tta k n ig l n tu a re ie e . T e first m th d w s th R A sig a re sc e e v wd h e o a e S n tu h m, w ic re a s to a o e o th m st p c a a d v rsa h h m in d y n f e o ra tic l n e tile te h iq e a a b . F t-S a ir sig a re sc e e D Aa d c n u s v ila le ia h m n tu h m s, S n re te sig a re sc e e a tw o e m th d re ie e . la d n tu h m s re o th r e o s v w d D ita sig a re h v m n a p a n in in rm tio ig l n tu s a e a y p lic tio s fo a n se u , in lu in a th n a n d ta in g , a d n n c rity c d g u e tic tio , a te rity n o re u ia nw s re ie e . p d tio a v w d

IN R D C IO TOUT N T e o je tiv o th p p r is to p v e th re d r w a h b c e f is a e ro id e a e ith n in h in re e t d v lo m n in th fie o n tw rk se u sig t to c n e e p e ts e ld f e o c rity a d c p g p y w p rtic la re a to d ita sig a re n ry to ra h , ith a u r g rd ig l n tu s .c p g p y w s u d a a to l to p te t n tio a se re a d ry to ra h a se s o ro c a n l c ts n stra g s. T e p life tio o c m u rs a d c m u ic tio s te ie h ro ra n f o p te n o m n a n sy m in th 1 6 s b u h w it a d m n fro th p a ste s e 9 0 ro g t ith e a d m e riv te se to fo m a s to p te t in rm tio in d ita fo a d to c r r en ro c fo a n ig l rm n p v e se u s rv e D S th D ta E c p n S n a , ro id c rity e ic s. E , e a n ry tio ta d rd is th m st w ll-k o nc p g p icm c a ism It re a s th e o e n w ry to ra h e h n . m in e sta d rd m a s fo se u g e c n c m e e fo m n na en r c rin le tro ic o m rc r ay fin n ia in tio s a u d th w rld T e m st strik g a c l stitu n ro n e o . h o in d v lo m n in th h ry o c p g p y c m in 1 7 w e ee p et e isto f ry to ra h a e 96 hn D iffie a dH llm np b e n e a u lish d Ad ita sig a re ig l n tu N wD c n inC p g p e ire tio s ry to ra h y .

o a m ssa e is a n m e d p n e t o so e f e g u br e e dn n m

se re k o no lytoth sig e a d a d n lly o th c n n c t nw n e n r, n , d itio a , n e o te t o th m ssa e b in sig e . S n tu s m st b v rifia le if a f e e g e g n d ig a re u e e b ; d u a s a to w e e a p rty sig e a d c m n (c u d isp te rise s h th r a n d o u e t a se b e e a ly g sig e try g to y ith r in n r in re u ia p d te a sig a re it d n tu id

c a , o a fra d le t c im n a u b se th p rty sh u re te r u u n la a t), n n ia d ird a o ld b a le to re lv th m tte e u b , w o t re u g a c ss e b so e e a r q ita ly ith u q irin c e toth sig e se re in rm tio (p a k y e n rs c t fo a n riv te e ). T e first m th d d o e d w s th R A sig a re h e o isc v re a e S n tu sc e e h h re a s to a o e o th m st p c a a d h m ,Wic m in d y n f e o ra tic l n

v rsa te h iq e a a b . S b q e t re a h h s re lte e tile c n u s v ila le u -se u n se rc a su d in m n a rn tiv d ita sig a re te h iq e T e F ig -F ta y lte a e ig l n tu c n u s. h e e ia S a ir sig a re s h m re u s a o e a h shfu c n hm n tu c e e q ire n -w y a n tio . In rm tio se u a dc p g p y fo a n c rity n ry to ra h C p g p y a u d rsta d g o issu s re te to in rm tio ry to ra h , n n e n in f e la d fo a n se u in g n ra is n c ssa . In rm tio se u m n sts c rity ee l e e ry fo a n c rity a ife itse in m n w y a c rd g to th situ tio a d re u m n lf a y a s c o in e a n n q ire e t. O e th c n rie a e b ra se o p to o a dm c a ism v r e e tu s, n la o te t f ro c ls n e h n s h s b e c a d to d a w in rm tio se u issu s w e a e n re te e l ith fo a n c rity e hn th in rm tio is c n e e b p y a d c m n O n th e fo a n o v y d y h sic l o u e ts. fte e o je tiv s o in rm tio se u b c e f fo a n c rity c n o so ly b a h v d a n t le e c ie e th u h m th m tic l a o m a d p to o a n , b t ro g a e a a lg rith s n ro c ls lo e u re u q ire p c d ra te h iq e a d a id n e o la s to ro e u l c n u s n b ac f w a h v .T e c n e t o c ie e h o c p f in rm tio fo a n w b ta e to b a ill e k n e n

u d rsto d q a tity F r e a p , p a yo le rs is p v e n e o u n . o x m le riv c f tte ro id d b se le e v lo e d liv re b a a c p dm il se ic . y a d n e p s e e d y n c e te a rv e

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o lyth sig e p b n e n rs u lic ky e. 2 Me g a c . ssa e tta k s. H re a a v rsa is a le to e a in e n d e ry b xm e

sig a re c rre o d ge e tok o no c o nm ssa e n tu s o sp n in ith r n w r h se e g s. Mssa ea c s c nb fu e su d id din th e c sse e g tta k a e rth r b iv e to re la s: (a ) Kn w -m ssa e a c o n e g tta k. A a v rsa h s sig a re fo a n d e ry a n tu s r

se o m ssa e w ic a k o n to th a v rsa b t n t t f e g s h h re n w e d e ry u o c o nb h . h se y im (b ) Ch se -m ssa e a c o n e g tta k. A a v rsa o ta s v lid n d e ry b in a

sig a re fro a c o n list o m ssa e b fo a m tin to n tu s m h se f e g s e re tte p g b a th sig a re sc e e T is a c is re k e n tu h m . h tta k se se th t m ssa e a c o n b fo a y sig a re a se n n a e g s re h se e re n n tu s re e . nn dp e o -a a tiv in th e

C o n e g a c s a a st sig a re sc e e a h se -m ssa e tta k g in n tu h m s re a a g u to c o n c h r te t a c s a a st p b -k y n lo o s h se ip e x tta k g in u lic e e c p nsc e e n ry tio h m s. (c Ad p e c o n e g a c ) a tiv h se -m ssa e tta k. A a v rsa is a w dto n d e ry llo e

u th sig e a a o c ; th a v rsa m yre u st sig a re se e n r s n ra le e d e ry a q e n tu s o m ssa e w ic d p n o th sig e p b k y a d h f e g s h h e e d n e n rs u lic e n e m yre u st sig a re o m ssa e w ic d p n o p v u a qe n tu s f e g s h h e e d n re io sly o ta e sig a re o m ssa e b in d n tu s r e g s. T eR Asig a r sc e e h S n tu e h m T e m ssa e sp c a dc h r te t sp c fo th R Ap b -k y h e g a e n ip e x a e r e S u lic e e c p n sc e e a b th Zn ={ , 1 2 n } w e n =p n ry tio h m re o 0 , -1 h re q is th p d c o tw ra d m c o n d c p e n m e e ro u t f o n o ly h se istin t rim u b rs. S c th e c p n tra sfo a n is a b c n , d ita in e e n ry tio n rm tio ije tio ig l sig a re c n b c a d b re e g th ro s o e c p n n tu s a e re te y v rsin e le f n ry tio a d d c p n T e R A sig a re sc e e is a d te in n e ry tio . h S n tu hm e rm istic d ita sig a re sc e e w ic p v e m ssa e re o e . T e ig l n tu h m h h ro id s e g c v ry h sig in sp c M n g ae
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c rre o d gp a k y o sp n in riv te e . E c e tityAsh u d th fo w g ah n o ld o e llo in :

1 G n ra tw la e d c ra d m p e p a d q e c . e e te o rg istin t n o rim s n , ah ro g lyth sa e s e uh e m iz . 2 C m u n=p a d=(p-1 - 1 . o p te q n )(q ). 3 S le t a ra d min g r e 1<e < su hth t g d(e = . . e c no te e , , c a c , ) 1 4 U th e te d d E c e n a o m(A o m2 0 ) to . se e x n e u lid a lg rith lg rith .1 7 c m u th u iq e in g r d 1<d su hth t e 1(m d o p te e n u te e , < , c a d o ). 5 A p b k yis (n e A p a k yis d . s u lic e , ); s riv te e .

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c n v rify A sig a re a d re o e th m ssa e mfro th a e s n tu n c v r e e g m e sig a re n tu . 1 S n tu g n ra n . ig a re e e tio . E tityAsh u d th fo w g n o ld o e llo in :

(a C m u m=R(m a in g r inth ra g [0 n ]. ) o p te ), n te e e n e , -1 (b C m u s =m ) o p te (c A sig a re fo mis s. ) s n tu r 2 V rific tio . . e a n m ssa e m Bsh u : e g , o ld (a O ta A a th n p b k y(n e ) b in s u e tic u lic e ; ). (b C m u m=s ) o p te (c V rifyth t mM ) e a (d R c v r m=R ) eoe
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a itra le g . A ye tityBc nv rifyth sig a reb rb ry n th n n a e is n tu y u gA p b k y sin s u lic e . 1. S n tu g n ra n ig a re e e tio . E tityAsh u d th fo w g n o ld o e llo in :

(a S le t ara d mse re in g r k 0<k q ) e c no c t te e ; <. (b C m u r =( ) o p te (c C m u k m dq ) o p te 1 o . (d C m u s =k1{ (m +a m dq ) o p te h ) r} o . (e A sig a re fo mis th p ir (r; s). ) s n tu r e a 2 V rific tio . e a n th fo w g e llo in : (a O ta A a th n p b k y(p q y ) b in s u e tic u lic e , , , ). (b V rify th t 0 < r < q a d 0 < s < ; if n t, th n re c th ) e a n q o e je t e sig a re n tu . (c C m u w=s1m dqa dh ). ) o p te o n (m (d C m u u =w.h ) m dqa du =rwm dq ) o p te 1 (m o n 2 o . (e C m u v=( ) o p te
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th id n o a u r to a p b k y so th t a so e la r tim , e e tity f se u lic e , a t m te e o e e titie c n a th n a a p b k y w o t a th r n s a u e tic te u lic e ith u ssista c ne fro a tru dth p rty m ste ird a .

C NLS N O C U IO : T is p p r h s p v e a b a re ie o n tw rk se u a d h a e a ro id d ro d v w f e o c rity n c p g py a o m w ry to ra h lg rith s ith p rtic la re a to d ita a u r g rd ig l sig a re T e tra sfo a n S n tu s h n rm tio s A (S N G a d V IG IN ) n A

(V R IC T N a ty ic lly c a c riz d m re c m a tly E IF A IO ) re p a h ra te e o o p c b a k y th t is th re is a c ss o sig in a d v rific tio y e a , e la f n g n e a n a o m p b lyk o n a de c a o mis id n db a lg rith s u lic n w , n a h lg rith e tifie y k y T u th sig in a o mS o Ais d te in d b a k y e . h s e n g lg rith A f e rm e y e k a d A is o ly re u d to k e k se re S ila , th A n n q ire e p A c t. im rly e v rific tio a o mV o Ais d te in db a k ylAw ic e a n lg rith A f e rm e y e h h is m d p b . a e u lic

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1 A p d C p g p y b A Mn z s, P v n O rsc o a d . p lie ry to ra h , y . e e e . a o h t, n S V n n , C CP ss, 1 9 . . a sto e R re 96 h :// C c a .u a rlo .c m ttp a r.m th w te o o w w re tic h ll.c m w .p n e a o 2 N tw rkS c ritya dC p g p yb W mS llin s . e o eu n ry to ra h y illia ta g