Divisibility rules Number systems

• For 7, remove last digit of the number and double Complex

it. Subtract the doubled digit from the remaining
number. Repeat until the remaining number is 0 or Have decimal
representations Real Imaginary
a recognizable two-digit multiple of 7.
• For 11, the difference between the sum of digits in Can be expressed Nonrepeating
Rational Irrational
odd places and the sum of digits in even place as fractions of decimals
should be 0 or a multiple of 11. two integers;
• For 13, add four times of the last digit number to decimals may Integers
terminate or not
the remaining number and repeat until achieving a for as long as they Negative
two-digit number that is divisible by 13. repeat integers
Whole

Zero
LATE NOTES
Natural

Subsets and operations

• The number of subsets for a set with n elements is

2 n . Since no set is a proper subset of itself, the
number of proper subsets that exist for a given set
is 2 n – 1.
• Set operations
o Union of sets (∪/OR)
o Intersection of sets (∩/AND)
o Complement of sets (‘)
o Difference of sets (–)
• De Morgan’s Law states that (𝐿 ∩ 𝑀)′ = 𝐿′ ∪ 𝑀′.

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

√−5 ∙ √−3 = −√15 𝑛𝑜𝑡 √15 √5 ∙ √−3 = √−15 𝑜𝑟 √15𝑖 • |𝐴 ∪ 𝐵| = |𝐴| ∪ |𝐵| − |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵|
Not true for all real numbers x, especially when x<0, if • |𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶| = |𝐴| ∪ |𝐵| ∪ |𝐶| − (|𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| + |𝐴 ∩ 𝐶| +
2 |𝐵 ∩ 𝐶|) + |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶|
√𝑥 2 + 𝑥: 2𝑥 or (√𝑥) + 𝑥; only |𝑥| + 𝑥
• |𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐷| = |𝐴| ∪ |𝐵| ∪ |𝐶| ∪ |𝐷| − (|𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| +
|𝐴 ∩ 𝐶| + |𝐴 ∩ 𝐷| + |𝐵 ∩ 𝐶| + |𝐵 ∩ 𝐷| + |𝐶 ∩ 𝐷|) +
(|𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶| + |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷| + |𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷| + |𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ∩
𝐷|) − |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷|

Sequences and series

• Sequence - list of numbers with a definite order

o Arithmetic
an = a 1 + d(n − 1); d = a n − an – 1
M = (a + b)/2
o Geometric
an = a 1 × rn – 1; r = an/an – 1
M = √ab

• Series - sum of a number of terms of a sequence

o Arithmetic
Sn = n/2(a 1 + an )
Sn = n/2(2a 1 + d(n − 1))
o Geometric
Sn = a1(rn − 1)/(r − 1)
If infinite, Sn = a 1( − 1)/(r − 1)

**Not necessary but good to know

 o Summation notation Local extrema**, end behavior, and multiplicity of polynomials
𝑛 To end with k = n
• At degree 𝑛, a polynomial has at most 𝑛 − 1 local
∑ 𝑎𝑘
𝑘=1 To start with k = 1
extrema. (Can be identified via derivatives and critical
points)
∑𝑛𝑘=𝑎 𝑐 = (𝑛 − 𝑎 + 1)𝑐; where c is a
constant

Permutations and combinations

• Permutation - used if it is particular with the

arrangement of elements
𝑛 𝑛!
o 𝑛𝑃 = = 𝑛!
0!
𝑛 𝑛!
o 𝑟𝑃 = (𝑛−𝑟)!
• Combination - used if the order of selection can •
be ignored
𝑛 𝑛!
o 𝑛𝐶 = =1
𝑛!(𝑛−𝑛)!
𝑛! 𝑛𝑃
𝑛 𝑟
o 𝑟𝐶 = =
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)! 𝑟!

Binomial Expansion

•
• In the expansion of (a + b) n , there are n + 1 terms, first
being a n and last b n .
• The number of zeros is the degree, provided that a zero
• The exponents of a decrease by 1 from term to term
of multiplicity 𝑚 is counted 𝑚 times.
while that of b increase by 1.
• The sum of exponents of a and b in each term is
always n. Dividing polynomials
• The coefficients of the expansion are based on the
𝑛 𝑛!
Pascal’s triangle. (𝑘−1 )= (𝑘−1)!(𝑛−𝑘))!
; 𝑘 = term • Long and synthetic division (examples)
• The (𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ term is 𝑡𝑟+1 = (𝑛𝑟)𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟 .
• The term containing 𝑥 of + 𝑦) is 𝑚 (𝑥 𝑛

𝑛
(𝑘−1 )𝑥 𝑛−(𝑘−1) 𝑦 𝑘−1 , where 𝑛 − (𝑘 − 1) = 𝑚 (or
otherwise 𝑘 − 1 = 𝑚 if 𝑦 𝑚 ). Then, substitute values
for 𝑘 − 1 and multiply with coefficients from the
Pascal’s triangle.

Exponents, Radicals, and Rational Expressions

𝑛 𝑛
𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 ( √𝑎) = 𝑎
𝑎𝑚 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 √𝑏
𝑎𝑛
𝑛
𝑛 𝑎 √𝑎
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 √𝑏 = 𝑛
• If the polynomial is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑐, then the remainder
√𝑏
𝑛 𝑚
(𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑛
√𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎) is the value 𝑃(𝑐).
𝑎 𝑛
( ) =
𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
√ √𝑎 = 𝑚𝑛√𝑎 • 𝑐 is a zero of 𝑃 if and only if 𝑥 − 𝑐 is a factor of P.
𝑏 𝑏𝑛
−1 1
𝑎 =
𝑎
1
𝑎−𝑏 = Rational zeros of a polynomial**
𝑎𝑏
1
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏√𝑎
1
1
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑏 Rational zeros theorem
√𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝑐
𝑎 = ( √𝑎 )
𝑐
𝑏 • Possible rational zero = factor of constant term /
1
𝑎−𝑐 = 𝑏 factor of leading coefficient
( 𝑐√𝑎)
• Synthetic division

**Not necessary but good to know

 Descartes’ rule of signs • Quadratic

• # of positive real zeros = number of variation in signs o Factoring (example)

in P(x) or is less than that by an even number
• # of negative real zeros = number of variation in signs 16𝑦 2 + 62𝑦 − 45 = 0
in P(–x) or is less than that by an even number 72 8 –5 –10
2 9
Upper and lower bounds theorem
o Completing the square (example)
• If dividing P(x) by x – b gives quotient with entries that
are nonnegative, it is an upper bound for the real 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 60
zeros of P. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 60 + 4
• If dividing P(x) by x – a gives quotient with entries that (𝑥 − 2)2 = 64
have alternating signs, it is a lower bound for the real 𝑥 − 2 = ±8
zeros of P. {−6,10}

o Quadratic formula
Factoring and special products
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
• (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 2𝑎
• (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
• (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
• 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
• 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
• 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

Equations and inequalities in one variable

• Linear

o If it involves fractions, consider LCM.

o If it involves decimals, multiply both sides
by 100.
o For inequalities,

Cartesian coordinate system

• Intercepts

o x-intercept by letting y = 0
o y-intercept by letting x = 0

• Distance, midpoint, and slope

• Absolute value (examples)
o 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
o |𝑥| = 9; {−9,9} o 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = (
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
, )
2 2
o |2𝑥 − 4| = 6; 2𝑥 − 4 = 6 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 − 4 = −6; ∆𝑦 𝑦2 −𝑦1
{−1,5} o 𝑚= =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 −𝑥1
o 3|2𝑥 + 8| − 6 = 42; |2𝑥 + 8| = 16; o Parallel if the same slope, perpendicular if
{−12,4} negative reciprocals slopes
o |3𝑥 + 1| = |2𝑥 − 7|; 3𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 −
7 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 1 = −(2𝑥 − 7); {−8, }
6
• Equation of a line
5

o Slope-intercept 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
o Pont-slope form (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

**Not necessary but good to know

 o Two-point form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (
𝑦2 −𝑦1
) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) • Shifting of a graph of a function
𝑥2 −𝑥1
o 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘; 𝑢𝑝, 𝑘 > 0; 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛, 𝑘 < 0
o Standard form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐
o 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑘); 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡, 𝑘 > 0; 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑘 < 0

• Linear Inequalities in two variables

Imaginary and complex numbers
o Use of test point that is not on the line and
is determined whether the answer is true
• Imaginary number, 𝑖 = √−1 ; In 𝑖 𝑥 , divide 𝑎 by 4 and
or false to the given; if true, then shade the raise by remainder:
side of the line where the test point can be
found; otherwise, the side where the test 𝑖0 = 1
point can’t be found 𝑖1 = 𝑖
𝑖 2 = −1
𝑖 3 = −𝑖
1
𝑖 −6 = (𝑖 6 )−1 = (𝑖 2 )−1 = −1−1 = = −1
System of equations 51 3
−1
𝑖 = 𝑖 = −𝑖
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
• Given the system { , • Complex number = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, 𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
(𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑖) + (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑖) = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 ) + (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )𝑖
𝑎1 𝑏
o If ≠ 1, then the system is consistent and (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑖) − (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑖) = (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) + (𝑏1 − 𝑏2 )𝑖
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑖)(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑖) = (𝑎1 𝑎2 − 𝑏1 𝑏2 ) + (𝑎1 𝑏2 +
independent; intersects at one point + one 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑖
solution
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐
o If = ≠ 1, then the system is via FOIL method: (3 − 4𝑖)(−6 + 𝑖)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= −18 + 3𝑖 + 24𝑖 − 4𝑖 2
inconstant; parallel + no solution = −18 + 27𝑖 + 4
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐
o If = = 1, then the system is consistent = −14 + 27𝑖
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
and dependent; coinciding graphs + infinite 4
via conjugate:
solutions 4+3𝑖
4 4−3𝑖 16−12𝑖 16−12𝑖 16 12𝑖
= ∙ = = = −
4+3𝑖 4−3𝑖 16+(−9)(−1) 25 25 25
• Substitution and elimination method (linear and
nonlinear)
• Inequalities Logarithms
• Three-variable**
• Matrices** • If 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦, then 𝑥 = 𝑦.
o Cramer’s rule • For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, and 𝑏 ≠ 1,
o Gauss─Jordan elimination • 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 .
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥
Relations and functions • 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥
• 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
• Relation - one-to-many •
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = −log 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑏
𝑏 𝑎
• Function - many-to-one or one-to-one and drawing a • log 𝑎 𝑏 log 𝑏 𝑐 = log 𝑎 𝑐
vertical line through any of its points will not result to 𝑛
• log 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑚
it passing through another • log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦
• Domain - set of possible values that x can take •
𝑥
log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
• Range - set of possible values that y can take • log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥
• A function y = ƒ(x) is an even function of x if ƒ(─x) = •
log 𝑏
log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐 =
1
ƒ(x), which is symmetric by the y-axis; otherwise, it log𝑐 𝑎 log𝑏 𝑎
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
is an odd function of x if ƒ(─x) = ─ƒ(x), for every x in • For 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 1, = log𝑒 𝑥 = log 𝑒 10 = ln 10.
log 𝑥
log𝑒 10
the function’s domain, which is symmetric by the
origin. • Exponential growth** 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0 𝑒 𝑟𝑡
𝑡
• Types of functions: algebraic and transcendental 1 𝑡1
• Radioactive decay 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑚0 2
o Piecewise-defined, floor, and ceiling 2
o Inverse function Switch the roles of x and
y and solve for y; DNE if many-to-one, so
restrict its domain Business mathematics
o If 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 are inverses of each other,
then 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥. • Discount and markup (profit/cost)
• Operations on functions • Simple interest 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)
o Composite function (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

**Not necessary but good to know

 𝑟 𝑛𝑡 Trigonometry and analytic trigonometry
• Compound interest 𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝑛
• Continuously compounded interest** 𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡
• Special triangles
• Profit = revenue − cost

Circle theorems

180° 𝜋
• degrees = radians × , radians = degrees ×
𝜋 180°
• All students take calculus.
• Right hand rule (90-thumb, 0-pinky)

√𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
o sin 𝑥 =
2
√𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
o cos 𝑥 =
2
√𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
o tan 𝑥 =
√𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

• Personal convention

no. of sectors denominator (cos, sin)

√3 1
12, 30 degrees 6 ( , )
2 2
√2 √2
8, 45 degrees 4 ( , )
2 2
1 2√3
6, 60 degrees 3 ( , )
2 3

• Unit circle

• Postulates

**Not necessary but good to know

 • Surface area

• Law of sines and cosines: In △ABC, let a = BC, b =

AC, c = AB, 𝛼 = 𝑚∠𝐴, 𝛽 = 𝑚∠𝐵, 𝛾 = 𝑚∠C. Then:

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾

o = =
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
o 𝑎 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝛼; cos 𝛼 =
2
2𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏 2
o 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝛽; cos 𝛽 =
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏2 −𝑐 2
o 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝛾; cos 𝛾 =
2𝑎𝑏

• Solving SSS and SAS triangles: (1) Law of Cosines,

(2) Law of Sines, and (3) Triangle sum theorem

Geometry and analytic geometry

Statistics
• A polygon is said to be inscribed in a circle if all of
its vertices are points on the circle. The polygon’s
circumcenter is the center of the circle
circumscribed about the polygon.
• A polygon is said to be circumscribed about a circle
if all of its sides are tangent to the circle. The
polygon’s incenter is the center of the circle
inscribed in the polygon.
180(𝑛−2)
• Interior angle of a regular polygon
𝑛
• Sum of interior angles 180(𝑛 − 2)
360
• Exterior angle of a regular polygon
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛−3)
• Number of diagonals
2 o
• Volume
• Measures of center
o Mean - arithmetic average
o Median - middle value of the data set
o Mode - value that appears most
• Measures of variation**
o Range = largest − smallest
o Variance - the average of the square of
difference of data points from the mean
o Standard deviation - square root of the
variance
• Measures of position
For the pth percentile of a data set with n
values, L = p/100 × n. If L is a whole no.,
the average of the number at position L
and L+1 is the pth percentile. If L is not a
whole no., the pth percentile is the no.
corresponding to the next higher whole
no. of L
o Quartiles and Deciles
• Probability
o Addition rule - mutually exclusive
o Multiplication rule - independent or
dependent

**Not necessary but good to know

PRACTICE PROBLEMS Since d = −4, 17 = a 1 + 9(−4)
a 1 = 53
a 50 = 53 + −4(50 − 1) = −143
1. Which of the following is true about the product of
S50 = 50/2(53 − 143) = −2,250
three consecutive integers? 3 × 2 × 1 = 6; Always a
multiple of 6
9. The 10th term of an arithmetic sequence is 23, while
2. The remainder is 49 when an integer N is divided by 60.
its 12th partial sum is 192. Find the sum of the first 40
What would be the remainder when N is divided by
terms of the sequence.
15? 60 + 49 = 109; 109/15 = 7r4 ; 4
23 = a 1 + 9d
3. What is the smallest positive integer x for which
192 = 6(2a 1 + 11d) = 12a 1 + 66d
45x is a perfect cube? 45 = 5 × 3 × 3; 3 × 5 × 5 = 75
−84 = −42d
4. A liquor store offered a free bottle of champagne for
Since d = 2, 23 = a 1 + 9(2)
every 11th customer and a free bottle of sparkling
a1 = 5
wine for every 13 th customer during Valentine’s Day.
a 40 = 5 + 2(40 − 1) = 83
If it managed to serve 1000 customers, how many
S40 = 40/2(5 + 83) = 1,760
customers benefited from the offer?
10. What is the 42nd term of the previous sequence?
1000
|𝐴| = ⌊ ⌋ = 90 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
11
1000 a 42 = 5 + 41(2) = 8
|𝐵| = ⌊ ⌋ = 76 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
13
1000 11. Find the sum of the first 30 natural even numbers.
|𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| = ⌊ ⌋ = 6 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
11 × 13
|𝐴 ∪ 𝐵| = |𝐴| ∪ |𝐵| − |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| S30 = 30/2(2(2) + 2(30 − 1)) = 930
|𝐴 ∪ 𝐵| = 90 + 76 − 6 = 160 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
12. What is the 17th term of the following sequence?
5. In a linguistics organization of 200 members, 180 can
understand English, 175 can understand Spanish, 160 { ─1, 4, ─9, 16, ─25, … }
can understand French, and 150 can understand
Japanese. What is the minimum number of members an = n 2(−1)n = 172 × ─1 = ─289
that can understand all four languages?
13. Find the sum of the first five terms of the sequence.
|𝐴| = 200 − 180 = 20 can’t speak English
|𝐵| = 200 − 175 = 25 can’t speak Spanish { 1, 0.7, 0.49, 0.343, … }
|𝐶| = 200 − 160 = 40 can’t speak French
|𝐷| = 200 − 150 = 50 can’t speak Japanese r = an/an – 1 = 0.7/1 = 0.7
200 − (|𝐴| + |𝐵| + |𝐶| + |𝐷|) = 135 members S5 = 1(0.7 5 − 1)/(0.7 − 1) = 2.7731

6. The nth term a n of a sequence is defined recursively 14. The sum of the infinite geometric series 1 + 1/4k 2 +
by a n = 2a n − 1 + 4, for all natural numbers n. If a 0 = x, 1/16k 4 + ··· is 3. What is the value of the common
what is a 3 in terms of x? ratio?

a 1 = 2a 0 + 4 = 2x + 4 r = 1/16k 4 / 1/4k 2 = 1/4k 2

a 2 = 2a 1 + 4 = 2(2x + 4) + 4 = 4x + 12 Sn = a1(−1)/(r − 1)
a 3 = 2a 2 + 4 = 2(4x + 12) + 4 = 8x + 28 3 = (−1)/(1/4k 2 − 1 )
3(1/4k 2 − 1) = −1
7. Suppose 1/x, 1/y, 1/z form an arithmetic progression. 3/4k 2 − 3 = −1
What is y in terms of x and z? 3/4k 2 = 2
1/4k 2 = 2/3
1/y = (1/x + 1/z)/2
1/y = (z + x)/xz × 1/2 15. How many different ways can six keys be arranged on
y = 2xz/(z + x) a key ring if the keys can slide completely around it?

8. The 10th term of an arithmetic sequence is 17 and the 6 6!

6𝑃 =
0!
= 6! = 720
30th term is –63. What is the sum of the first 50 terms
of the sequence? 16. A committee of 3 men and 2 women is to be chosen
from a group of 12 men and 4 women. Determine the
17 = a 1 + d(10 − 1) = a 1 + 9d number of different ways of selecting the committee.
−63 = a 1 + d(30 − 1) = a1 + 29d
80 = −20d

**Not necessary but good to know

 12! 4! 4
12
∙ 42𝐶 = 𝑥 3 𝑦2𝑥 𝑥3 𝑦8 𝑥4 𝑥7 𝑦8 𝑥7 𝑦5
3𝐶 ∙
9!3! 2!2!
= 1320 25. ( ) ( ) = = =
𝑦 𝑧 𝑦3 𝑧4 𝑦3 𝑧4 𝑧4
15𝑥 3 −45𝑥 2 +30𝑥 3(𝑥−2)(𝑥−1) 3(𝑥−2)
17. How many arrangements of the word MISSISSIPPI is 26. = =
5𝑥 3 −10𝑥 2 +5𝑥 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)
possible when all the I’s are together? 2
3
2
27. 𝑦 3 = ( √𝑦)
1
1
11! 28. 𝑥 −4 = 4
= 34,650 no. of possible arrangements √𝑥
4!4!2!
8! 5 2+√3 10+5√3
= 840 when all the I’s are together (treat as one 29. ∙ = = 10 + 5√3
4!2! 2−√3 2+√3 4−3
4
group) 5
5
( √2𝑥) 5
5 √16𝑥 4
11!
−
8!
= 33,810 when all the I’s are not together 30. 5 ∙ 4 =
4!4!2! 4!2!
√2𝑥 ( 5√2𝑥) 2𝑥

18. Find the number of 5-letter words that can be √𝑎+√𝑏 √𝑎+√𝑏
formed such that the first and last letters are 31. Rationalize the denominator of ∙ =
√𝑎−√ 𝑏 √𝑎+√ 𝑏
distinct vowels and the remaining three are 𝑎+2√𝑎𝑏+𝑏
consonants. 𝑎−𝑏

5
2𝑃 ∙ 213𝑃 = 5 × 4 × 21 × 20 × 19 = 159,600 32. Which of the following is equal to 3
1
3 ?
√3− √2
3 3 3
19. There are 7 boys and 3 girls in a gathering. In how 1 √9 + √6 + √4 3 3 3
3 3
∙3 3 3
= √9 + √6 + √4
many ways can they be rearranged in a row so that: √3 − √2 √9 + √6 + √4
the 3 girls form a single block? The two end-
1 2 (𝑥+1)−2(𝑥−1) −𝑥+3
positions are occupied by boys and no girls are 33. − (𝑥+1)2 = = (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)2
𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)2
adjacent?
𝑥−4
𝑥2 −4 𝑥−4 (𝑥+3)(𝑥+2) 𝑥+3
8! × 3 × 2 × 1 34. 𝑥2−3𝑥−4
= ∙ =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) (𝑥−4)(𝑥+1) 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
7! × 6 × 5 × 4 𝑥2+5𝑥+6

20. Between 20,000 and 70,000, find the number of even 35. 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
integers in which no digit is repeated. -9 3 2 2
1 -3
Case 1. First digit is 2, 4, or 6
𝑥 3 +9𝑥 2 +27𝑥+27 (𝑥+3)3 (𝑥+3)2
36. = =
𝑥 3 +27 (𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥+9) (𝑥 2 −3𝑥+9)
first digit, last digit, and remaining digits
3 × 4 × 83𝑃 = 4032 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+2) 𝑥+2
37. = =
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) 𝑥−2

Case 2. First digit is 3 or 5

𝑎 𝑎
38. Express a in terms of b in − +1=0
𝑏2 𝑏
2 × 5 × 83𝑃 = 3360 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 0
𝑎(1 − 𝑏) = −𝑏2
4032 + 3360 = 7392 𝑏2
𝑎=
𝑏−1
21. Find the fourth term of (x ─ 2y) 7.
39. Suppose 𝑎𝑏 = 3 and 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 7. Evaluate
7 (𝑎4 𝑏2 − 2𝑎3 𝑏3 + 𝑎2 𝑏4 ) + (𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏2 )
𝑡3+1 = ( ) 𝑥 7−3 (−2𝑦)3 = −8(35)𝑥 4 𝑦 3 = −280𝑥 4 𝑦 3 (𝑎2 𝑏2 )(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎𝑏)
3
(3)2 (7)2 + (7)(3) = 9(49) + 21 = 462
22. Find which term of (2x ─ y) 8 contains x 6.
40. 1-12
𝑛
(𝑘−1 )𝑥 𝑛−(𝑘−1) 𝑦 𝑘−1 =(82)(2𝑥)6 (−𝑦)2 = 64(28)𝑥 6 𝑦 2 = 41. 1-29
1792𝑥 6 𝑦 2 42. 1-30
8 − (𝑘 − 1) = 6; 𝑘 − 1 = 2 43. 2-8
44. |2 + |3𝑥|| = 15; 2 + |3𝑥| = 15 𝑜𝑟 2 + |3𝑥| =
13 13
23. What is the coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of (x + −15; |3𝑥| = 13 𝑜𝑟 |3𝑥| = −17; {− , }
3 3
1)10? If 10 - 7 = 3 = k-1. 45. 2-10

10 10!
( )= = 120 46. A karaoke bar offers ₱200 for the first three hours of
3 3! (10 − 3)! customer use. If the rent exceeds the allotted time,
the payment increases ₱100 per succeeding hour.
24. What is the sum of the coefficients in the expansion
What would be the y-intercept of the equation that
of (x - 1)5 = 2 5 = 32
represents the total payment as a function of time, 𝑡?

**Not necessary but good to know

 ₱200
P(red card) = 1/2, P(jack card) = 1/13, P(red jack
47. The line with x-intercept 8 has a slope of −3/2. card) = 1/2 × 1/13 = 1/26
What is the y-intercept of the line? P(red card) + P(jack card) − P (red jack card) = 7/13
0 = -3/2(8) + b ; b = 12
48. The points (−1,5), (2,2), and (12, y 0) are collinear.
What is the value of y 0 ?

2−5 3 𝑦0 − 2 −8 − 2
=− = =
2+1 3 12 − 2 10

49. Consider the lines 3x+2y+6 = 0 and 5x+ky+10 = 0.

What is the value of k if they are parallel?

10
𝑦 2 10
= = 3 =
𝑥 3 5 15
𝑎 𝑏 3 2
Checking: 1 = 1 ; = 10
𝑎2 𝑘 5
3

50. What is the value of k if they are perpendicular?

15
𝑦 2 𝑥 3 − 2
= ;− = − =
𝑥 3 𝑦 2 5

51. Line 3x+2y+6 = 0 is parallel to a line that passes

through the point (-7,2). What is the equation for
the latter?
2𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 6
3
𝑦=− 𝑥−3
2
3 21 4 3 17
𝑦=− 𝑥− + =− 𝑥−
2 2 2 2 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 17 = 0

52. 2-7
53. 2-11
54. 2-12
55. 2-3
56. Find standard equation of the line passing
through (6, −3) and (5, 4)?
57. If the coordinate axes are tangent to a circle
with a center (1,1), what is its
circumference?

A. 𝜋
B. 2𝜋
C. 3𝜋
D. 4𝜋

58. The enantiomeric excess of a particular drug is

the difference in percent composition of its
two isomers. If a sample has an enantiomeric
excess of 30%, what fraction of the major
isomer is there?
59. Find the area of the triangle bounded by the
lines 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4 and 𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 20 that lies
in the first quadrant with its base on
the x-axis.
60. What is the probability of drawing a red card or a
jack card in a deck of 52 playing cards?

**Not necessary but good to know