FILIPINO 6 o formal writing systems of

Pananaliksik sa Filipino cultivation and livestock

Kahulugan ng Pananaliksik (22/30 + 5)
Proseso ng pananaliksik
Divisions of Agriculture
• Pagpanukala ng tanong
• Pagpapasagawa ng pag-aaral
Sa internasyonal na pananaw
• Good (1963) - disiplinadong
pagsisiyasat
• Trece & Trece (1973) - pagtatangka sa
pagbuo ng mga solusyon
• Clarke & Clarke (2005) - obhektibong
imbestigasyon
• West (2002) - kontroladong
obserbasyon
• Caparlar & Donmez (2016) -
• An art - requires certain skillset honed
by experience and constant practice
• A business - a source of income
• Crop science - production of
economically important species called
crops
o Crop production - enhancing
production efficiency from
planting up to postharvesting
▪ Agronomy - field-crop
production, which are
annual in nature, and soil
management
• Annual
• Biennial
• Perennial

siyentipikong pamamaraan ▪ Horticulture - production

(OQRHETDR okurrr heather) of high value and
maintenance crops

Sa lipunang Filipino • Pomology

• Olericulture
• Floriculture
• Dr. Virgilio Enriquez - kultura ay may
▪ Plant breeding -
sariling sikolohiya; impormasyon sa
improvement of crops
natural na sitwasyon at sa lipunang utilizing genetic
ginagalawan ng mga ito information
• Aquino (1974) - paghahanap sa
o Crop protection - ensuring health
mahalagang impormasyon hinggil sa
of crops being grown
isang tiyak na paksa o suliranin
• Parel (1966) - layuning masagot ang ▪ Plant pathology -
mga tanong ng isang mananaliksik microscopic species

• Atienza et al. (1996) - matiyaga, • Susceptible host

maingat, sistematiko, mapanuri, at • Favorable
environment
kritikal na pagsisiyasat o pag-aaral • Pathogen
tungkol sa isang bagay, konsepto,
problema, isyu, o aspekto ng kultura at ▪ Agricultural entomology -
insect species important in
lipunan agricultural activities
▪ Weed science -
management of plant-to-
AGRICULTURE plant competition
Basics of Agricultural Science: Appreciation and
Applications in a Philippine Setting
• Animal science - domestication of
important species
Defining Agriculture
o Livestock production - mammal
• ager meaning “field” and cultura species
meaning “cultivation or growing” o Poultry production - bird species
• A science - a form of trial and error o Raising of other emerging
important species
being handed down and utilizes the
scientific method framework
• Agribusiness and management - effect
o observations
of agriculture on the global economy
o traditions
o Agribusiness - business models
 o Agricultural economics -
interplay of demand and supply
o Agricultural entrepreneurship -
innovation
• Agricultural extension - relaying of
research results in agriculture to
farmers
o Agricultural education - teaching
agriculture in a classroom setup
(formal)
o Agricultural extension and
development - teaching new
technology and knowledge to
farmers (informal)
o Agricultural communication -
communication adopted in
agriculture (nonformal)
• Aquaculture - production of important
species thriving in water bodies
• Soil Science - deals with processes
concerning the soil
• Agricultural engineering - engineering
principles aiming to build
infrastructures, mechanization
facilities, and technology in agriculture
History of Agriculture
The shift from foraging to farming
• Hunting-gathering to growing crops
and herding and breeding wild
animals, which led to permanent
villages and trade
Early sites of agriculture
Technological Advancements, Trends, and
Future Prospects of Agriculture
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Civic Engagement and Leadership
Natural Science vs. Social Science
• Natural science - uses empirical
evidence
• Social science - concerned with
human society and individuals within it
The Nature of Human Person
Philosophy
• Philosophy of human person -
status of human beings in the
universe and the meaning of life
• Philosophy - study of the nature of
existence and man and his beliefs
• Three distinct dimensions
o Physical world of nature
o Internal world of ideas,
thoughts, and emotions
o Social world of
intersubjectivity
• Branches
o Metaphysics - nature of
reality
o Epistemology - nature and
scope of knowledge
o Value theory - ethics and
aesthetics
• Plato’s “Allegory of the Chariot”
o Charioteer - man’s rational
o White horse - man’s spirited
o Dark horse - man’s appetite
Sociology
• Sociology - study of human social
structure and activity, especially
human behavior and relationships
• Symbolic interactionism - how
man interprets surroundings
based on symbols and how the
self is the most important
objective of the interaction
• Anthropology - ethnic perspective
and cultural variations
• Gene-culture coevolution - culture
shaped by biological mechanisms
• Sociology and anthropology aim to
understand the interdependence
of society and culture.
Political Science
• Man is a political animal because
he/she/they is a social creature
with the power of speech or social
reasoning. People act rationally to
maximize personal utility by
making deliberative and governing
bodies that seek to improve the
ways of life. If they’re not political,
then they would be an outcast like
a bird that wanders alone.
 • Political science - aims to educate
and develop the citizenry and the
values of civic and political
consciousness
• Apart from our social duties, our
civic duty is a higher
manifestation of it.
• Politics starts with you!
Psychology
• Psychology - the scientific study of
a person’s mind and behavior
• Personality - an individual’s
consistent patterns of feeling,
thinking, and behaving
• Nature vs. nurture - innate
attributes vs. influencing
environment
Society
Culture vs. Society
• Society - a group of interacting
individuals sharing the same
territory and participating in a
common culture
• Culture - a group’s shared
practices, values, beliefs, norms,
and artifacts
Becoming a Member of Society
https://www.slideshare.net/Almarielitz/bec
oming-a-member-of-society-129447848
CHEMISTRY
Frontiers of Chemistry
The Nature of Analytical Chemistry
Tools of Analytical Chemistry
Definition
• Analytes are the components of a sample
that are determined.
• Qualitative analysis - establishes chemical
identity of the species in the sample
o e.g., colorimetric analysis, flame test,
and spark test
• Quantitative analysis - determines relative
amounts of the species in numerical terms
o e.g., gravimetric and volumetric
analyses, electroanalytical methods,
and spectroscopic methods
• Analytical chemistry - an area in chemistry
that deals with characterizing composition
of a sample of matter, as well as the identity
and quantity of each component or analyte
through qualitative and quantitative
methods of analyses, respectively
Classical vs. modern analytical techniques
• Classical - traditional methods that are
still used up to date and primarily utilize
chemical reactions
• Modern - methods that utilize specialized
computational instruments to further
elucidate the analysis of compounds
A typical quantitative analysis
• Choosing a method based on level of
accuracy, number of samples analyzed,
and complexity of the sample based on the
number of its analytes
• Acquiring the sample that accurately
represents the bulk, making it the greatest
source of error
• Processing the sample to ensure
homogeneity, avoid contamination, and
secure suitability for measurement
• Eliminating interferences that might alter
the results of the analysis
• Calibrating measurement of a property,
wherein values must vary correlate in a
way that is known and consistent
• Calculating results from raw experimental
data collected in measurement steps
• Evaluating results by estimating reliability
through statistical tests
Classifying chemicals
• Reagent grade - meet minimum standards
for purity and are used for general purpose;
Reagent Chemical Committee of the
American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Primary-standard grade - have high purity
and are used as reference standards in
1tandards and Technology (NIST)
• Special-purpose reagent grade - used for
specific applications and analysis
 Measuring mass Communication rap (14/15)
Threat: history
Balance Capacity Standard dev.
Macrobalance 160 to 200 g ±0.1 mg the event that may occur during the time frame of the
Semimicro study which is not actually part of the study
analytical 10 to 30 g ±0.01 mg - unanticipated
balance
Microanalytical Threat: maturation
1 to 30 g ±0.001 mg
balance
natural processes can occur over time within the study
Measuring volume threat: sample selection

• Pipette (TD) - transfers incremental How were the groups selected

volumes of liquid; equipped with a dropper
Threat: testing
like system that releases liquid upon Mortality
lessening vacuum Condition or circumstances
• Burette (TD) - transfers incremental
volumes of liquid; equipped with a Based on cause and effect: independent, dependent,
stopcock to control transfer of liquid controlled
• Volumetric flask (TC) - to prepare and Continuous or discreet
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
dilute standard analytical solutions

TD - glassware to deliver or displace volume Replication

TC - glassware to contain volume Randomization
Local control

Errors in Chemical Analysis

Significant figures

• Nonzero digits are significant.

• Leading zeroes are not significant.
• Trailing zeroes that follow a decimal point
are significant.
• All zeroes between nonzero digits are
significant.
• Addition and subtraction - least number of
decimal places (rounded)
• Multiplication and division - least number
of significant digits (rounded)
• Logarithms - number of significant digits in
original number will be number of decimal
places of the logarithm
• Antilogarithms - number of decimal places
in original number will be number of
significant digits of the antilogarithm

Statistical Data Treatment and Evaluation of

Random Errors
Sampling methods

ENGLISH
Effective Communication for Pre-University Students 2