EGUIERON, CARLO B.. EE07-LAB.

_EXPERIMENT #7
CEIT – 04 – 601P ENGR. CORLETO BRAVO

Experiment 7: Autotransformer

I. Objectives
a) To comprehend the students with basics of an autotransformer operation.
b) To study and analyze the performance characteristics of an autotransformer.
c) To study the voltage and current relationship of an autotransformer.
d) To learn how to connect a standard transformer as an autotransformer.

II. Discussion:

Introduction Most transformers use separate windings; one for the source and one for
the load, and all energy is transferred by induction from the primary winding to the secondary
winding through the magnetic field. When the primary and secondary windings are physically
connected, the transformer is called an autotransformer. In an autotransformer on some
occasions, it is desirable to change voltage levels by only a small amount. For example, it may
be necessary to increase a voltage from 110 to 120 V or from 13.2 to 13 KV. These small rises
could be necessary due to voltage drop that occurs in power systems along way from the
generator. In such circumstances, it is wasteful and excessively expensive to wind a transformer
with two full windings, each rated at about the same voltages. A special purpose transformer,
called an autotransformer, is used instead. In the autotransformer, part of the energy is
transferred by induction and the rest is by conduction. There are three types of
autotransformers: step-up, step-down, and variable autotransformers which can be either step-
up or stepdown. Variable autotransformers are used in the laboratory and industry to provide a
wide range of ac voltages from a single source.

There is a special type of transformer which physically has only one winding. Functionally,
though, the one winding serves as both the primary and secondary. This type of transformer is
called an autotransformer. When an autotransformer is used to step up the voltage, part of the
single winding acts as the primary, and the entire winding acts as the secondary. When an
autotransformer is used to step down the voltage, the entire winding acts as the primary, and
part of the winding acts as the secondary.

The action of the autotransformer is basically the same as the standard two-winding
transformer. Power is transferred from the primary to the secondary by the changing magnetic
field, and the secondary in turn, regulates the current in the primary to set up the required
condition of equal primary and secondary power. The amount of step-up or step-down in voltage
depends on the turn’s ratio between the primary and secondary, with each winding considered
as separate, even though some turns are common to both the primary and secondary.
 Voltages and currents in the various windings can be found by two simple rules:

a) Primary apparent power (VA) equals Secondary apparent power (VA).

(VA)P = (VA) S---------------- (1)
EPIP = ESIS------------------ (2)
b) The primary (source) voltage and the secondary (load) voltage are directly proportional to the
number of turns N.

These equations depend upon one important fact, that voltage E A to B and EB to C add in the same
direction and do not oppose each other. We have assumed that the voltages are in phase.

The load current, of course, cannot exceed the current carrying capacity of the winding. Once
this is known it is relatively easy to calculate the VA load which a particular autotransformer can
supply.

A disadvantage of the autotransformer is the lack of isolation between the primary and
secondary circuits, because the primary and secondary both use some of the same turns.

III. Procedure

1. Using a Single-Phase Transformer, Power Supply, Resistive Load, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter,
connect the circuit shown in Figure-3 (using MultiSim). Note that winding 5 to 6 is connected as the
 primary winding across the 220 V ac source. The centre tap of the winding, terminal-9 is connected to
one side of the load and the 6 to 9 portion of the primary winding is connected as the secondary
winding.

2. a. Place all of the Resistive Load switches in their open positions for zero loads current.

b. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 220 V ac as indicated by voltmeter E 1. (This is the
rated voltage for winding 5 to 6).

c. Adjust the load resistance RL to 4400 Ω.

d. Measure and record currents I1, I2 and the output voltage E2.
I1 = 0.01 A ac
I2 = 0.02 A ac
E2 = 105 V ac
e. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

Figure 1

3. a. Calculate the apparent power in the primary and secondary circuits.

E1 (220) × I1 (0.01) = 2.2 (VA) P
E2 (105) × I2 (0.02) = 2.1(VA) S
b. The primary and secondary apparent powers are not equal. Because we can see from Figur1; the
primary winding turns is greater than the secondary winding turns. So the secondary winding apparent
power is less than the primary winding apparent power. This is a step-down Autotransformer.

4. Connect the circuit shown in Figure-3. Notice that winding 6 to 9 is now connected as the primary
winding across the 110 V ac source. The 5 and 6 winding is now connected as the secondary winding.
 Figure 2

5. a. Place all of the Resistive Load switches in their open positions for zero load current.
b. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 110 V ac as indicated by voltmeter E 1.(This is the
rated voltage for winding 6 to 9.
c. Adjust the load resistance RL to 2200 Ω.
d. Measure and record currents I1, I2 and the output voltage E2.
I1 = 0.01 A ac
I2 = 0.10 A ac
E2 = 210 V ac
e. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

6. a. Calculate the apparent power in the primary and secondary circuits.

E1 (110) × I1 (0.01) = 1.1 (VA) P
E2 (210) × I2 (0.10) = 21(VA) S
b. The primary and secondary apparent powers are not equal. Because we can see from Figur2; the
primary winding turns is less than the secondary winding turns. So the secondary winding apparent power
is greater than the primary winding apparent power. This is a step-up Autotransformer.
6. Using Multisim, apply 220V and fill out the table 1,2,3&4.
 Table 1: Resistive load (600ῼ)
Vs Is V59 V56 V96 V92 V52 I600ῼ I600ῼ I600ῼ I600 I600ῼ
ῼ
220 581.755 220 439.998 220 659.998 879.997 366.672 733.331 366.665 1.1 1.467
V A V V V V V mA mA mA A A

Table 2: Inductive load (j600ῼ)

Vs Is V59 V56 V96 V92 V52 Ij600ῼ Ij600ῼ Ij600ῼ Ij600ῼ Ij600ῼ
220 582.077 220 439.998 220 659.995 879.997 365.5 731.002 365.495 1.097 1.462
V A V V V V V mA mA mA A A

Table 3: Capacitive load(-j600ῼ)

Vs Is V59 V56 V96 V92 V52 I(-j600ῼ) I(-j600ῼ) I(-j600ῼ) I(- I(-
j600ῼ) j600ῼ)
220 581.341 220 439.998 220 659.998 879.997 367.848 735.696 367.848 1.104 1.471
V A V V V V V mA mA mA A A

Table 4: Impedance load (600 +j600ῼ& 600-j600ῼ)

Vs Is V5 V56 V9 V92 V52 I(600+j600ῼ I(600+j600ῼ I(600+j600ῼ I(600+j600ῼ I(600+j600

9 6 ) ) ) ) ῼ)
220 583.36 220 439.998 220 659.998 879.997 285.854 517.707 258.854 776.561 1.035
V A V V V V V mA mA mA mA A

Vs Is V59 V56 V96 V92 V52 I(600- I(600- I(600- I(600-

j600ῼ) j600ῼ) j600ῼ) j600ῼ)
220 581.528 220 439.998 220 659.998 879.997 259.689m 519.377m 259.689m 1.039A
V A V V V V V A A A
Observation:
 I've observed from the data that I've obtained that an autotransformer is used most frequently in
the low voltage range. The capacitive circuit is the best choice because it is larger than the other
two and has the lowest reading of current. There are only a few differences between the two
circuits, despite the fact that the current in the resistive circuit is greater than the current in the
inductive circuit. Also, each circuit generates the same voltage but different currents, which is
why they all function as a single system.

Conclusion:

 I therefore conclude that the experiment went well. The experiment was successful for me, in
my opinion. According to what I've learned, autotransformers offer better voltage
management because the voltage drop in the single winding's resistance and reactance is
decreased. It was also shown how to connect a regular transformer to make it work as an
autotransformer. Also, we were able to look at and evaluate how an autotransformer
functions. This was a really important achievement.