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SAS #11: Becoming a member of society and Organizing Society

Social control is the process of creating and maintaining stability; in simplest term, the power of
society over individuals. It is important to have social control because it is eliciting certain behavior
which empowers individuals to conform to the norms. Given this, society is known to be a collection
of harmonious relationship between individuals. Without harmony, there would be no existing
relationship and there would be no society (Pujari, 2015 ). Furthermore, the idea of reward and
punishments are used in social control. Rewards are given to individuals who exemplified the values
and follow the norms, usually those who conform in contrast, punishments are given to those
individuals who deviate from the social norms.

CONFORMITY
- behavior which involves change in
order to fit in
- social influence involving a change in
belief or behavior in order to fit in
with a group. The term conformity
is used to indicate an agreement to
the majority position, brought about
either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be
liked or because of a desire to be
correct or simply to conform to a
social role.
DEVIANCE
- violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient
severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of
society. Deviance, like conformity, is shaped by society.
Each society defines what is deviant and what is not,
and definitions of deviance differ widely between
societies.
-An act that is considered by public consensus or the
powerful at a given place and time to be a violation of
some social rule is called Deviant behavior.

ROBERT K. METON’S DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY

To explain his theory, he classified people into 5 different groups. Now these groups are
CONFORMIST, RITUALISTS, INNOVATORS, RETREATISTS, and the REBELLION.

1.CONFORMIST - accept 2.RITUALISTS - reject goals, accept means. the people that
goal, accept means. These reject or do not believe in the goals of the society. However,
are group of people that they still accept the means by doing the same things as what
follow the norms, and also conformists do. Being a ritualist is a form of deviance, by
trust the system which \ rejecting the goals of society, individuals deviate themselves from
would help them achieve the norm. But it does not necessarily mean that these people
their goal. are lawbreakers

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3.Innovators - accept goals, 4.RETREATISTS - reject goals, reject means. These are types
reject means. They are the of people who reject both the goals and means of the society,
opposite of ritualists. which makes them deviant. These are people who avoid the
Innovators are the people establish goals and avoid the means of what they should do.
that accept the society’s These people retreat to a kind of lifestyle that they want to
goal; however, they reject live in, not what the society dictates them to live in
the ways on how to get the 5.REBELS - reject goals, reject means. These are people who
society’s goal. they are are not satisfied with the current system, but instead they are
deviant because of their the one who want to create a new goal and means for the
means or action on how society which make the deviant. These people are the people
achieve goals. Their different who are extremely dangerous like terrorists because they want
means deviate themselves a new goal and means wherein, they are ones who would benefit,
from the norm, which usually and not the society
borders on law breaking

Types of Deviant behavior

a) Infringement or Violation against Self
Examples: drug abuse, suicide, alcoholism, smoking, illegal gambling, prostitution
b) Violation on life, Property, Liberty and State
Examples: vandalism, abortion, rebellion, juvenile delinquency, organized crime and
syndicate, graft and corruption.
c) Violation against Sex Code and Laws
Examples: pornography, sexual harassment, sex- transplant, adultery, homosexuality

SAS #12: Human dignity, rights and the common good

In the conclusion of World War II, people recognized the need of people to have rights in order
to prevent mass killing and the holocaust to ever happen again. People back then realized the
importance of human equality and dignity as the majority of the Jews were tortured and
killed. That realization has become the basis for creating universal rights for humans, it was
also clear that the protection of human dignity is a principal driver toward the establishment
of the human rights.

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HUMAN DIGNITY HUMAN RIGHTS

All human beings are born free and equal - inherent to all human beings, whatever our
in “dignity and rights “. Article 1 of the nationality, place of residence, sex, national or
Universal Declaration of Human rights ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other
(UDHR). Therefore, all human is entitled status. We are all equally entitled to our human
to having rights regardless of skin color, rights without discrimination. These rights are all
age, height, race, and etc. interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
- inviolable and it must be respected and - as to being part of the modern world, respecting
protected. The dignity of the human human rights is an important factor for common
person is not only a fundamental right in good. We should realize that whenever our human
itself, but constitutes the basis of rights are protected so is our human dignity.
fundamental rights in international law.

Below is the listing of 30 basic human rights listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which
was created by the United Nations in 1948 to provide a global understanding of how to treat individuals

The Universal Declaration of Human

1. We are all free and equal. We are all born
free. We all have our own thoughts and
ideas. We should all be treated in the same
way.
2. Don’t discriminate. These rights belong
to everybody, whatever our differences.
3. The rights to life. We all have the rights
to life, and to live in freedom and safety.
4. No slavery – past and present. Nobody
has any right to make us a slave. We cannot
make anyone our slave.
5. No torture. Nobody has any right to
hurt us or to torture us.
6. We all have the same right to use the
law. I am a person just like you!
7. We are all protected by the law. The
law is the same for everyone. It must treat
us all fairly.
8. Fair treatment by fair courts. We can all ask
for the law to help us when we are not treated
fairly.
9. No unfair detainment. Nobody has the right
to put us in prison without a good reason and
keep us there, or to send us away from our
country.
10. The right to trial. If we are put on trial this
should be in public. The people who try us should
not let anyone tell them what to do.
11. Innocent until proven guilty. Nobody should
be blame for doing something until it is proven.
When people say we did bad thing we have the
right to show it is not true.
12. The right to privacy. Nobody should try to
harm our good name. Nobody has the right to
come into our home, open our letters or bother
us or our family without a good reason.

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13. Freedom to move. We all have the right
to go where we want in our own country
and to travel as we wish.
14. The right to asylum. If we
frightened of being badly treated in our own
country, we all have the right to run away
to another country to be safe.
15. The right to a nationality. We all have
the right to belong to a country.
16. Marriage and family. Every grown-up has
the right to marry and have a family if
they want to. Men and women have the
sane right when they are married, and when
they are separated.
17. Your own things. Everyone has the right
to on things or share them. Nobody should
take our things from us without a good
reason.
18. Freedom of thought. We all have the
right to believe in what we want to believe,
to have a religion, or to change it if we
want.
19. Free to say what you want. We all have
the right to make up our own minds, to
think what we like, to say what we think,
and to share our ideas with other people.
20. Meet where you like. We all have the
rights to meet our friends and to work
together in a peace to defend ou rights.
Nobody can make us join a group if we don’t
want to.
30. Nobody can take away these rights and
freedom from us.
21. The right to democracy. We all have the
right to take in the government of our country.
Every grown- up should be allowed to choose
are their own leaders.
22. The right to social security. We all have the
right to affordable housing, medicine, education,
and child care, enough money to live on and
medical help if we are ill or old.
23. Workers’ rights. Every grown-up has the
right to do a job, to a fair wage to their work,
and to join a trade union.
24. The right to play. We all have the right to
rest from work or to relax.
25. A bed and some food. We all have the right
to a good life. Mothers and children, people who
are old, unemployed or disabled, and all people
have the right to care for.
26. The right to education. Education is a right.
Primary school should be free. We should learn
about the United Nation and how to get on with
others. Our parents can choose what we learn.
27. Culture and copy right. Copy right is a special
law that protects one’s own artistic creation and
writings; others cannot make copies without
permission. We all have the right to our own way
of life and to enjoy the good things that “art”
science and learning bring.
28. A free and fair world. There must be proper
order so we can all enjoy rights and freedom in
our own country and all over the world.
29. Our responsibilities. We have a duty to other
people, and we should protect their rights and
freedom.
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COMMON GOOD
"the sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as groups or as individuals, to reach
their fulfillment more fully and more easily." It is the greatest possible good for the greatest
possible number of individuals. The common good concerns the life of all. The common good of the
whole human family requires that all societies work together for a just world where all persons,
made in the image and likeness of God are able to reach their human fulfillment.

SAS #13: Groups within society

Social group - consist of The understanding of social groups is of primary

two or more people who
interact with one another
and who recognize
themselves as distinct social
unit (Giddens,1993).
importance to the understanding of human behavior. People do
not live as isolated creatures. They live in groups. Through the
different activities undertaken within the group, social life is
sustained. We are all born into and spend our entire lives within
a group.
In the book entitled “Social Organization: A study of the
larger mind”, Charles Horton Colley classified group into two:
the primary and the secondary group.

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY AND CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS

PRIMARY GROUP
-Is a small social group whose members share -It plays a significant role in an individual’s
personal and lasting relationship. Members of development. Relationships are formed in
the primary spend a great deal time together, primary groups are often long-lasting and goals
engage in a wide range of activities and leisure in themselves. They also are often
time together, and feel that they know one psychologically comforting to the individuals
another well. In short, they show real concern involved and provide a source of support
for one another.

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY GROUP

FAMILY – families spend a significant amount of time together, allowing the members to support,
comfort, and encourage one another. Families are connected for a lifetime and are significant to
each member’s personal growth.

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FRIENDS – they often spend a lot LOVE RELATIONSHIPS – a couple in a love relationship
of time experiencing different is first brought together as a result of mutual physical
adventure together, chatting and emotional attraction. They spend a significant amount
about personal stories and simply of time together, whether that involves learning about
enjoying each- other’s company. one another or collectively sharing new experience.

Primary group- concern for one another, shared activities and culture, and long periods of time
spent together. Members share intimate and personal relationships, often serving as a support and
comfort to those involved. The goal of primary groups is actually the relationships themselves
rather than achieving some other purposes (relationship- oriented).

SECONDARY GROUP EXAMPLES OFSECONDARY GROUP

-Are large cluster of people who have a mutually SCHOOL / CLASS – a classroom consists
shared purpose, often aiming to complete tasks. They of students and a teacher, in which the
are much less likely to be an influence to an teacher is in charge of creating a
individual’s identity. It sometimes involves weak structure and environment that help
emotional and interpersonal ties compared to the the students learn. Much less of being
primary group. emotional with each other.
-They interact on a less personal level than in a WORKPLACE or PLACE OF
primary group, and their relationships are temporary. EMPLOYMENT – the goal of the
It established to perform function; people’s role is structured environment in the
more interchangeable compared to primary group. workplace is to fulfill a predetermined
They are based on interests and activities. assignment.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

PRIMARY GROUPS SECONDARY GROUPS

1.Personal and intimate relationship 1.Communication is in direct
2.Face to face communication 2. Duration is temporary
3. Strong sense of loyalty 3.Group cohesiveness is weak and are based on
4.Permanence self-interest
5.Small in size 4.Decision are based on rationality and rules
6.Informality and traditional and non-rational 5.structure is formal
decision-making 6.Group boundaries

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People in groups create “We”- people who are considered part of a certain group
boundaries to maintain a “They” - who do not belong to a certain group, to describe the
distinction between the „we” and the “they” feelings, Willian Graham Sumner,
“we” of the group and the developed the concepts of “in-groups” and “out-groups”.
“they” outside the group.

IN - GROUP OUT - GROUP

groups to which a person belongs. They consist
of people in whose presence the person feels
comfortable and with whom he or she shares
common experiences. They have the “we”
feeling for they are similar in certain ways,
such as in being poor, being rich, being a
Tagalog and other social variable.
groups to which a person does not belong. If
you are a member of a club, those who are
not members are out-groups. Individuals do
not belong due to differences with which they
do not identify. In other words, out-groups
are “they” group. The out-group includes
those people who are excluded when we use
the word “we”.

SAS #14: Groups within Society: - Reference Groups and Networks

REFERENCE GROUPS
-is a group to which we
compare ourselves. It serves
as a standard to which we
measure our behaviors and
attitudes. This group
used in order to guide our
behavior and attitudes and
help us to identify social
norms.
-this groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the
nature of a given individuals or other group’s characteristics and
sociological attributes. It acts as a frame of reference if an
individual wants to be part of the norms of the group.
are - used as the frame of references for evaluating one’s own
behavior.
-serve as referring points of individuals, towards which they
were oriented and which influences their opinion, tendency and
behavior. Group to which an individual or another group is
compared.

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TYPES OF REFERENCE GROUPS

INFORMAL REFERENCE GROUPS
-It is based on the groups shared interests
and goals. Members react on a personal level.
Examples are family and friends
FORMAL REFERENCE GROUPS
-Have a specific goal or mission.
Examples are Employee Union.
MEMBERSHIP REFERENCE GROUPS
-groups that are in agreement with in regards
to attitude, norms, and behaviors.
DISCLAIMANT REFERENCE GROUPS
-group we do not agree with in regards to
attitude, norms, and behaviors.
ASPIRATIONAL REFERENCE GROUPS
-a group of individuals doesn’t belong to but
aspires to become a part of it in the future.
DISSOCIATIVE REFERENCE GROUPS
-a group an individual doesn’t belong to and
disapproves of in regards to attitudes, norms,
and behaviors.

SOCIAL NETWORK
- an individual’s scope, or total - a map of all of the relevant ties between the individuals
set of relationship with others. within and beyond society.
- indicates the ways in which - is a theoretical construct useful in the social sciences to
they are connected through study relationships between individuals, groups,
various social familiarities ranging organizations, or even entire societies. It is a social
from casual acquaintances to close structure exists between actors (individuals and
familial bonds. organization)

Three Levels of Analysis

MICRO
Smallest level of analysis • DYADIC LEVEL – social relationship starts with two individuals
of social networks. It • TRIADIC LEVEL – social relationship starts with three
explains that a social individuals
network typically starts • ACTOR LEVEL – the smallest unit of analysis in a social
with an individual. The network is an individual in their social setting
micro level is divided • SUBSET LEVEL – may focus on distance and reachability,
into four levels cliques, cohesive subgroups, or other group actions or
behaviors.

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MESO
This level of analysis begins with a • ORGANIZATIONS – group of people that has
population size that falls between distributive tasks for a collective goal
the micro and macro- levels. • SCALE FREE NETWORKS – a network whose
Examples of meso-level of analysis: degree, distribution follows a power law, at least
asymptotical.

MACRO Social distance- used to measure the degree

Generally, traces the outcomes of interactions, of closeness or acceptance we feel toward
such as economic or other resource transfer other group. While most often used with
interactions over a large population reference to racial groups.

Personal Space and how people use it to define their boundaries:

a. Personal space - defined as an area surrounding an individual, regarded and valued as private,
inaccessible to the others without causing some sort of discomfort (Sommer 1969, Hayduk 1983).
b. 4 Different Distance Zones (Edward Hall)
a. Intimate Distance – about 18 inches c. Social Distance – from 4 feet to 12
from the body – for lovemaking, feet – for impersonal or formal
comforting and protecting. relationships such as in a workplace.
b. Personal Distance – from 18 inches to d. Public Distance – beyond 12 feet – for
4 feet – for friends, acquaintances and even more formal relationship such as
ordinary conversations. public speakers from the general public.

SAS #15: Social Experiment: -USO PA BA ANG HARANA

HARANA
- a traditional form of Ligawan (courtship) in the Philippines where a man serenades a woman by
singing underneath her window at night. Although this is universal, it was widely practiced in old
Philippines with a set or protocols, a code of conduct, and a specific style of music.

This is basically a Spanish influence. The man is usually accompanied by his close friends who provide
moral support for the guy in addition to singing with him.

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For a Harana to be successful one of the following or both must happen:

2) The lady joins in the singing.
1) The lady The practice of harana has died but it is a tradition that shows the beauty
invites the man of Philippines at a time that was so simple. So, my suggestion to you guys
and his company out there that wants to do something special for that special lady on
inside for Valentine’s Day, think about doing a harana. It will definitely save you some
refreshments. money and show that special girl your love for her through song. That’s
something priceless and from the heart.

SAS #16: Cultural, Social and Political Institutions

KINSHIP MARRIAGE
the “web of social special contract of permanent union between a man and a
relationships”, humans form woman entered into in accordance with law for the
as part of a family, which is establishment of conjugal and family life.
the smallest unit of society.
It is the relation between HOUSEHOLD
two or more persons that is consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling
based on common ancestry and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist
or marriage. of a single family or some other grouping of people.

Kinship by Blood - links individuals based on their genetic relations. It allows an individual to
identify another individual as a family member through blood relation. It is also known as kinship
by consanguinity. (Examples: Parents and their children and between children of same parents.)

Classification of family according to Blood Line

a. Patrilineal – family that traces its ancestry from the paternal or father’s side.
b. Matrilineal - family that traces its ancestry from the maternal or mother’s side.
c. Bilineal – family that traces its ancestry from both paternal and maternal side.

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Kinship by Marriage - When a person marries, he establishes relationship not only with the girl
whom he marries but also with a number of other people in the girl’s family. Moreover, it is not
only the person marrying who gets bound to the family members of the girl but his family members
also get bound to the family members of the girl.

Form of Marriage
a. Monogamy – Marriage in which there is b. Polygamy – Any form of marriage in which a
only one wife and one husband at a time. person may have more than one spouse at a time.

1. Polyandry– A form of marriage in which one 2. Polygyny – A form of marriage in which

woman may have more than one husband at a a man may have more than one wife at a
time. time.

SELECTING A MARRIAGE PARTNER

3. Group Marriage - wherein the family unit consists of multiple husbands and multiple wives

Will you marry someone who ENDOGAMY – it is a rule of marriage in which the life-
belongs to your group partners are to be selected within the group and the group
(examples: ethnicity, religion, may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.
nationality) or someone Interracial marriage (ASIAN and EUROPEAN; AMERICAN and
outgroup of your group? These ASIA) are good examples for endogamous marriages.
are roles that the male and EXOGAMY – it is a rule of marriage in which an individual
female must consider. Rule of has to marry outside his own group. It prohibits marrying
marriage is very important. No within the group. The so-called blood relatives shall neither
society gives absolute freedom have marital connections nor sexual contacts among
to its members to select their themselves. Traditional Chinese families prefer to have an
partners. exogamous marriage for their children, that is their sons to
marry someone who also belongs to Chinese families.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
Is a privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that of Godparents or fraternal
orders. A very famous ritual kinship is the COMPADRAZGO. Used to refer to the institutional
relationship between compadres. Compadres are relationship between the parents and godparents
of a child is an important bond that originates when a child is baptized in Iberian and Latin
American families.

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FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD

Types of families and their forms are based on various parameters. You can find the list of types
of family and family forms, below. the types of family in sociology, have been classified as per
world norms and not only India. Different types and structures of families in society have been
listed.
Types of family-by-family size or structure – based on family composition of who comprises the family.
1. Nuclear family – a family unit that consists 3. Reconstituted family – a family unit that
of a single couple or monogamous family, that consists of one or both parents who have a
is – the husband, wife and their child or child or children from a previous relationship
children. or past marriage, but they have combined to
2. Extended family – a family unit that form a new family often after a death of a
consists of the husband and wife with their previous spouse, or marital separation,
children, and their relatives like in-law annulment, or divorce.
(grandparents, uncle, and aunty, cousins, , 4. Single parent family – a family unit which
nice, nephews). is headed by one parent ( either father or
mother only) raising a child or children.

Types of family by residence – based on the nature or household residence:

1. Patrilocal residence – the
son stays and the daughters
leaves, so that the married
couple lives with or near the
husband’s parents.
2. Matrilocal residence – the daughter stays and the son leaves,
so that the married couple live or near the wife’s parents.
3. Family or biological residence – either the son or the
daughter leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near
either the wife’s or the husband’s parents.

SAS #18: Political and Leadership Structures:

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
- Is any entity that involved in the political - According to Elman Service, a political
process. Political organization includes political anthropologist, there are four types of
parties, political institution, and political groups. sociopolitical organizations namely Bands,
- It is engaged in political activities aimed at Tribes, Chiefdoms and States/Nations. He
achieving clearly defined political goals, which argued that these political organizations
improve the political system that benefits the function in consideration of their economic
interests of their members. orientation.

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POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
BANDS
It is a least complex form of political organization, as it has neither a rigid form or governance
nor a structured form of leadership. It is typically consisting of 20-50 individuals who are usually
related to one another by virtue of kinship. This society is chiefly based on forging which is also
known as hunting and gathering. This economic system allows for greater mobility of the group as
they follow animals and food sources. Decision-making is often made by the entire group, with the
eldest members acting as the facilitator. Every member of the group whether they have lesser
capacity to hunt or gather has equal access to their basic needs such as food and water.

TRIBES
A political organization that consists of segmentary lineages. This type of kinship relation is marked
by loyalty per family cluster or segment. An individual’s loyalty primarily lies on his or her
immediate family, followed by his/her cousins, and then his or her distant cousins. This type of
kinship grouping allows for the creation of interdependent generations. Their economic subsistence
requires a degree of settlement. Most tribes are either horticultural (shifting agriculture) or
pastoral (tending animals). The leaders that are chosen are individuals who are believed to possess
special skills or aptitudes that relate to economic activity. The leaders in a tribe have no concrete
political power over their members, except in areas when group concerns are in place.

CHIEFDOMS
political organization consists of a few local communities who subscribe to the power and rule of a
leader who has absolute power on them. This absolute power is derived from the perceived relation
of the leader to supernatural forces and powers, which is a form of legitimizing factor. This political
organization is also tied with horticulture and pastoralism. The same economic process of
redistribution through tribute collection is practiced in chiefdom just like in a tribe. What
distinguishes a chiefdom from a tribe is the existence of a social stratification that segregates
society into the elite from the commoner. The elites are often the relatives of the ruler and are
also believed to have divinity or connections to the supernatural.

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STATE AND NATION

It is a group of people sharing similar culture and political history, whereas the state is a political
organization united by a common set of laws. A state uses complete political coerciveness, which
may come in the form of armed personnel, stricter laws, and the rigid governmental policies. The
primary form of economic subsistence is market exchange. Standardized currencies are used to
exchange commodities, unlike in a band where a commodity or service is exchanged with another
commodity or service, which are often deemed by both parties to be of similar value. Social rules
are implemented in the form of laws and citizens of the country as individuals are subjected to
legal norms in the territory in which they belong.

So now let’s have authority and legitimacy

AUTHORITY
Authority(from the Latin word auctoritas
meaning influence/command)- right to exercise
power given by the State or by academic
knowledge of an area It is the legitimate power
which one person or a group holds over
another.
LEGITIMACY
(from the Latin word legitimare, meaning
lawful)-value whereby something or someone is
recognized and accepted as right and proper.
It is understood as the popular acceptance and
recognition by the public of the authority of
a present administration.

The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her followers accord him or her
with it. According to Max Weber, a 20th century sociologist, every leader has some form of
justification as to why he or she should be accorded with such power. He organized these reasons
into three categories of legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional and charismatic.

LEGAL AUTHORITY TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

achieved by a leader through the process
of following established codes and
procedures governing the allocation and
distribution of power and resources within
a society. Leaders who are ruling under the
power of this authority have been either
elected or appointed to office following the
existing laws of the land.
form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the
right of leader to rule based on inheritance of the
title. People under the leadership of a ruler with
traditional authority accept the ruler’s exercise of
power as it has been the existing social status
since the time of their ancestors. The rule of
monarchs and their allies in both patrimonial and
feudal regimes are examples of this.

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CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
creates a type of leadership that is based on the personal attachment of the subordinates to the
ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or even skills are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe
even supernatural. Due to this, most of the ruler’s followers are devoted to him or her without
regard as to whether the authority of the ruler is accepted within the legal framework of the
society or that he or she has not been part of a royal lineage.

SAS #19: Economic institutions Non-state Institutions

ECONOMICS ECONOMICS INSTITUTION

from the Greek term oikos, meaning "house" and nomos, company or an organization that
meaning custom/law, etymologically speaking economics deals with money or with managing
means "rules of the house”. It is the science that deals the distribution of money, goods,
with the factors that determine the production, and services in an economy. It is also
w33distribution and consumption of goods and services. well-established arrangements and
An economic system must define what to produce, how structures that are part of the
to produce it and for whom to produced it. culture or society.

Economy Types

TRADITIONAL ECONOMY COMMAND ECONOMY

In a traditional economy, goods and services In a command economy, the government
are based and produced by traditions and controls all economic activity. One example of
customs. These types of economies tend to a command economy is communism. In a
consume most of what they produce government-directed economy, the market
(production mainly by hand) and sell or trade plays little to no role in production decisions.
the rest. This type of economy will often Command economies are less flexible than
evolve into another type of economy once the market economies and react slower to changes
nation or country has developed. in consumer purchasing patterns and
fluctuations in supply and demand.

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MIXED ECONOMY MARKET ECONOMY

A mixed economy combines qualities of market In a market economy, the resources are owned
and command systems into one. In many and controlled by the people of the economy.
countries where neither the government nor Market economies are based on consumers and
the business entities can maintain the economy their buying decisions rather than under
alone, both sectors are integral to economic government control. Market trends and
success. Certain resources are allocated through product popularity generate what businesses
the market and others through the state. produce. The producers choose how to make
Theoretically, this system should be able to products based on the most economically sound
combine the best policies of both systems, but decision: that might mean machine labor to
in practice the proportion government controls save costs or human labor for specific skills.
and response to market forces varies.

The Different Economic Processes

Reciprocity- When you give something away, Redistribution- When the resources of one,
you expect something in return. This several individuals, or groups are collected and
economic process entails the exchange of distributed proportionally or equally to
commodities between parties, often on an participating members.
individual basis. Market Transactions- Market is referred to as
Transfers- When resources from an individual the exchange of goods and services that involves
or organization are given to one another with buying and selling processes. However, it is not
no expectation of return, an economic a simple process of exchanging materials, goods,
transfer is in place. This type of economic and services. It involves several elements and
process allows for the redistribution of transactions. Market is about making money,
resources within an economic system. capital, income and growth.

NON-STATE INSTITUTION
affect the political and economic path of a society. They are organizations with sufficient
power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution
of a state. They are equally capable of influencing policy formation and implementation.
Non_state institutions include the following: banks and corporations, cooperatives and trade
unions, transnational advocacy groups, and development agencies and international organizations.

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ALTRUISM
behavior that sacrifices one’s own production, fitness or interests for the welfare of others. It
involves the unselfish concern for other people by simply doing things not because of an obligation
but out of a desire to help.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTION:
Banks - organizations that holds money Transnational Advocacy - groups promote
belonging to others, investing and lending it to causes, principled ideas, and norms, and they
get more money, or the building in which the often involve individuals advocating policy
organization is situated changes. They cater to the needs related to
Corporations - associations of individuals, human rights, consumers’ rights, women’s’
created by law or under authority of law, having rights, international peace, and
a continuous existence independent of the environmental issues.
existence of its members, and powers and Developmental Agencies - organizations with
liabilities distinct from those of its members. specific aims and goals. The common
Cooperatives - jointly owned enterprise denominator among these organizations is the
engaging in the production or distribution of term development. These agencies
goods or the supplying of services, operated by concentrate on the growth, progression, and
its members for their mutual benefit, typically advancement of specific societal concerns,
organized by consumers or farmers. which can be infrastructure or social
Trade unions - organizations made up of institutions.
members (a membership-based organization) There are two major types of organizations
and its membership must be made up mainly of that are considered as development agencies:
workers. One of a trade union's main aims is to international organizations and
protect and advance the interests of its Nongovernment Organizations NGO’s.
members in the workplace.

International organizations - concentrate mostly on the distribution of equitable health

and social development. Their central role is essentially to provide support and assistance through
organized framework to international cooperation. They also have diverse networks that enable
them to provide and exchange support across different borders and localize their implementations
of international policies.

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Nongovernment organizations - often characterized by their intensive collaboration

with local stakeholders to improve their beneficiaries’ conditions. NGOs are non-profit, often
voluntary, organizations that carry a broad range of social development functions with and on
behalf of people. The vast majority of these organizations exists outside of government and their
programs come from the expressed needs of people rather than from governments.

SAS #20: Health/ Education

SOCIAL HEALTH
It involves your ability to form The concept of being well, or being
satisfying interpersonal relationships with healthy, varies among groups of people as each
others. It also relates to your ability to adapt group subscribes to its own version of
comfortably to different social situations and explanations that aim to answer for health-
act appropriately in a variety of settings. related circumstances. World Health
Relationships should include strong Organization defined the “right to health” as
communication skills, empathy for others and the fundamental right of every human to be
a sense of accountability. In contrast, traits able to live healthy through “equal access to
like being withdrawn, vindictive or selfish can timely, acceptable, and affordable health care
have a negative impact on your social health. of appropriate quality.”

CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROME AND ILLNESS

LATAH KORO
- from Southeast Asia it is a condition in which - culture-specific syndrome in which an
abnormal behaviors result from a person individual has an overpowering belief that his
experiencing shock. When surprised, the affected or her genitalia are retracting and will
person typically engages in such behaviors as disappear, despite the lack of any true
screaming, cursing, dancing type movements, longstanding changes to the genitals.
and uncontrollable laughter. WENDIGO PSYCHOSIS
RUNNING AMOK - culture bound disorder formerly of the
- referred to as simply amok, also spelled amuk, Algonquian tribes of North America which
from the Malay language, is "an episode of involves an intense craving for human flesh
sudden mass assault against people or objects even when the other food sources are readily
usually by a single individual following a period available.
of depression or loneliness.

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The six types of traditional Healers based on the scope of their healing powers.
Shamans - cures the sick using special
powers that he has received during the
state of trance. Healing is often done in
the house of the sick who is believed to
have lost his or her souls. It is the task
of the shaman to return the lost soul to
its body to cure the illness.
Magic-based healers - uses magic
counter the illness experienced by an
individual who is believed to have such
condition due to black magic and curses.
The rituals use vary per society.
Fortune tellers - individuals believe that
their disease has some underlying spiritual
explanation that, if learned,
addressed and promote healing. Often,
individuals who seek the help of fortune
tellers are the ones suffering
psychological and emotional pains.
Traditional birth attendants - healers do not only
assist expecting mothers in their process of giving
birth. They also perform traditional massages on
individuals who are complaining of physical pain
that may also be rooted in psychological issues.
Trance-based healers - healers provide relief for
sickness and pain through meditation and trance-
to based activities. They believe that the nature and
appropriate cure for the sickness can only be
uncovered through meditation. As such, each
consultation, despite its similarity to another
ailment, will often produce different
rationalization and cure.
Traditional medicine experts - healers ask the sick
can be individual of the symptoms that he or she is
experiencing. Drawing from the responses, the
TMEs prescribe a concoction of plants and other
from natural ingredients that are believed to be
efficient in arresting the disease.

In sociology, education is viewed as a social institution. It gives society the potential to

reach development and success. Generally, education means the development of the intellect. It is
an act of thinking critically. It can be classified into formal and nonformal.

FORMAL EDUCATION
when a student learns inside the classroom. A student follows a curriculum and is being graded on
his her performance. Your experiences in your current school are fostered by this type of education.
It focuses in studying in a school or university where everything is systematic. A teacher or
professor explains, while a student listens and understands.

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NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
enables a student to learn skills and knowledge that through structured learning experiences. A
student learns his or her values, principles, and beliefs and undergoes lifelong learning. Capacity
building initiatives are conducted through this type of education. The concept nonformal education
emerged in response to the world crisis in education identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, who
argued that the formal education systems have failed to address the changing dynamics of the
environment and the societies.

The concept of Through education, humans are empowered to experience and

nonformal education learn their true capacities that lead to self-actualization. Human
emerged in response to also tend to find boundless enthusiasm in learning outside the
the world crisis in classroom, which is basically through experience. With this, it
education identified by becomes easier for them to socialize, to identify a career path, to
Philip H. Coombs in crate self-identity, and the like. Education can empower an individual
1967, who argued that to participate in their society’s activities toward development
the formal education through knowledge and skills acquisition.
systems have failed to
address the changing Education develops one’s sense of self. As a huge part of the
dynamics of the discovery process of oneself, education encourages having the vision
environment and the to become self-actualized. Moreover, it enables one to see your
societies. strengths and maintain them. It enables one to determine weaknesses
and adjust to them. This helps one reach full potential and establish
oneself as a whole.

EDUCATION
Informal – Through family, press, radio, cinema, Non-formal – Through correspondence
church, playground, liblary, Etc course, summer, institute, on job training,
Formal – Through School, Collage, and other radio or tele-broadcast, open
educational institute university(ignou)

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SAS #21: Religion and Belief System/ Social and Political Stratification

RELIGION - one institution of society that TWO TYPES OF RELIGION

performs a particular need.A religion is any set
of institutionalized beliefs and practices that
deal with the ultimate meaning of life. It is a
unified system of beliefs and practices relative
to sacred things, uniting into a single moral
community all those who adhere to those beliefs
and practices. Religion as an institution is also
a placed in which people encounter and
experience the presence of God. An idea of God
depends on the religion in which a person
belongs.
PATTERN
POLYTHEISM
worship of or belief in multiple deities usually
assembled into a pantheon of gods and
goddesses, along with their own religions and
rituals.
MONOTHEISM
belief in a single all-powerful god, who is
accountable for all the things happening in
the world including world’s creation and
existence.

Elements of Religion
Religious Beliefs - it proves that there is a God Religious Experience - the personal
who exists and keeps the world in order. It also encounter of a person/people with God based
includes the role of human beings in the plan of on how God has been generous into their
God in the world. A belief is a conviction that lives. It grows out from religious beliefs and
cannot be proved or disproved by ordinary rituals.
means. Community of Believers - belief in God is
Religious Rituals - the prescribed order of something that is not just personal but also
performing a ceremony, especially one something that is shared among those who
characteristic of a particular religion or church. believe. People gather to share their
It includes processions, chants, prayers, experiences on how God has touch each one’s
sacraments, reading the Scripture and the like. life.

The Separation of Church and State in the Philippines

“The separation of the Church and the State shall be inviolable.”(Art.II, Sec. 6, 1987 Philippine
Constitution). This is the constitutional provision intended to prevent the Church from meddling
in the affairs of the Philippine government, and vice-versa. Simply put, inviolable means MUST
NOT BE VIOLATED.

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The right of a man to worship “No law shall be made respecting an establishment of
God in his own view is guaranteed religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free
by the Bill of Rights under Article exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
III, Section 5 of the 1987 without discrimination or preference, shall forever be
Constitution of the Philippines allowed. No religious test shall be requires for the exercise
which states that: of civil or political rights.”

SOCIAL INEQUALITY GENDER STEREOTYPES

the existence of unequal opportunities and simplistic generalizations about the gender
rewards for different social positions or attributes, differences, and roles of individuals
statuses within a group or society. It includes and/or groups. Stereotypes can be positive or
unequal access to a variety of social ‘goods’, negative, but they rarely communicate
such as the labor market and other sources of accurate information about others. This leads
income, the education and healthcare systems, to gender inequality.
and forms of political representation and SEX (MALE AND FEMALE)
participation. biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal
GENDER INEQUALITY profiles, internal and external sex organs.
unequal treatment or perceptions of GENDER
individuals based on their gender. Thus, giving describes the characteristics that a society or
them unequal opportunities. culture delineates as masculine or feminine.

Theories on Inequality

1.Conflict Theory -Dominant process in the
society is conflict -Society is divided into two
groups: masses and elite who exploit them -
Stresses that social inequality and conflict
between the dominant elite and the masses. -
It sees the negative side of the society.
Karl Marx- introduced the idea about class
struggles, and conflict is the main source of
social change.
Charles Wright Mills- introduced the power
elite, a tiny minority government, military
government, and business figures believed to
control the state.

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2. Structural-Functional Theory - Each society must Kinsley Davis and Wilbert Moore -
(a) place individuals in social positions and (b) motivate believed that member of society has
them to work. -Each role has levels of difficulty, and specific roles and responsibilities to
task with higher level of difficulty entails more wealth, take and accomplish, unequal
power and money. -Men have a higher place in social distribution of work among people
stratification because the male dominated culture has enables them to exert more effort
been implanted in the human mind. -A wealthier family toward the accomplishment of
has higher capacity of accomplishing their roles because societal rewards.
of its higher income.

3. Symbolic-Interactional Theory
- Interaction is often consider the question
of how power is exchanged in a situation.
The interaction is perspective on inequality
looks at how certain social roles have more
power or authority than others.
- Micro-interactions all have the ability to
reinforce or undermine power and status
differentials. Thus, social stratification is a
result of these individual interactions.
- The concept of social roles which is one's
position and responsibilities in society, which
are largely determined in modern developed
nations by occupation and family position.
George Herbert Mead - believed that a person
develops self-`awareness and personality only by
interaction through symbols and language.
Max Weber
Social action-a person intends to act in a
way that others expect.
Erving Goffman
Dramaturgical approach – people present
themselves in everyday life in order to
manage impressions they give to others.
Studied non-observance- interactions that
are embarrassing should not be discussed.

SAS #23: Cultural, Social, and Political Change Sources of social, cultural,
and political change

INNOVATION the process of introducing an idea or object that is new to a culture. It is the
creation of better or more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are
readily available to markets, government and society. Innovation may be in the form of new
scientific knowledge, new beliefs, and additional inventions. When applied to technology, new ideas
and concepts can revolutionize how a population behaves in response to their environment

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DIFFUSION ACULTURATION
process by which a cultural item is spread from group process of learning a culture other
to group or society to society. It is a social process one’s own. This process is primarily
through which cultural knowledge, practices, and a result of the interaction between
materials spread from one social system to another. two cultures.
Diffusion involves the process of transferring cultural
traits and concepts from one human group to other. ASSIMILATION
Such a process involves two cultures in contact with one gradual process of culture change
another. A specific cultural trait can be introduced to that allows for the indistinguishable
another culture through facilitating factors such as cultural similarity between two
migration and media. different cultures.

Social contradictions and tensions are two inevitable circumstances among societies that
can be seen in different forms such as issues problems, struggles and conflicts, Conflicts arise
in every society because of certain societal differences or inequalities.
Collective action - any action taken by a certain group who shares common aims and
goals to achieve specific changes or objective that would benefit the members of the group.

The three forms of social tensions are grouped together due to their violent nature in resolving
social issues:
Ethnic Conflict
- ethnic war and is usually
characterized
homogenous cultural groups
having an armed struggle
with each other or with
other social institutions.
Armed Conflicts
- mostly political in nature as nonstate actors clamor for their
by rights that are perceived to be withheld from them by the
state.
Acts of terrorism
- highly political activities that are meant to give a statement
to organizations or states that are believed to have dominant
power over controlled territories or sectors of society

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SAS #24: Getting to know new challenges to human adaptation and social change

GLOBAL WARMING TRANSITIONAL MIGRATION

- gradual increase in the average - process by which individuals from one country
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere migrate to another country for economic, political
and its oceans, a change that is and social reasons. The growth of transnational
permanently changing the Earth's migration has been observed in the past decades as
climate. the world becomes more globalized and technology
CLIMATE CHANGE becomes more complex, allowing for easier transfer.
- change in average weather conditions, OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKER’S (OFW)
or in the time variation of weather - Filipinos who are presently and temporarily out
around longer-term average conditions. of the country to fulfill an overseas work contract
Scientific consensus maintains that it is for a specific length of time or who are presently
due primarily to the human use of fossil at home on vacation but still has an. existing
fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and contract to work abroad.
other greenhouse gases into the air.

TYPES OF MIGRATION
Internal Migration -moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
External Migration - moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.
Emigration - leaving one country to move to another
Immigration - moving into a new country
Impelled Migration - individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of
unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, or religious persecution.

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