Passive transport is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the expenditure

of energy 1. It occurs when substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration, following a concentration gradient 1. Passive transport can occur by diffusion or other
processes 1. Types of passive transport include simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

Bulk transport is a mechanism by which large particles (or large quantities of smaller particles) are
moved across the cell membrane 1. These mechanisms involve enclosing the substances to be
transported in their own small globes of membrane, which can then bud from or fuse with the
membrane to move the substance across 1. Bulk transport is of two types, depending on the
direction of transport: endocytosis and exocytosis 2. Endocytosis is the movement of molecules
from the outer environment to a cell’s cytoplasm while exocytosis is the movement of molecules
from a cell’s cytoplasm to the outer environment 2.
Active transport is a process that involves the movement of molecules from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration against a gradient or an obstacle with the use of
external energy 1. This process requires energy and membrane proteins, such as carrier proteins