Article II, Section 14
Sex-Role Stereotype – the roles that men and
1. Double Burden and Second Shift was coined
by Arlie Hochschild
2. Pay Gap
3. Glass Ceiling – Marilyn Loen
4. Some Cultural Practices
Sex – in the biological sense, is a category for
living beings specifically related to their
reproductive functions. Most living creatures
have two sexes – the male and the female.
Gender – a socially learned behavior usually
associated with one's sex. Based on how people
see themselves and their tendency to act along
a masculine or feminine line.
Gender Role Socialization – the process of
learning and internalizing culturally approved
ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Types of Gender Roles Socialization:
1. External Regulation – involves various
institutions (family, society, church, State, etc.)
dictating what is proper and standard based on
one's identity.
2. Internal Regulation/ Internalized Social
Control – a person polices themself according to
society's standards and norms.
Gender Stereotypes develop when different
institutions reinforce a biased perception of a
specific gender's role.
Types of Gender Stereotypes:
1. Sex Stereotype – a generalized view of traits
that should be possessed by men and women,
specifically physical and emotional roles.
2. Sexual Stereotype – assumptions regarding a
person's sexuality that reinforces dominant
views.
Heteronormativity – the assumption that all
persons are only attracted to the sex opposite
theirs.
3.
women are assigned based on their sex and
what behaviors they must possess to fulfill
these roles.
4. Compounded Stereotype – assumptions
about a specific group belonging to a gender
and vice versa. Example: lady guard, older men,
young women, etc.
SOGIE – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
and Expression
1. Sexual Orientation – covers three dimensions
of human sexuality. It involves whom one is
attracted to and how one identifies themself
with this attraction, which includes romantic
and sexual feelings.
i) Sexual attraction, behavior, and fantasies
ii) Emotional and social preference; self-
identification
iii) Heterosexual and Homosexual lifestyle
2. Gender Identity – refers to one's personal
experience of gender or social relations.
3. Gender Expression – determines how one
expresses their sexuality through the actions or
manner of presenting oneself.
LGBTQIA – an initialism movement meaning:
✅Lesbians – women attracted to women
✅Gays – men attracted to men
✅Bisexuals – people who are attracted to
either sex
✅Transgenders – people who are transitioning
✅Queer/Questioning – people who are not yet
sure
✅ Intersex- people are born with sex
characteristics (including genitals, gonads, and
chromosome patterns ) that do not fit typical
binary notions of male or female bodies;
Intersex is an umbrella term used to describe a
wide variety of natural bodily variations.
✅Asexual – people who have no sexual feelings
Gender Equality – the recognition of the State
(government) that all human beings are free to
enjoy equal conditions and fulfill their human
potential to contribute to the State and society.
Genderbread man – Sam Killerman
Culture - the system of symbols that allow
people to give meaning to experience. It is
malleable and adaptable – meaning, culture
can change.
Microaggression – hostile, derogatory, or
negative racial slights and insults that can cause
potentially harmful or unpleasant psychological
impacts on the target person/group.
Women’s Ways of Knowing
Women and Silence
Received Knowledge: Listening to the voice of
others
Subjective Knowledge: The inner voice and the
quest for self
Procedural Knowledge: Voice of reason and
separate and connected knowing
Constructed Knowledge: Integrating the voices
Language is a primary symbol for
communication and for how humans
understand and participate in the world
Language defines men and women differently as
seen in common adjectives (his, him, she, her,
etc.) associated with these genders.
Violation of Gender-Fair Language
Sexist Language
Invisibilization of Women
Trivialization of Women
Identities and Naming Things
GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women
for Reforms, Integrity, Leadership, and Action)
Women: A Sectoral Situationer
The Beijing Platform for Action (BPA) has
provided 12 sectors where women are generally
oppressed.
A. Women and the Economy: Women and Work
• Work is often understood as a form of
livelihood.
• Women have specific labor issues related to
their gender.
• Fewer women are represented in the labor
force than men (since women are "expected" to
stay home and care for their children).
• There is a pay gap also; women have an
average of two more hours of work than men
per day due to their productive work at home.
B. Women and Education
• Gender parity (equality) has been achieved in
primary education in the Philippines.
• In places with gender disparity, women are at
a higher risk of discrimination.
• Inequality increases at higher levels of
education, though there is an increase in female
participation in tertiary levels.
• Women are still underrepresented in STEM.
C. Women and Health
• Pregnancy and pregnancy are still the main
health concerns for women aged 15-29, and
HIV/AIDS aggravates it.
• Women's life expectancy, on average, is longer
than men's.
D. Expanded: Violence Against Women and their
Children (VAWC) of 2004
One in three women has experienced some
form of VAW in her life; of these, one in five has
experienced attempted rape, and half of these
victims are girls 16 and below.
30% of women's first sexual encounter was
forced or non-consensual.
Culture-specific violence like bride burning,
child brides, and female genital mutilation is still
practiced in some parts of the world.
E. Women and Armed Conflict
• Rape and sexual violence are seen as war
tactics to instill fear among communities (e.g.,
Boko Haram, ISIS).
• Women in armed conflict areas are prone to
harassment or forced to enter forced domestic
servitude, and most cases remain unreported
due to the fear of the stigma attached to it.
• Chapter 4 of the Philippines' Magna Carta for
Women: "all women shall be protected from all
forms of violence as provided in existing laws."
F. Women in Power and Politics
• Globally, women compose only 22% of all
parliaments/congresses.
• 143 out of 195 countries have constitutional
provisions to ensure gender equality.
• Women in the Philippines still constitute less
than half of the elected.
G. Institutional Mechanisms and the Human
Rights of Women
• The Magna Carta for Women is considered the
"comprehensive bill of rights for Filipino
women." This is a powerful mechanism that
enforces gender equality in the country, and it
has three tracks:
1. Issuance of administrative memorandum
circulars for all Three Branches of the
Government.
2. Issuance of guidelines to enhance the
capacity of agencies in gender planning.
3. Legislative review to amend discriminatory
provisions.
H. Discrimination Against Girl-Children
• Girl children are more susceptible to harmful
practices like female infanticide (killing baby
girls) and sex-selective abortion.
• Since many cultures value baby boys more
than girls, people in poorer countries tend to
give more food to boys, leaving girls at risk of
malnutrition.
• Female circumcisions are still prevalent in
some cultures.
• Teenage pregnancies are still prevalent due to
a lack of access to sex education, family
planning seminars, and contraceptives.
I. Women and the Environment
• Women are more susceptible to having less
access to clean water, sanitation, and energy;
also, women have more risk of exposure to
natural disasters.
• Poor women are forced to walk for 20 minutes
to one hour to get water and firewood for their
families (ex. Sub-Saharan Africa), most times a
day.
J. Women and Disasters
• Women are more vulnerable to disasters,
which are increased by the resulting poverty
incidence and migration.
K. Women in Indigenous Communities
• Women members of Indigenous Peoples (IPs)
have little to no access to government services
like health, education, and housing, due to their
location outside cities. This forces them to go to
the cities in search of better conditions, where
they are exploited.
L. Filipino Women in Other Sectors
• Women living in ARMM (now BARMM) are
affected by the decades-long armed conflict.
Humanities came from the Latin word Basic Assumptions of the Art
humanous meaning refined, cultured, and
Art has been created by all people at all times
human.
“Art is not Nature, Nature is not art”
Humanities are the expression of man’s feelings
and thoughts Art Appreciation as a way of life – Jean Paul
Sarte
Importance of Humanities
Art as a Product of Imagination, Imagination as
1. Man needs an image of himself
a Product of Art – Albert Einstein
2. Understanding of his nature
Art as Expression – Robin George Collingwood
3. Necessary for the development of a complete
Aristotle claimed that every particular substance
social man
in the world has an end or telos in Greek, which
4. Provides man with a measure of his own translates to purpose
passion & desire

5. Regulate man’s behaviour

Functions of Arts
Art – comes from the Aryan root word AR which
1. Personal Functions of Arts
means to put together.
2. Social Functions of Arts
Ars (Latin Word) which means skills/ability
3. Physical Functions of Arts

Subject: a landscape painting, a young woman

Division of the Art
sculpture, or a cat lithograph. 
1. Visual
Form (or design) is the visual organization of the
2. Auditory artwork -how the artist has used line, shape,
value, color, etc. 
3. Combined
Content is the impact or meaning of this work.
Purpose of the Arts
Types of Subject
1. Create beauty
1. Representational Art
2. Provide decoration
2. Non-representational Art
3. Art is a lie that tells the truth – Pablo Picasso
(1923) 3. Abstract Art

4. Immortalize Content in Art

5. Express religious values 1. Factual Meaning

6. Record and commemorate an experience 2. Conventional Meaning

7. Create order and harmony 3. Subjective Meaning

Why Study Rizal? A hero is…

1. Mandated by Law Life and Works of Rizal

2. Lessons within the course 1. An admirable leader

2. Serves a noble cause

Sen. Claro M. Recto filed Rizal Bill 3. Exceptional talent

He was opposed by the catholic church 4. Distinguished valor

On May 12, 1956, Jose P Laurel accommodated 5. Determinative influence

the objections of the Catholic Church

On June 12, 1965, the Philippine legislature

Characteristics to be examined (NHC)
approved the bill as Republic Act 1425.
1. The extent of the person’s sacrifice for the
Rizal Bill was signed by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay
welfare of the country

2. Motives and methods employed in the

Concept of a Hero attainment of ideal

Heracles – Hero (Ancient Greece) 3. The moral character of a person

Hera’s Glory – Athenian Theseus 4. The influence of the person in his era

Hero’s Characteristics: According to Dr. Corpuz, Heroes have a concept

of a nation and also think of the future.
1. They perform outstanding deeds

2. They risked their very lives for the sake of

others. “Stand for what is right even if you stand alone”

3. They were all victims. Patriotism – is a devotion to one’s country for

no other reason than being a citizen.
National Heroes Commission of 1965
Nationalism – is a devotion of love for one’s
1. Heroes are human beings
country
2. They are made, not born

3. A product of his time

Napoleon Kheil
4. Are not born saints
Prof. Blumentritt – Malayan
5. Face challenges with an extraordinary
Rabindranath Tagore
response

6. Responded to the call of the times

7. Their frailties might surface