CHAPTER -1

ABOUT THE COMPANY

Indian Tech Keys is an Indian startup that provides services like; Printed Circuit Board(PCBs)
design and fabrication, 3-D printing services, Embedded product development, industry
interaction programs, hands-on sessions or workshops, E-store supply and innovation labs. It
is headquartered in Baiyappanahalli extension road, near swami vivekananda road metro,
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560038. It was started in the year 2016 and is growing till date. There
are two major departments or wings in the company: R&D(Research and Development) in
the field of industrial automation and smart city products and also has Service Sector (SS) in
which the team is involved in providing the technical support for small scale industries along
with educational institutions and different universities in Karnataka.

HISTORY:

Indian Tech Keys came up with an intention to make the students dear to technology. They
take students on a one-toone strategy and students will be disclosed to various technologies
used in the real time apart from syllabus. It will help them bring up their hidden passion and
decide their career. Hands on practice technique what the team uses, will develop more
interest among the students and they will be more excited to know things as they will inspect
the results of what they have done by themselves.The company believes that all complicated
engineering theory concepts can be converted into practical modules by following some
innovative steps. Hence they started with PCB designing, Embedded system training,
Embedded programming and robotics training. Through their well structured sessions,
workshops and other practical sessions, they help students to understand current leading
technology which will help students to implement their innovative ideas. Their sessions are
planned to help students open-up their mind and begin to look at engineering in a much
broader perspective. Over a period of time, the company has started to provide technical
support to the industry.

Page 1
CHAPTER-2

OBJECTIVE OF INTERSHIP

 Indian Tech Keys mainly focuses on providing hands-on experience to students of

graduation and post-graduation cadre.
 The company’s motive is to bridge the gap between student community and current
technologies by conducting workshops on recent technological advancements like that
of PCB, ARM, Arduino, Robotics, Copters and Android tools.
 The training offered to interns here mainly focuses on the R&D(Research and
Development) side of the product design taken up by the company.
 The training offered by Indian Tech Keys during internship takes place on 2 different
levels. In the first level of training, the facilitators take you through the basics of
product design and fundamentals of Research and Development(R&D).
 The second level being the implementation of the basics to club all the modules and
work on a project to convert it into a product.
 One-to-one session is organized to understand the level of training imparted on each
trainee. On successful understanding of the concepts the interns undergo the next level
of training.
 Indian Tech Keys ensures that suitable trainers as per their technical qualification
train the interns. This ensures that the interns are technically sound to handle the
projects offered efficiently.
 The R&D department concentrates on training interns in both hardware and software.
The hardware being the micro-controllers, sensors, actuators, communication
modules like DTMF, bluetooth etc. The software including Arduino, Keil u-vision etc.

Page 2
CHAPTER-3

SCHEDULE WEEK WISE

WEEKS NUMBER DATE TOPICS

Introduction to
25/08/2022 python and architecture
WEEK 1 TO explanation
03/09/2022

Standalone desktop App

WEEK 2 03/09/2022 Development using Python
TO tool. Establishment of IoT
11/09/2022 connection for Desktop
Application

11/09/2022 Introduction to embedded

WEEK 3 TO system,Driver circuit
19/09/2022 hardware Explanation

19/09/2022 Design PCB design for

WEEK 4 TO embedded system
27/09/2022

Page 3
CHAPTER-4

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING

4.1 introduction

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms.Python
programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java. Programmers
have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language, makes them readable
all the time.Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc. The biggest strength of Python is huge
collection of standard library which can be used for Machine Learning, GUI Applications
(like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc.), Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram,
Dropbox), Image processing (like OpenCV, Pillow), Web scraping (like Scrapy,
BeautifulSoup, Selenium), Test frameworks, Multimedia, Scientific computing.

4.2 History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the
Netherlands.Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C,
C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages. Python is
copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU General Public
License (GPL).Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute,
although Guido van Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.

Page 4
4.3 Python Data types

Python Data Types are used to define the type of a variable. It defines what type of data we
are going to store in a variable. The data stored in memory can be of many types as shown in
the figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Python Data types

Numbers

Number stores numeric values. The integer, float, and complex values belong to a Python
Numbers data-type. Python provides the type() function to know the data-type of the variable.
Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check an object belongs to a particular class.
Python creates Number objects when a number is assigned to a variable.

Python supports three types of numeric data.

 int - Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc. Python
has no restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int.
 Float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is
accurate upto 15 decimal points.

Page 5
  complex - A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y
denote the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0
+ 2.3j, etc.

Example:

a=5

print("The type of a", type(a))

b = 40.5

print("The type of b", type(b))

c = 1+3j

print("The type of c", type(c))

print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))

Dictionary

Dictionary is an unordered set of a key-value pair of items. It is like an associative array or a

hash table where each key stores a specific value. Key can hold any primitive data type,
whereas value is an arbitrary Python object.

The items in the dictionary are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed in the curly braces
{}.

Example:

d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'}

print (d)

print("1st name is "+d[1])

print("2nd name is "+ d[4])

print (d.keys())

print (d.values())

Page 6
Boolean

Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. These values are used to determine
the given statement true or false. It denotes by the class bool. True can be represented by any
non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F'.

Example:

print(type(True))

print(type(False))

print(false)

Set

Python Set is the unordered collection of the data type. It is iterable, mutable(can modify after
creation), and has unique elements. In set, the order of the elements is undefined; it may return
the changed sequence of the element. The set is created by using a built-in function set(), or
a sequence of elements is passed in the curly braces and separated by the comma. It can
contain various types of values.

Example:

set1 = set()

set2 = {'James', 2, 3,'Python'}

print(set2)

set2.add(10)

print(set2)

set2.remove(2)

print(set2)

Page 7
Sequence type

String

The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks.
In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

Example:

str = "string using double quotes"

print(str)

s = '''''A multiline

string'''

print(s)

List

Python Lists are similar to arrays in C. However, the list can contain data of different types.
The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets
[].

Example:

list1 = [1, "hi", "Python", 2]

print(type(list1))

print (list1)

print (list1[3:])

print (list1[0:2])

print (list1 + list1)

print (list1 * 3)

Tuple

Page 8
A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the collection of the
items of different data types. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and
enclosed in parentheses ().

Example:

tup = ("hi", "Python", 2)

print (type(tup))

print (tup)

print (tup[1:])

print (tup[0:1])

print (tup + tup)

print (tup * 3)

t[2] = "hi"

Page 9
CHAPTER-5

INTRODUCTION TO IoT

5.1 What is IoT?

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called “things” that allows
these objects to collect and exchange data. The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity
from standard devices like computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.

IoT makes virtually everything “smart,” by improving aspects of our life with the power of
data collection, AI algorithm, and networks. The thing in IoT can also be a person with a
diabetes monitor implant, an animal with tracking devices, etc. This IoT tutorial for beginners
covers all the Basics of IoT.

5.2 How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire
from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an
IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information
they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices for instance, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data

5.3 MIT APP INVENTOR+FIREBASE

It is time to look at Firebase, the hosted real-time database in the cloud from
Google.

Firebase Setup:

The first step for us is to setup the Firebase database in the cloud. The
instructions are given below:

 Visit Firebase Console or http://console.firebase.google.com/ and login

with your Google account.

Page 10
 You will see the welcome screen with two buttons.
 Click on Create New Project button or Add Project button.
 This will bring up the Create a project screen as shown below Figure 5.1

 Write the Project name, select a Country/region where you would like your
database to be hosted.
 Click on Create Project.

Page 11
 Now new project is ready.
 Click on the Database link on the left. This will show up Realtime Database
details as shown below figure 5.2.

 Click on the Create database, then follow up the security rules.

Page 12
 Please note down your database URL as highlighted in the screen above.
Android application that we shall be writing in App Inventor will be using this
unique URL as our backend database.
 Click on the Rules tab. You will notice that it has the following rules by default
as shown below:

 We are going to do is open up access to this Firebase database to allow us to

both read and write, to do that start editing the text as shown below:

• Click on Publish. This will publish(associate) the rules with your database. It
also indicates clearly that we have defined our database to access for read and
write. Just dismiss this note.

Page 13
  Now we have a Firebase database in the cloud, all ready for read and write. Now,
all we need is to write this to our Android application.
 Enter App Inventor 2 now for completing our Android application.

5.4 APP BUILDING TO DISPLAY AND TO STORE THE NAME IN

FIREBASE:

Designer Window

 The Firebase DB is a Non-visible component which is available underthe

Experimental section of the Palette.

Page 14
  Enter the copied URL in the Firebase URL property and deselect the Default
value.
 Project Bucket name is the one where you are going to store all the data.

Block Window

These are the blocks to store and fetch all the details from Database.

Now try running the code, Go to the Firebase Console again and see the database
section. A sample run is shown below :

Page 15
CHAPTER-6

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

As part of the internship training, there was training provided on the following
technologies and tools:

6.1 Embedded systems

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either
non-programmable or programmable, that is designed for a specific function within a
larger system. Industrial machines, agricultural and process industry devices,
automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending
machines and toys as well as mobile devices are all possible locations for an embedded
system.

What exactly is an embedded system?

The electronic system which integrates the hardware circuitry with the software
programming techniques for providing project solutions is called as embedded systems.
By using this embedded system technology, the complexity of the circuits can be
reduced to a greater extent which further reduces the cost and size. Embedded system
was primarily developed by Charles Stark for reducing the size and weight of the project
circuitry as shown in the figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Embedded system

6.2 Embedded Systems Design

An embedded system is basically an electronic system that can be programmed or non-
programmed to operate, organize, and perform single or multiple tasks based on the
application. In the real time embedded systems as shown in the figure 6.2, all the

Page 16
assembled units work together based on the program or set of rules or code embedded
into the microcontroller. But, by using this microcontroller programming techniques
only a limited range of problems can be solved.

Figure 6.2 Embedded System Design

6.3 Embedded Systems Hardware

Every electronic system consists of hardware circuitry, similarly, embedded system
consists of hardware such as power supply kit, central processing unit, memory devices,
timers, output circuits, serial communication ports, and system application specific
circuit component & circuits. The below figure 6.3 shows the embedded system
hardware.

Figure 6.3 Embedded Systems Hardware

6.4 Arduino
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and

Page 17
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense
and control objects in the physical world. There are different kinds of Arduino boards
such as Arduino Uno, Red board, Arduino pro, Arduino Mini, Arduino Pro Mini,
Arduino Fio, Lilypad, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega and Arduino Due as shown in
figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4 Arduino

6.5 Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328P released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the Arduino
Uno board in a smaller form factor.

The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in a DIP30-like configuration,
which can be programmed using the Arduino Software integrated development
environment (IDE), which is common to all Arduino boards and running both online
and offline. The board can be powered through a type-B mini-USB cable Arduino Nano
Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6 Power Pins. It comes
with an operating voltage of 5V, however, the input voltage can vary from 7 to

12V. Arduino Nano’s maximum current rating is 40mA, so the load attached to its pins
shouldn’t draw current more than that. There is one limitation of using Arduino Nano
i.e. it doesn’t come with a DC power jack, which means you cannot supply an external
power source through a battery. The figure 6.5 shows Arduino nano.

Figure 6.5 Arduino Nano

Page 18
6.6 Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W

Figure 6.6 Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W.

Above Figure 6.6 is Raspberry Pi Zero 2W having RP3A0, a custom-built system-in-

package designed by Raspberry Pi in the UK. With a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-
A53 processor clocked at 1GHz and 512MB of SDRAM, zero 2 is up to five times as
fast as the original Raspberry Pi Zero. As for heat dissipation concern, zero 2 W uses
thick internal copper layers to conduct heat away from the processor, sustaining higher
performance without higher temperature. We have used it to interface it with a camera
in order to detect drowsiness. The board has a micro-SD card slot, a CSI-2 camera
connector, a USB On-The-Go (OTG)port, and an unpopulated footprint for a HAT-
compatible 40-pin GPIO header. It is powered via a micro-USB socket. Video output is
via a mini-HDMI port; composite video output can easily be made available via test
points if needed. Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W offers 2.4GHz 802.11 b/g/n wireless LAN and
Bluetooth 4.2, along with support for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and modular
compliance certification.

6.7 LDR (Light Dependent Resistors)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is also called a photoresistor or a cadmium sulphide
(CdS) cell. It is also called a photoconductor. It is basically a photocell that works on
the principle of photoconductivity. The passive component is basically a resistor whose
resistance value decreases when the intensity of light decreases. This optoelectronic
device is mostly used in light varying sensor circuit, and light and dark activated
switching circuits. Some of its applications include camera light meters, street lights,
clock radios, light beam alarms, reflective smoke alarms, and outdoor clocks. Figure
6.7(a) shows the LDR.

Page 19
 Figure 6.7(a) LDR

LDR Structure and Working:

The snake like track shown is the Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) film in figure 6.7(b), which
also passes through the sides. On the top and bottom are metal films which are
connected to the terminal leads. It is designed in such a way as to provide maximum
possible contact area with the two metal films. The structure is housed in a clear plastic
or resin case, to provide free access to external light. The main component for the
construction of LDR is cadmium sulphide (CdS), which is used as the photoconductor
and contains no or very few electrons when not illuminated. In the absence of light it is
designed to have a high resistance in the range of megaohms. As soon as light falls on
the sensor, the electrons are liberated and the conductivity of the material increases.
When the light intensity exceeds a certain frequency, the photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give band electrons the energy required to jump into the conduction
band. This causes the free electrons or holes to conduct electricity and thus dropping
the resistance dramatically.

Figure 6.7(b) LDR working

Page 20
6.8 PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR(PIR)
A Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared
(IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-
based motion detectors. The figure 6.8 shows PIR.

The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or
radiate energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation
emitted by or reflected from objects. They do not detect or measure heat. PIRs are
basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation or
which generate energy when exposed to heat and the other is a Fresnel lenses which can
widen the range of the sensor. Along with the pyroelectric sensor is a bunch of
supporting circuitry, resistors and capacitors and BISS0001 ("Micro Power PIR Motion
Detector IC), this chip takes the output of the sensor and does some minor processing
on it to emit a digital output pulse from the analog sensor.

Figure 6.8 PIR

6.9 GAS SENSOR

A Gas detector/Gas sensor is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often
as part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or other
emissions and can interface with a control system so a process can be automatically
shut down. The Grove – Gas Sensor (MQ5) module as shown in figure 6.9 is useful for
gas leakage detection (in home and industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4,
CO, Alcohol. Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurements can be
taken as soon as possible.

Page 21
 Figure 6.9 Gas Sensor

6.10 RGB LED

The RGB LED can emit different colors by mixing the 3 basic colors red, green and
blue. So, it actually consists of 3 separate LEDs red, green and blue packed in a single
case. RGB LEDs have 4 pins which can be distinguished by their length. The longest
one is the ground (-) or voltage (+) depending if it is a common cathode or common
anode LED, respectively. The other three legs correspond to red, green, and blue, as
shown in the figure 6.10.

Figure 6.10 RGB led

6.11 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. The
figure 6.11 shows a very commonly used piezo buzzer also called piezo transducer
operating at DC voltage. A buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it
to power and GND. Inside is a piezo element which consists of a central ceramic disc

Page 22
surrounded by a metal, often bronze, vibration disc. When current is applied to the
buzzer it causes the ceramic disc to expand. This then causes the surrounding disc to
vibrate. That’s the sound we hear. By changing the frequency of the buzzer the speed
of the vibration changes, which changes the pitch of resulting sound.

Figure 6.11 Buzzer

Figure 6.11 buzzer

Page 23
CHAPTER-7

INTRODUCTION TO PCB

7.1 what is PCB?

A printed circuit board is a rigid structure that contains electrical circuitry made up
of embedded metal wires called traces, and larger areas of metal called planes. Electronic
components are soldered to the top, bottom, or both layers of the board onto metal pads. These
pads are connected to the board circuitry allowing the components to be interconnected
together. The board may be composed of either a single layer of circuitry, circuitry on the top
and bottom, or of multiple layers of circuitry stacked together.

Circuit boards are built with a dielectric core material with poor electrical conducting
properties to make the circuitry transmission as pure as possible, and then interspaced with
additional layers of metal and dielectric as needed. The standard dielectric material used for
circuit boards is a flame resistant composite of woven fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin known
as FR-4, while the metal traces and planes for the circuitry are usually composed of
copper.\Printed circuit boards are used for a variety of purposes and the PCB as shown in
figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1 PCB

Page 24
7.2 PCB characteristics

Through Hole Technology:

Earlier PCBs were made using through hole technology where electronic components were
mounted with leads inserted through hole and were soldered on the other side of the board as
shown in figure 7.2.1

 Based on requirements, boards can be single sided or more advanced double sided
with components placed on both side of the boards.
 Through hole parts can be installed horizontally with two leads that are bend at 90
degree. Insert the parts in the board, solder the leads and trim off the ends.

Figure 7.2.1 Through Hole Technology

Surface Mount Technology: Surface mount technology was came into play in 1960s and
became commonly used in 1990s. The figure 7.2.2 shows surface mount technology.

 Instead of using wire leads to pass through the hole, components came
with small end caps that were soldered into the PCB surface.
 Components placement on both sides of the PCB was the common choice than
through hole technology, providing a much larger circuit density with relative
smaller PCB assembly.
 Surface mount components are 10 times smaller than through hole components,
making them an ideal choice for most of the applications.

Page 25
 Figure 7.2.2 Surface Mount Technology

7.3 Terminologies in PCB

1. PADS: A pad is the exposed region of metal on a circuit board that the component lead is
to be soldered.

2. TRACKS: A Track on a PCB is a conductive path or the running path of copper that runs
all over the circuit board, they act as a connection between two points on the PCB.

3. SOLDER MASK: Solder mask, solder stop mask or solder resist is a thin lacquer-like layer
of polymer that is usually applied to the copper traces of a printed circuit board for protection
against oxidation and to prevent solder bridges from forming between closely spaced solder
pads.

4. SILK SCREEN: Silkscreen is usually white and human readable letters, normally used to
identify components, test points, PCB and PCBA part numbers, warning symbols, company
logos, date codes and manufacturer marks.

5. PLATED HOLE: The most common embedded component in a printed circuit board (PCB)
is a plated through hole (PTH), which serves as a conductive conduit from one layer of the
board to another. They are created by drilling a hole in the board and plating the inside with
a conductive material, usually copper.

6. LAYER STACK-UP: A stack-up is the arrangement of layers of copper and insulators that
make up a PCB before designing the final layout of the board.

7. IAS: A Via is an electrical connection between copper layers in a printed circuit board.

 Through Hole Via: This is the type of via that is used most often in a circuit board.
The holes are drilled all the way through the board with a mechanical drill bit and can
get down to 6 mils in size.

Page 26
  Blind Via: A Blind Via connects an outer layer to one or more inner layers but does
not go through the entire board.
 Buried Via: A Buried Via connects two or more inner layers but does not go through
to an outer layer.

7.4 PCB Design Process

Figure 7.4 PCB Design Process

1. Schematic Capture : One of the first steps is always creating a schematic, which refers to
the design at the electrical level of the board’s purpose and function. At this point, it’s not yet
a mechanical representation as shown in the above figure 7.4.

2. Place Components : In many cases, the customer and PCB provider will discuss design and
layout guidelines when it comes to the placement of components. For example, there may be
standards indicating that certain components cannot be placed near others because they create
electrical noise in the circuit. The PCB provider will have data sheets on every component (in
most cases these are connectors), which will then be placed in the mechanical layout and sent
to the customer for approval.

3. Route Traces : After you’ve placed the components and drill holes, you’re ready to route
the traces, which means connecting segments of the path.

Page 27
4. Generates Gerber file : This is the final step in the layout process. These files contain all
the information pertaining to your printed circuit board, and once they have been generated,
your PCB is now ready for fabrication and manufacturing and assembly.

5. Fabrication : PCB fabrication is the process or procedure that transforms a circuit board
design into a physical structure based upon the specifications provided in the design package.
This physical manifestation is achieved through the following actions or techniques:

 Imaging desired layout on copper clad laminates.

 Etching or removing excess copper from inner layers to reveal traces and pads.
 Creating the PCB layer stack up by laminating (heating and pressing) board materials
at high temperatures.
 Drilling holes for mounting holes, through hole pins and vias.
 Etching or removing excess copper from the surface layer(s) to reveal traces andpads.
Plating pin holes and via holes.
 Adding protective coating to surface or solder masking.
 Silkscreen printing reference and polarity indicators, logos or other markings on the
surface.
 Optionally, a finish may be added to copper areas of surface.

Page 28
CHAPTER-8
CAR PARKING USING ARDUINO
OBJECTIVE
The system automatically detects whether the parking slot is empty or not. If the slot is empty
in the automated car parking the new vehicles are allowed to enter else the entrance is blocked
by the servo barrier in case the parking is full.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

 Arduino UNO
 Two IR Sensors
 Servo motor
 Jumper wires and a bread board
 16X2 LCD and an 12C module
 USB cable for uploading the code

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Page 29
HARDWARE REQUIRED

ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010.
The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output pins that may be interfaced
to various expansion boards and other circuit as shown in the figure 8.1 below.

Figure 8.1 Arduino UNO

IR SENSORS

The IR sensor or infrared sensor is one kind of electronic component, used to detect specific
characteristics in its surroundings through emitting or detecting IR radiation. These sensors
can also be used to detect or measure the heat of a target and its motion. In many electronic
devices, the IR sensor circuit is a very essential module. This kind of sensor is similar to
human’s visionary senses to detect obstacles as shown in the figure 8.2.

Figure 8.2 IR Sensor

Page 30
SERVO MOTOR

A servo motor is a type of motor that can rotate with great precision. Normally this type of
motor consists of a control circuit that provides feedback on the current position of the motor
shaft, as shown in the figure 8.3 this feedback allows the servo motors to rotate with great
precision. If you want to rotate an object at some specific angles or distance, then you use a
servo motor. It is just made up of a simple motor which runs through a servo mechanism. If
motor is powered by a DC power supply then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC-
powered motor then it is called AC servo motor.

Figure 8.3 Servo motor

JUMPER WIRE

Jumper wire is an electrical wire , or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each
end , which is normally used to interconnect the components of breadboard or other prototype
or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering as shown
in the figure 8.4

Figure 8.4 jumper wire

LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is a combination
of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible
image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display screens that are generally

Page 31
used in laptop computer screens, TVs, cell phones, and portable video games. LCD’s
technologies allow displays to be much thinner when compared to cathode ray tube (CRT)
technology as shown in the figure 8.5.

Figure 8.5 LCD Display

Page 32
 CODE
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo1;
int IR1 = 4; // IR Sensor 1
int IR2 = 7; // IR Sensor 2
int Slot = 4; //Enter Total number of parking Slots
int flag1 = 0;
int flag2 = 0;
void setup()
{
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
pinMode(IR1, INPUT);
pinMode(IR2, INPUT);
myservo1.attach(9);
myservo1.write(100);
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" ARDUINO ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print(" PARKING SYSTEM ");
delay (2000);
lcd.clear();
}
void loop(){
if(digitalRead (IR1) == LOW && flag1==0){
if(Slot>0){flag1=1;
if(flag2==0){myservo1.write(0); Slot = Slot-1;}
}else{
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" SORRY :( ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print(" Parking Full ");

Page 33
delay (3000);
lcd.clear();
}
}
if(digitalRead (IR2) == LOW && flag2==0){flag2=1;
if(flag1==0){myservo1.write(0); Slot = Slot+1;}
}
if(flag1==1 && flag2==1){
delay (1000);
myservo1.write(100);
flag1=0, flag2=0;
}
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" WELCOME! ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print("Slot Left: ");
lcd.print(Slot);
}

Page 34
 RESULT

Figure 8.6 car parking using Arduino

It detects the empty slots and helps the drivers to find parking space in unfamiliar city. The
average waiting time of users for parking their vehicles is effectively reduced in this system
as shown in the above figure 8.6 . It effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing
car. It also eliminates unnecessary travelling of vehicles across the filled parking slots in a
city.

Page 35
CHAPTER-9
REFLECTION
I started to intern as an Entry Level Trainee at Indian Tech Keys. I kicked off the internship
with training in embedded systems where I learnt languages like EmbeddedC and
programming in arduino software.

TECHNICAL:
Since I was a trainee at Indian Tech Keys , I was initially exposed to technologies like
embedded systems and related concepts Dealing . Training sessions taught me patience and
polished my skills to deliver. My job at Indian Tech Keys was to learn to build applications
and products that demonstrated idea-to-product strategy. I learnt in detail about embedded
systems and modules that can be interfaced to make projects. Boards used for embedded
system applications are Arduino (family), Rasberry Pi etc. All this knowledge is definitely a
plus for our career, we will be more valuable on the job market. Embedded system knowledge
is high in demand in the core companies job market: companies are looking for these specific
skills, all over the world. Being having skills on embedded systems and PCBs will help our
resume to stand out and maybe land into a better position. The hands-on work experience I
received is invaluable and cannot be obtained in a classroom setting, making this one of the
most important benefits of the internship. Interns have the opportunity to apply acquired
knowledge to real work experiences, witnessing firsthand the day-to-day job duties they can
expect to encounter in their chosen field. In addition to learning the specialized skills of a
particular field, transferable skills such as communication, teamwork, and computer
proficiency are also obtained in an internship, fully preparing interns to enter the workforce
upon graduation.

NON TECHNICAL:

You can learn a lot about your strengths and weaknesses during an internship. Internships
allow for feedback from supervisors and others who are established in the field, and offer a
unique learning opportunity.

Internships allow us to test out specific techniques learned in the classroom before entering
the working world. It’s an opportunity to apply what we have learned in a safe environment
where mistakes are expected – rather than learn the hard way in our first job out of college.

Page 36
Internships help student master professional soft skills such as communication, punctuality
and time management. These are skills that are key for success at a job and college and are
highly sought after by companies. Many employers complain that there are few candidates
with excellent soft skills. One of the important non-technical skills learned during this period
was time management. Key techniques learnt to become better at time management.

Prioritize: When it felt like we have a million things to do, we made a list of everything
based on the deadline and how important they were. This helped us break down work, and
how much time we should spend on each task. In college, it was easy to fall into the habit of
procrastination, but in the office, things are different. You have deadlines to meet, and
competition to cope up with. The best way to manage this is to work ahead when you can
especially when we knew the learning process would take time. This allowed us time to
understand concepts better, ask questions after going through content and also revise the
modules again. Try to break down your big to-do list into smaller ones: Looking at a giant to-
do list is anxiety inducing, for sure. It’s hard to wrap your head around where to start, if you
don’t have a clear understanding of what needs to be done first. In order to prioritize what
you’ve written down, read through your list, then read through it again We have learnt to take
advantage of the opportunity to do internal networking while we’re at the company, introduce
ourselves to people we don’t know and then ask to learn more about their job over tea. Also,
we learnt to spend time building relationships with our fellow interns. These people may be
our competition right now, but they’re going to be our industry peers one day. By befriending
them now, we may be able to lean on them as our careers develop.

Page 37
CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION
On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. We have gained new knowledge, skills
and met many new people. We achieved several of our learning goals. We got insight into
professional practice currently advocated in the industry. We learnt the different facets of
working within the well-established industry. Related to our study we learnt more about
Embedded systems.

Furthermore, we have experienced that it is of importance that education is objective and that
we have to be aware of the industrial aspects of the topics we studied. This internship program
was not one sided, but it was a way of sharing knowledge, ideas and opinions.

The internship was also good to find out what our strengths and weaknesses are. This helped
us to design what skills and knowledge we have to improve in future. We can confidently
assert that the knowledge we gained through this internship is sufficient to contribute towards
our future endeavors.

Page 38
REFERENCES

1. http://Circuitdigest//.com
2. www.quora.com
3. www.tomshardware.com
4. www.google.com

Page 39
Page 40