1. Why electronic ignition system is preferred over conventional ignition system?

a) The electronic ignition system produces a better spark that is needed to ignite

the leaner fuel.
b) The use of new and improved electronic ignition system has increased the spark
plug life as
c) As it provides lesser deposits and
d) As it provides a much cleaner combustion as compared to the conventional
ignition system.

2. Explain function of Mass air flow sensor.

 It is a device used in automobile engines to help control combustion efficiency.
 The sensor basically tells the engine computer if the car is at the bottom of the
atmosphere or high on a mountain top (or in between) where there is less oxygen.
 The sensor is able to determine this by measuring the rate of cooling for a heated
wire
3. State at least four functions of Gateways in a vehicle network
interconnection.
 One master unit to coordinate the data transfer within the vehicle network
system, To ensure smooth, safe and correct communication between all ECUs.
 Function as a data router that enabler for communication within a vehicle network
system.
 As a central computing unit between vehicle network domains (powertrain, body,
infotainment, etc.).
 Gateway can increased the level of security of an in-vehicle architecture.

4. Explain the importance of vehicle controller networking

5. Describe data transmission methods of can bus.
 CAN
 LIN
 FlexRay
 MOST
How data is transmitted in CAN bus?
 Devices on a CAN bus are called “nodes.”
 Each node consists of a CPU, CAN controller, and a transceiver, which
adapts the signal levels of both data sent and received by the node. 
 All nodes can send and receive data, but not at the same time.
 Nodes cannot send data directly to each other.

How does CAN bus communicate?

 The CAN bus uses two wires for communication - CAN low and CAN high (CANL
and CAN H).

6. Voltage divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its
input voltage (Vin). Drive the expression for Vout in terms of Vin, R1, R2 .

7. Discuss the application of wheat stone bridge

 The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement of low resistance.
 Wheatstone bridge and an operational amplifier are used to measure physical
parameters such as temperature, light, and strain.
 Quantities such as impedance, inductance, and capacitance can be measured using
variations on the Wheatstone bridge.
Application of WTB Include strain gauges, load cells, pressure sensors, relative humidity
sensors, thermistors, and resistance temperature detector (RTD) probes.

8. List examples of analogue and digital sensors

 Light sensors (LDRs),
 sound sensors,
 pressure sensors, and
 analog temperature sensors

Some examples of sensors with analog outputs:

 Microphones.
 Photocells (light sensitive resistors)
 Temperature sensors.
 Force-sensitive resistors.
 Flex sensors.
 Thermistor (temperature sensitive resistor)
 Ultraviolet light sensor.
 Light sensors.

Some examples of the digital sensors are

 The door sensor (magnetic)
 The LED lights
 alarms
  The push button switches etc.
(As digital temperature sensors and digital pressure sensors)

9. Discuss advantage and disadvantages of 2nd and 3rd level integration sensors
An integrated sensor is the core technology of a sensor without the package. It allows
for multiple sensor technologies to be combined or "integrated" into a single plug-and-
play assembly.

10. List and discuss the operation, limitations and advantages if any of three
types of O2 sensors in modern vehicles

What are the 3 types of oxygen sensors?

 Concentration cell (zirconia sensors),
 Oxide semiconductor/titanium dioxide (TiO2 sensors) and
 Electrochemical pumping oxygen sensors (limiting current sensors) are
now available for control of the air—fuel ratio of engines.
What is the operation of oxygen sensor?

 It operates by measuring the difference in oxygen between the exhaust gas

and the external air and
 Generates a voltage or changes its resistance depending on the difference
between the two.
 • The O2 sensor senses whether the air fuel ratio is
richer or leaner than the theoretical air fuel ratio.
• It is a feedback sensor used by the Engine Control
Module (ECM) to perform closed loop control of
engine fueling and, if a post catalytic converter
sensor is present, monitor catalytic converter
function.
• Closed-loop control allows an ECM to maintain an
almost exactly stoichiometric air/fuel mixture but
with small variations between slightly rich and
slightly lean to facilitate 3-way catalytic converter
operation. Typically, an ECM will switch the air/fuel
ratio at a frequency around 1 cycle per second.
The O2 sensor lets the computer know if the fuel mix is
burning rich (not enough oxygen) or lean (too much
oxygen). Knowing the ratio of fuel to air allows your
vehicle's engine to make any necessary changes to
ensure that your car runs like it should.
What are the advantages of O2 sensors?

The O2 sensor lets the computer know if the fuel mix is

burning rich (not enough oxygen) or lean (too much
oxygen). Knowing the ratio of fuel to air allows your
vehicle's engine to make any necessary changes to
ensure that your car runs like it should.
 Limitation of oxygen sensors

 Cause rough idle and loss of engine power

 Moreover, you may also notice poor acceleration, engine misfires, and even
stalling.
 Bad oxygen sensors disrupt all kinds of essential engine functions, including
engine timing, combustion intervals, and air-fuel ratio.
 A bad O2 sensor can affect your engine's performance.

11.List at least six actuators in automobile

The three main types of actuators are
 Pneumatic Actuators.
 Hydraulic Actuators.
 Electric Actuators.
Types are
1) Steering wheel
2) Headrest-Rotational actuators for the automatic adjustment of the headrest.
3) Seats- Here we can find rotational actuators for the lumbar regulation of the seat and
actuators for the automatic regulation of its height and position.
4) Rear view mirrors
5) Sunroofs 
6) Headlights
7) Lid of the gasoline deposit-Electric actuator for opening and closing the lid of the
deposit.
8) Engine block
9) Trunk
12. Discuss how the computer (ECU) increase or decrease fuel injection amount based on the vehicle
operating conditions.

How does the ECU control fuel injection amount?

The fuel injection rate is controlled by an ECU, which calculates the amount of fuel to be
injected based on the signals from the sensor that detects the amount of air intake
and controls the length of time to keep the fuel injection valves (injectors) open.
 What is the role of ECU in fuel injection system?
Fundamentally, the engine ECU controls the injection of the fuel and, in petrol
engines, the timing of the spark to ignite it. It determines the position of the engine's
internals using a Crankshaft Position Sensor so that the injectors and ignition system
are activated at precisely the correct time.

13.What is duty ratio; explain with the help of sketch.

 Is the ratio of time a load or circuit is ON compared to the time the load
or circuit is OFF.
 Duty cycle, sometimes called "duty factor," is expressed as a percentage of
ON time.

14.Discuss the pull-in effect and pull-in voltage of the parallel plate actuators
(Capacitors)
What is the pull-in voltage?
Pull-in voltage is the voltage required for the relay coil to energize and build
enough strength the overcome the spring tension on the contact and pull it
in. In simple terms, activate the relay.
What is pull-in effect?
The pull-in effect is a common phenomenon occurring in magnetostatic actuators,
dielectric elastomer actuators, and electrostatic actuators, which can cause
failure 
15.

16. Why Electrical Conductivity Change with Stress/Strain of piezoresistive

materials? Indicate two reasons.
When an external force or strain is applied to a metal or semiconductor, its electrical
resistance changes,
The electrical resistance change is due to two causes;
 geometry change and
 Conductivity change of the material.
17. List at least five types of diesel fuel system.
The function of the diesel fuel system is to inject a precise
amount of atomized and pressurized fuel into each engine
cylinder at the proper time. Combustion in a diesel engine
occurs when this rush of fuel is mixed with hot compressed air.
(No electrical spark is used in a gasoline engine.)

1) fuel delivery system

2) air induction system, and
3) Electronic control system
4) Fuel tanks
5) Fuel lines
6) Fuel filters
7) Fuel transfer pumps
8) Electronic control system
18. Describe the flow of fuel and signals in a conventional EFI-diesel.
(1) Flow of fuel

 The feed pump inside the pump draws up fuel from the fuel
tank into the pump.
 The fuel is pressurized by the pump and distributed to the
injection nozzle of each cylinder.
 The fuel pressure causes the injection nozzle to open
injecting fuel into the cylinder.
(2) Flow of signal
 The ECU receives signals from various sensors in order to
determine the operating conditions of the engine.
 Then, the ECU sends signals to control the SPV and TCV in
the pump in order to achieve an optimal fuel injection volume
and timing.
HINT: The fuel return circuit from the injection nozzle or
injection pump is not illustrated at left, but the fuel return circuit
is attached to the actual fuel system. 
Actuator
(1) EGR Valve (Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve)
Control the inflow volume of the EGR gases.
(2) SPV (Spill Control Valve)
Controls the fuel injection volume.
(3) TCV (Timing Control Valve)
Controls the fuel injection timing.
19. Describe the flow of fuel and signals in a common rail EFI-diesel.
(1) Flow of fuel and signal in common diesel
 The feed pump in the supply pump draws up the fuel from
the fuel tank. The fuel that has been pressurized by the
supply pump to reach the proper injection pressure is fed
into the common-rail where it is stored. The stored fuel is
distributed via the injection pipes to the injectors of the
cylinders, and when the injectors are operated, the fuel is
injected.
(2) Flow of signal
 The ECU collects information from the sensors and sends
signals to the SCV in order to attain the target fuel pressure.
In addition, the pressure signal from the common-rail is fed
back into the ECU. The ECU sends signals to the EDU to
operate the injectors, the EDU applies the raised voltage to
the injectors, and the injectors inject the fuel.
HINT:
 The fuel return circuit from the injector, supply pump or
common-rail is not illustrated at left, but the fuel return
circuit is attached to the actual fuel system.
 20. Name basic components of electronic control system.

An electronic control system includes sensors, controllers,

output devices such as actuators and relays; final control
elements such as valves and dampers; and indicating,
interfacing, and accessory devices.

What is the function of electronic control system?

The electronic control units (ECU) are designed to provide

supervisory control of electric vehicular system [102].
It is a combination of dedicated system control software and
electronic circuitry that includes interfacing hardware, sensing
circuitry, driver and isolator circuitry, and communication buses.

Examples of such systems include 

 Circulation pumps,
 compressors,
 manufacturing systems,
 refrigeration plant and
 Motor control panels.
 Input devices such as sensors gather and respond to
information and control a physical process by using
electrical energy in the form of an output action.
 21. Describe the closed and open loop operation modes in an
electronic controlled vehicle.
Open Loop
• Open Loop Mode: the electronic fuel injection system does
not use engine exhaust gas content as a main indicator of the
air fuel mixture.
• The ECU will be in open loop mode when:
 starting the engine,
 the engine is cold,
 hard acceleration,
 during fuel cut-off,
 Wide open throttle.
Closed loop:
• If the ECU uses the input from the oxygen sensor to
regulate the fuel mixture is known as a closed feedback
control loop.
• The closed loop works primarily during idle and cruise
operations and makes adjustments to the injection
duration based on signal from the exhaust oxygen
sensor.

22.Discuss the purpose of interfaces in electronic control system and name

some of the interfaces.
Definition- A boundary with a set of mechanisms
that enforces the security policies and controls the flow of
information between interconnected information systems.

Purposes
 Interfacing is the method of connecting or linking together
one device, especially a computer or micro-controller.
  Input interfacing circuits allowing us to design or adapt the
output and input configurations of the two electronic devices
so that they can work together.
 Electronic interfaces are vital for communication between
systems.
 For the access to operations support systems consisting
of pre- ordering, ordering, provisioning, maintenance
and repair and billing functions.

23. Describe SCV, SPV, EDU, Axial-pump, radial pump, and to which
system it belong.

Electronic Driving Unit (EDU)

 The EDU enables the injectors to be actuated at high speeds.
 The EDU has a high-voltage generation device (DC/DC
converter) and supplies high voltage to the injectors to actuate the
injectors at high speed.

Suction Control Valves

• Two types: NO and NC and the ECU controls the duty ratio.
• When the opening of the SCV is small, the fuel suction area
is kept small, which decreases the transferable fuel volume.
• When the opening of the SCV is large, the fuel suction area
is kept large, which increases the transferable fuel volume.
 i.e., with the SCV OFF, the return spring
contracts, completely opening the fuel passage
and supplying fuel to the plungers. (Full quantity
intake and full quantity discharge = normally
open) and vice versa

What is radial and axial flow pumps?

 • Axial Flow: The axial flow impeller discharges fluid
along the shaft axis. For this reason an axial flow pump
is by definition not "centrifugal" in its pumping action.
Radial Flow: The radial flow impeller discharges the
fluid radially at 90° to the shaft axis.

Spill control valve

What is a spill valve? It allows more or less fuel to pass
through the injector pump. Effectively giving us electronic
control over how much fuel is injected. This technology is
found on engines common rail engines.

26. Discuss how fuel injection volume in a diesel EFI is

determined.
The ECU performs the following three functions to
determine the injection volume:
1. Calculation of basic injection volume
2. Calculation of maximum injection volume
3. Comparison of basic injection volume and
maximum injection volume
27. Explain at least four techniques employed on
automobiles to overcome pollutant gases.
 Drive less.
 Drive wise.
 Choose fuel efficient vehicles.
 Don't idle.
 Optimize home deliveries.
 Use efficient lawn and gardening equipment.
28. Explain the three factors that led car manufacturers
to the wide spread of computers in automobiles
engine.
29. Discuss a greenhouse effect?
 The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is
trapped close to Earth's surface by
“greenhouse gases.” These heat-trapping gases
can be thought of as a blanket wrapped around
Earth, keeping the planet toastier than it would be
without them.
 Carbon dioxide and water vapor absorb
infrared radiations coming to the earth and
partly reflect it back to the earth's surface. Due
to this, the surface of the earth gets heated up.
This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect.

30. What is/are controlled in gasoline EFI?

There are two types of EFI system classified by the
amount of the intake air detection method.
1. L-EFI (Air-flow control type)
This type uses an air flow meter to detect the amount of
the air flowing in the intake manifold. There are two
types of detection methods one directly measures the
intake air mass, and one makes corrections based on
the air volume.
2. D-EFI (Manifold pressure control type)
This type measures the pressure in the intake manifold
to detect the amount of the intake air using the intake
air density.
31. Arrange the data transmission buses according to
transmission speed or rate.
What king of physical layer used in each? (CAN, MOST,
LIN, FlexRay).

32. List the fuel metering modes of operation for a vehicle

for all operating conditions.
 The fuel metering unit has two types: normally open and
normally closed.
 It is a proportional solenoid valve. The normally open type
is mainly used in transportation vehicles, while the
normally closed type is often used in passenger vehicles.

33. What do you understand about fuel trim?

Discuss.
 Fuel trim is the adjustment the engine computer
makes to the fuel mixture to maintain a balanced
air/fuel ratio.
 Either the engine is taking away fuel or adding fuel so
the exhaust byproducts, measured by the oxygen
sensor, add up to an efficient operation.

34. Write the four major generations of ignition system in

automotive engines.

35. List at least three limitations of coil ignition system.

Limitations of battery ignition

 Sparking voltage drop at high-speed operation of the
engine, due to the limitation of current switching capability.
...
 Since it requires a heavy battery the whole system is
bulky.
 If the battery runs down (low battery), it fails to operate the
induction coils and the engine cannot start.

36. Write at least four types of digital display technology.

What is digital display technology?

Digital displays are a type of flat panel screen that uses
different technologies to present multimedia content.
The most common types of digital displays are LCD
screens and LED screens. Digital displays cannot do
much without a media player and software.