CHAPTER 1: STRESS

❑ Review of the Concepts in Statics

❑ Stresses in the Members of a Structure
❑ Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
❑ Average Shear Stress
❑ Bearing Stress
❑ Allowable Stress
❑ Design of Simple Connections

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS

After discussing this chapter, the student must be able

to:
• Review some of the important principles of statics and
show how they are used to determine the internal resultant
loadings in a body.
• Understand the concept of normal and shear stress.
• Analyse and design members subjected to an axial load or
direct shear.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS

Review of the Concepts in Statics

Review some of the important principles of statics and show

how they are used to determine the internal resultant
loadings in a body.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
1. External Loads
Surface forces (distributed) and body forces (concentrated).

2. Support Reactions
General rule: If the support prevents translation in a given
direction, then a force must be developed on the member in
that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple
moment must be exerted on the member.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to
prevent the body from translating or having accelerated
motion along a straight or curved path, and a balance of
moments, to prevent the body from rotating. These
conditions can be expressed mathematically by two vector
equations.
෍𝐅 = 𝟎 ;෍𝑴 = 𝟎

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Internal Resultant Loading
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be defined
as follows:
Normal Force, N: acts perpendicular to the area
Shear Force, V: acts parallel to the area and tend to cause the
two segments to slide over one another.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Internal Resultant Loading
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be defined
as follows:
Bending Moment, M: caused by the external loads that tend
to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of the
area.
Torsional moment or torque, T: This effect is developed
when the external loads tend to twist one segment of the body
with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the
area.
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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between
the external loads applied to a body and the stress and strain
caused by the internal loads within the body.
External forces can be applied to a body as distributed or
concentrated surface loadings, or as body forces that act
throughout the volume of the body.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Linear distributed loadings produce a resultant force having a
magnitude equal to the area under the load diagram, and
having a location that passes through the centroid of this
area.
A support produces a force in a particular direction on its
attached member if it prevents translation of the member in
that direction, and it produces a couple moment on the
member if it prevents rotation.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Resultant Internal Loading
The method of sections is used to determine the internal
resultant loadings acting on the surface of the sectioned body.
In general, these resultants consist of a normal force, shear
force, torsional moment, and bending moment.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Resultant Internal Loading
For coplanar loadings, only normal-force, shear-force, and
bending- moment components will exist at the section. For sign
convention,
• positive normal creates tension
• positive shear will cause the segment to rotate
clockwise, and
• positive moment will tend to bend the segment concave
upward (smile)

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Resultant Internal Loading
Example 1:
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section of C of the cantilevered beam shown.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Resultant Internal Loading
Example 2:
Determine the resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross
section at C of the machine
shaft shown. The shaft is
supported by journal bearings at
A and B, which only exert
vertical forces on the shaft.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS

Stresses in the Members of a Structure

Understand the concept of normal and shear stress

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Stresses in the Members of a Structure
Describes the intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane
(area) passing through a point.

While the results obtained in the preceding section represent a first and
necessary step in the analysis of the given structure, they do not tell us
whether the given load can be safely supported.
 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Due to the uniform deformation of the material, it is necessary that the
cross section be subjected to a constant normal stress distribution.
Stress. The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces distributed
over a given section
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Where:
𝛔 = average normal stress
P = internal resultant normal force, which acts through the
centroid of the area. And is determined by method of sections.
A = cross sectional area where 𝛔 is determined.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
When the normal force tends to
stretch the bar, the stress is
called a tensile stress.
When the normal force tends to
compress the bar, the stress is
called a compressive stress.
For sign convention, tensile
stress is defined as positive while
compressive is negative.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars

Because stress represents force per unit area, in the SI

system, the magnitude of stress are specified in the basic unit
of newton (N) per square meter (m2 ).

This unit is called a Pascal (1 Pa = N/ 𝑚2 )

Some engineering works, prefixes are used to represent
larger and more realistic value of stress.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars

k, kilo- (103 ) 1 kPa= 1 x 103 Pa = 1 x 103 N/ m2

M, mega- (106 ) 1 MPa= 1 x 106 Pa = 1 x 106 N/ m2
G, giga- (109 ) 1 GPa= 1 x 109 Pa = 1 x 109 N/ m2

Likewise in English system, stress is usually expressed in

pounds per square inch (psi) or kilo pounds per square inch
(ksi).

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Maximum Average Normal Stress

• Because the cross-sectional area of a bar along the

longitudinal axis is constant all throughout its length base on
the analysis.

• Therefore, in order to get the maximum normal stress, we

must be able to get the maximum internal resultant force
acting on the bar due to the force applied externally.

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Maximum Average Normal Stress
• To do this it is necessary to determine the internal force P at
various sections along the bar. Here it may be helpful to show
this variation by drawing an axial or normal force diagram.
Specifically, this diagram is a plot of the normal force P versus
its position x along the bar’s length.

• As a sign convention, P will be positive if it causes tension in

the member, and negative if it causes compression. Once the
internal loading throughout the bar is known, the maximum
ratio of P/A can then be identified.
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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 2:
The bar in the figure has a constant width of 35mm and a
thickness of 10mm. Determine the maximum average normal
stress in the bar when its is subjected to the loading shown.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in
Axially Loaded Bars
Example 3:
The 80-kg lamp is supported by
two rods AB and BC as shown.
If AB has a diameter of 10 mm
and BC has a diameter of 8
mm, determine the average
normal stress in each rod.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially
Loaded Bars
Example 4:
Member AC shown is subjected to a
vertical force of 3 kN. Determine the
position x of this force so that the
average compressive stress at the
smooth support C is equal to the
average tensile in the tie rod AB.
The rod has a cross-sectional area
of 400 𝑚𝑚2 and the contact area at
C is 650 𝑚𝑚2 . ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 5:
Determine the average normal stress developed on the cross
section.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 6:
Determine the average normal stress developed on the cross
section.

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