CHAPTER 1: STRESS

❑ Review of the Concepts in Statics

❑ Stresses in the Members of a Structure
❑ Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
❑ Average Shear Stress
❑ Bearing Stress
❑ Allowable Stress
❑ Design of Simple Connections

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS

After discussing this chapter, the student must be able

to:
• Review some of the important principles of statics and
show how they are used to determine the internal resultant
loadings in a body.
• Understand the concept of normal and shear stress.
• Analyse and design members subjected to an axial load or
direct shear.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS

Review of the Concepts in Statics

Review some of the important principles of statics and show

how they are used to determine the internal resultant
loadings in a body.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
1. External Loads
Surface forces (distributed) and body forces (concentrated).

2. Support Reactions
General rule: If the support prevents translation in a given
direction, then a force must be developed on the member in
that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple
moment must be exerted on the member.

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Review of the Concepts in Statics

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to
prevent the body from translating or having accelerated
motion along a straight or curved path, and a balance of
moments, to prevent the body from rotating. These
conditions can be expressed mathematically by two vector
equations.
෍𝐅 = 𝟎 ;෍𝑴 = 𝟎

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Internal Resultant Loading
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be defined
as follows:
Normal Force, N: acts perpendicular to the area
Shear Force, V: acts parallel to the area and tend to cause the
two segments to slide over one another.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Internal Resultant Loading
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be defined
as follows:
Bending Moment, M: caused by the external loads that tend
to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of the
area.
Torsional moment or torque, T: This effect is developed
when the external loads tend to twist one segment of the body
with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the
area.
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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between
the external loads applied to a body and the stress and strain
caused by the internal loads within the body.
External forces can be applied to a body as distributed or
concentrated surface loadings, or as body forces that act
throughout the volume of the body.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Review of the Concepts in Statics
Linear distributed loadings produce a resultant force having a
magnitude equal to the area under the load diagram, and
having a location that passes through the centroid of this
area.
A support produces a force in a particular direction on its
attached member if it prevents translation of the member in
that direction, and it produces a couple moment on the
member if it prevents rotation.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Resultant Internal Loading
The method of sections is used to determine the internal
resultant loadings acting on the surface of the sectioned body.
In general, these resultants consist of a normal force, shear
force, torsional moment, and bending moment.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Resultant Internal Loading
For coplanar loadings, only normal-force, shear-force, and
bending- moment components will exist at the section. For sign
convention,
• positive normal creates tension
• positive shear will cause the segment to rotate
clockwise, and
• positive moment will tend to bend the segment concave
upward (smile)

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Resultant Internal Loading
Example 1:
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section of C of the cantilevered beam shown.

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Resultant Internal Loading
Example 2:
Determine the resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross
section at C of the machine
shaft shown. The shaft is
supported by journal bearings at
A and B, which only exert
vertical forces on the shaft.

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Stresses in the Members of a Structure

Understand the concept of normal and shear stress

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Stresses in the Members of a Structure
Describes the intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane
(area) passing through a point.

While the results obtained in the preceding section represent a first and
necessary step in the analysis of the given structure, they do not tell us
whether the given load can be safely supported.
 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Due to the uniform deformation of the material, it is necessary that the
cross section be subjected to a constant normal stress distribution.
Stress. The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces distributed
over a given section
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Where:
𝛔 = average normal stress
P = internal resultant normal force, which acts through the
centroid of the area. And is determined by method of sections.
A = cross sectional area where 𝛔 is determined.

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Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
When the normal force tends to
stretch the bar, the stress is
called a tensile stress.
When the normal force tends to
compress the bar, the stress is
called a compressive stress.
For sign convention, tensile
stress is defined as positive while
compressive is negative.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars

Because stress represents force per unit area, in the SI

system, the magnitude of stress are specified in the basic unit
of newton (N) per square meter (m2 ).

This unit is called a Pascal (1 Pa = N/ 𝑚2 )

Some engineering works, prefixes are used to represent
larger and more realistic value of stress.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars

k, kilo- (103 ) 1 kPa= 1 x 103 Pa = 1 x 103 N/ m2

M, mega- (106 ) 1 MPa= 1 x 106 Pa = 1 x 106 N/ m2
G, giga- (109 ) 1 GPa= 1 x 109 Pa = 1 x 109 N/ m2

Likewise in English system, stress is usually expressed in

pounds per square inch (psi) or kilo pounds per square inch
(ksi).

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Maximum Average Normal Stress

• Because the cross-sectional area of a bar along the

longitudinal axis is constant all throughout its length base on
the analysis.

• Therefore, in order to get the maximum normal stress, we

must be able to get the maximum internal resultant force
acting on the bar due to the force applied externally.

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Maximum Average Normal Stress
• To do this it is necessary to determine the internal force P at
various sections along the bar. Here it may be helpful to show
this variation by drawing an axial or normal force diagram.
Specifically, this diagram is a plot of the normal force P versus
its position x along the bar’s length.

• As a sign convention, P will be positive if it causes tension in

the member, and negative if it causes compression. Once the
internal loading throughout the bar is known, the maximum
ratio of P/A can then be identified.
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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 2:
The bar in the figure has a constant width of 35mm and a
thickness of 10mm. Determine the maximum average normal
stress in the bar when its is subjected to the loading shown.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in
Axially Loaded Bars
Example 3:
The 80-kg lamp is supported by
two rods AB and BC as shown.
If AB has a diameter of 10 mm
and BC has a diameter of 8
mm, determine the average
normal stress in each rod.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially
Loaded Bars
Example 4:
Member AC shown is subjected to a
vertical force of 3 kN. Determine the
position x of this force so that the
average compressive stress at the
smooth support C is equal to the
average tensile in the tie rod AB.
The rod has a cross-sectional area
of 400 𝑚𝑚2 and the contact area at
C is 650 𝑚𝑚2 . ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 5:
Determine the average normal stress developed on the cross
section.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 6:
Determine the average normal stress developed on the cross
section.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 7:
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a
bronze rod. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in
steel of 140MPa, in aluminum of 90MPa, or in bronze of
100MPa.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 8:
A rod is composed of and aluminum section rigidly attached
between steel and bronze sections. Axial loads are applied at
positions indicated. If P = 3000lb and the cross sectional area
of the rod is 0.5𝑖𝑛2 , determine the stress in each section.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 9:
A two member truss supporting a block of weight W. The
cross-sectional areas of the members are 800𝑚𝑚2 for AB and
400 𝑚𝑚2 for AC. Determine the maximum safe value of W if
the working stress are 110MPa for AB and 120MPa for AC.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in
Axially Loaded Bars
Example 10:
Determine the smallest allowable
cross sectional areas of members
CE, BE, and EF for the truss. The
working stresses are 20ksi in
tension and 14 ksi in
compression. (The working stress
in compression is smaller to
reduce the danger of buckling).
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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 11:
A homogeneous 800kg bar AB is supported at either end by
cable. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is
not to exceed 90MPa in bronze and 120MPa in steel.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 8:
A homogeneous 800kg bar AB is supported at either end by
cable. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is
not to exceed 90MPa in bronze and 120MPa in steel.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
Example 7:
Determine the average normal stress developed at points A, B
and C. The diameter of each segment is indicated in the figure.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Shear Stress
• Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause
shearing stress.
• It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which
are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on
which they act.
• Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Average Shear Stress
The stress component that acts in the plane of the sectioned
area.
Consider the effect of the applied force F to the bar. If the
support is rigid, and F is large enough, it will cause the
material to deform and fail along th e planes AB and CD.
Shear stress is then defined by:
𝑽
𝛕 = average shear stress 𝝉 𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
P = internal resultant shear force, which acts 𝑨
through the centroid of the area. And is determined
by method of sections.
A = cross sectional area where 𝛕 is determined.

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Average Shear Stress
Single Shear Double Shear
V=F 2V = F

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Bearing Stress
Bolts, pins, and rivets create stresses in the members they
connect, along the bearing surface, or surface of contact.
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate
bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal
stress caused by compressive forces.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Bearing Stress
The bearing stress, 𝝈𝒃 , is obtained by
dividing the load P by the area of the
rectangle representing the projection
of the bolt on the plate section. That
is usually thickness of the plate, t,
multiplied by the diameter of the bolt,
d.
𝐏 𝐏
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐀 𝐭𝐝

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
The lap joint shown is fastened
by 4 rivets of ¾ inch. Find the
maximum load P that can be
applied if the working stress are
14ksi for shear in the rivet and
18ksi for bearing in the plate.
Assume that the applied load is
distributed evenly among the 4
rivets, and neglect friction
between the plates.
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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
Determine the average shear stress in the 20- mm diameter
pin at A and the 30-mm diameter pin at B that support the
beam in the figure.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
The frame supports the
loading shown. The pin at A
has a diameter of 0.25 in. If it
is subjected to double shear,
determine the average shear
stress in the pin.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
The lap joint is connected by three 20mm Ø rivets. Assuming
that the axial load P= 50kN is distributed equally among the
three rivets.

Find the shear stress in a rivets.

Find the bearing stress between plate and a rivet.
Find the maximum average tensile stress in each plate.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
What force is required to punch a 20mmØ hole in a plate that
is 25mm thick? The shear strength is 350MN/ 𝑚2

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shear strength
of 40ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50
ksi.

a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole

2.5 inches in diameter can be punched.
b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole can be punched.

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 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
Roof truss and the detail of the
connection B members BC & DE
are angle sections with the
thickness shown in the figure. The
working stresses are 70MPa for
Shear in the rivets and 140MPa for
bearing stress due to the rivets.
How many 19mm Ø rivets are
required to fasten the following
members to the gusset plate.

A. BC
B. BE ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER 1: STRESS
Example
Roof truss and the detail of the
connection B members BC & DE
are angle sections with the
thickness shown in the figure. The
working stresses are 70MPa for
Shear in the rivets and 140MPa for
bearing stress due to the rivets.
How many 19mm Ø rivets are
required to fasten the following
members to the gusset plate.

A. BC
B. BE ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS