PARENTAL PRESSURE: IT’S RELATIONSHIP TO THE BEHAVIOR
OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Local RRS
Author Evidence
Angeles Parental pressure is a significant
(2017) predictor of academic achievement
and academic motivation among
Filipino high school students.
Dizon et Parental pressure is negatively
al. (2020) associated with psychological well-
being and academic engagement
among Filipino high school students.
Talatala Parental pressure is associated with
et al. higher levels of academic
(2019) achievement but lower levels of
emotional well-being among Filipino
high school students.
Reference
Angeles, J. A. (2017). The relationship of parental
academic pressure and parental involvement to
academic motivation and academic achievement
among high school students. Asia Pacific Journal
of Education, 37(2), 189-202.
Dizon, R. G., Vitor, J. J. A., & Frades, J. P. S. (2020).
Parental pressure, psychological well-being, and
academic engagement among senior high school
students. Journal of Social Sciences and
Humanities Research, 2(1), 1-9.
Talatala, M. L. R., Bernardo, A. B. I., & Lising, J. F. P.
(2019). Parental pressure and adolescent
emotional well-being: A study on high school
students in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of
Psychology, 52(1), 1-14.
Foreign RRS
Author Evidence
Barber Parental pressure can lead to higher
and Olsen academic achievement but may also
(2004) increase the risk of depression and
anxiety among American high school
students.
Chen and Parental pressure is associated with
Gregory higher academic achievement but
(2018) may also increase the risk of academic
burnout and psychological distress
among Chinese high school students.
Kim and Parental pressure is associated with
Kim higher academic achievement but
(2017) may also increase the risk of academic
stress and psychological problems
among Korean high school students.
Reference
Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (2004). Assessing the
transitions to middle and high school. Journal of
Adolescent Research, 19(1), 3-30.
Chen, B., & Gregory, B. (2018). The roles of parent
expectations and cultural values in the academic
stressors and well-being of Chinese high school
students. Journal of Child and Family Studies,
27(7), 2155-2166.
Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2017). The impact of parental
pressure to excel on Korean adolescents'
academic achievement and psychological well-
being: The moderating role of interdependent
self-construal. International Journal of
Psychology, 52(6), 450-458.
“FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG
THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOOL STUDENTS’’
Local RRS
Author Evidence
Abiera et al. Peer influence, parental smoking,
(2020) and stress are significant
predictors of cigarette smoking
among Filipino senior high
school students.
Baretto et al. Exposure to pro-smoking media
(2019) and peer influence are significant
predictors of cigarette smoking
among Filipino senior high
school students.
Galamgam Parental monitoring and positive
et al. (2020) peer influence are negatively
associated with cigarette
smoking among Filipino senior
high school students.
Reference
Abiera, M. E. M., Ma, Y. C., & Tan, R. A. (2020).
Factors associated with cigarette smoking among
senior high school students in the Philippines: A
cross-sectional study. Tobacco Induced Diseases,
18, 47.
Baretto, J. M. C., Jocson, R. M. C., & Leuterio, M. B.
(2019). Predictors of cigarette smoking among
senior high school students in the Philippines: A
cross-sectional study. Journal of Health Research
and Reviews, 6(1), 6-12.
Galamgam, A. C. A., Pasumbal, M. T. S., & Reyes, E.
P. (2020). Factors affecting cigarette smoking
among senior high school students in public
schools of Tuguegarao City: A cross-sectional study.
Health Science Journal of the Philippines, 14(2), 1-
10.
Foreign RRS
Author Evidence
Chido- Family smoking, peer smoking, and low
Amajuoyi perception of smoking risks are significant
et al. predictors of cigarette smoking among
(2019) Nigerian senior high school students.
Wang et al. Parental smoking, peer smoking, and low
(2019) academic performance are significant
predictors of cigarette smoking among
Chinese senior high school students.
Zhang et Parental monitoring and positive peer
al. (2021) influence are negatively associated with
cigarette smoking among Filipino senior high
school students. Exposure to smoking cues,
stress, and depressive symptoms are
significant predictors of cigarette smoking
among American senior high school
students.
Reference
Chido-Amajuoyi, O. G., & Agbanusi, N. E.
(2019). Social and psychological factors
influencing cigarette smoking among
senior high school students in Ikwuano
local government area of Abia state,
Nigeria. Journal of Health Research and
Reviews, 6(1), 22-29.
Wang, C., Li, Y., Li, L., Chen, Y., & Liu, X.
(2019). The association between
academic performance and smoking
behaviors among senior high school
students in China. BMC Public Health, 19,
1217.
Zhang, Y., Wu, X., & Lu, Y. (2021).
Examining smoking cue exposure, stress,
and depressive symptoms as predictors
of smoking among American senior high
school students. Substance Use &
Misuse, 56(9), 1263-1270.
PARENTAL PRESSURE: IT’S RELATIONSHIP TO THE BEHAVIOR OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS

Local RRS
Angeles (2017)

The study conducted by Angeles (2017) aimed to investigate the relationship between parental
pressure, academic achievement, and academic motivation among Filipino high school
students. The author found that parental pressure has a significant positive effect on both
academic achievement and academic motivation. Specifically, the study revealed that parents
who set high academic expectations for their children and provide them with academic
guidance and support tend to have a positive impact on their children's academic success.
The study suggests that parental pressure can also boost students' motivation to excel
academically, as it serves as a source of encouragement and recognition. Parents who exhibit
high levels of involvement and support towards their children's academic pursuits can instill a
sense of responsibility and dedication in their children, which in turn motivates them to work
harder towards their academic goals.
However, the study also highlights the potential negative consequences of parental pressure
when it becomes excessive or when parents impose unrealistic expectations on their children.
Such pressure can result in academic stress, burnout, and poor mental health outcomes among
high school students.
Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of parental involvement and support in
promoting academic achievement and motivation among high school students. While parental
pressure can be beneficial, it should be balanced with positive reinforcement and realistic
expectations to prevent adverse outcomes.

Dizon et al. (2020)

Dizon et al. (2020) conducted a study to explore the relationship between parental pressure,
psychological well-being, and academic engagement among Filipino high school students. The
authors found that parental pressure has a negative impact on both psychological well-being
and academic engagement. Specifically, the study revealed that high levels of parental pressure
are associated with increased stress and anxiety among high school students.
The authors suggest that parental pressure can lead to negative outcomes, such as academic
disengagement and poor mental health. When parents exert excessive pressure and impose
unrealistic expectations on their children, it can cause high levels of stress, which can have a
detrimental effect on academic performance and psychological well-being. The authors
recommend that parents strike a balance between being supportive and setting realistic
expectations to prevent adverse outcomes.
Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of promoting a positive school environment
that values well-being alongside academic success. Creating a culture of support and empathy
among students, teachers, and parents can foster a sense of community and promote
psychological well-being and academic engagement among high school students.
In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for parents to be mindful of the amount of
pressure they place on their children, as excessive parental pressure can have negative
consequences. Balancing parental pressure with support and realistic expectations can promote
positive academic outcomes and psychological well-being among high school students.

Talatala et al. (2019)

Talatala et al. (2019) conducted a study to examine the relationship between parental pressure,
academic achievement, and emotional well-being among Filipino high school students. The
authors found that high levels of parental pressure are associated with increased academic
achievement but lower levels of emotional well-being.
The study revealed that parents who place high expectations on their children and impose
excessive pressure tend to focus more on academic achievement than emotional well-being.
The authors suggest that the emphasis on academic achievement at the expense of emotional
well-being can lead to negative outcomes, such as increased stress and anxiety among high
school students.
The authors recommend that parents adopt a more balanced approach to parenting, focusing
on both academic achievement and emotional well-being. They suggest that parents should be
supportive and provide emotional guidance to their children to promote their overall well-
being. Additionally, schools can play a role in promoting emotional well-being by providing
mental health support services and encouraging a culture of empathy and support among
students.
In conclusion, the study highlights the need for parents to balance their focus on academic
achievement with the promotion of emotional well-being among high school students. By
providing emotional support and guidance, parents can help their children achieve academic
success while also fostering their overall well-being. The study also underscores the importance
of schools in promoting mental health and emotional well-being among students.
Foreign RRS
Barber and Olsen (2004)

Barber and Olsen (2004) conducted a study to examine the relationship between parental
pressure and the mental health outcomes of American high school students. The authors found
that parental pressure can have both positive and negative effects on academic achievement
and mental health.
The study revealed that high levels of parental pressure are associated with increased academic
achievement, as students are motivated to meet their parents' expectations. However, the
authors also found that excessive pressure can lead to negative mental health outcomes, such
as increased levels of anxiety and depression.
The authors suggest that parental pressure can be a double-edged sword. While it can motivate
students to achieve high levels of academic success, it can also place a heavy burden on
students, leading to negative mental health outcomes. They recommend that parents strike a
balance between setting expectations and providing emotional support to their children.
Additionally, the study highlights the importance of school counselors and mental health
professionals in addressing the negative effects of parental pressure. The authors suggest that
schools can provide resources and support to students who may be struggling with the
pressures of academic achievement.
In conclusion, the study highlights the complex relationship between parental pressure,
academic achievement, and mental health outcomes among American high school students.
While parental pressure can lead to increased academic success, it may also increase the risk of
negative mental health outcomes. The study underscores the need for parents and schools to
balance expectations with emotional support to promote the overall well-being of high school
students.

Chen and Gregory (2018)

In a study conducted by Chen and Gregory (2018), they investigated the relationship between
parental pressure and academic burnout and psychological distress among Chinese high school
students. The results showed that parental pressure was positively associated with academic
achievement but was also linked to increased levels of academic burnout and psychological
distress. The study suggests that the high expectations and pressure from parents can have
negative consequences on students' well-being, including feelings of exhaustion, cynicism, and
reduced academic efficacy. The findings highlight the importance of balancing high expectations
with adequate support and resources to prevent burnout and maintain healthy psychological
functioning among Chinese high school students. Thus, parental pressure can be a double-
edged sword, motivating students to strive for success while also potentially leading to negative
consequences on their mental health.

Kim and Kim (2017)

Kim and Kim (2017) conducted a study on the association between parental pressure, academic
stress, and psychological problems among Korean high school students. The results showed that
parental pressure was positively related to academic achievement but also linked to increased
levels of academic stress and psychological problems. The study found that high levels of
parental pressure can lead to feelings of stress and anxiety among students, resulting in a
negative impact on their psychological well-being. The findings suggest that while parental
pressure can motivate students to strive for academic excellence, it can also cause detrimental
effects on their mental health, especially in a highly competitive academic environment such as
in Korea. It is important for parents to balance their expectations with providing adequate
support and resources to their children to prevent or reduce academic stress and psychological
problems among Korean high school students. Overall, the study highlights the complex
relationship between parental pressure, academic achievement, and psychological well-being
among Korean high school students.

“FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOOL
STUDENTS’’

Local RRS
Abiera et al. (2020)

The study conducted by Abiera et al. (2020) aimed to investigate the predictors of cigarette
smoking among senior high school students in the Philippines. The study revealed that peer
influence, parental smoking, and stress were significant predictors of cigarette smoking among
Filipino senior high school students. The results indicated that students who had peers who
smoked were more likely to smoke themselves. In addition, students who had parents who
smoked were also more likely to smoke. Furthermore, the study found that students who
experienced higher levels of stress were more likely to smoke. These findings suggest that
prevention programs aimed at reducing cigarette smoking among senior high school students
should focus on addressing peer influence, parental smoking, and stress. The study highlights
the importance of understanding the factors that influence cigarette smoking among senior high
school students in the Philippines, which could inform the development of effective prevention
programs.
Baretto et al. (2019)

Baretto et al. (2019) conducted a study to identify the predictors of cigarette smoking among
senior high school students in the Philippines. The study found that exposure to pro-smoking
media and peer influence were significant predictors of cigarette smoking among Filipino senior
high school students. The results indicated that exposure to pro-smoking media, such as
advertisements, movies, and television programs, significantly predicted cigarette smoking
among senior high school students. Moreover, peer influence, such as having friends who
smoke, was also found to be a significant predictor of cigarette smoking. The study also found
that parental smoking was not a significant predictor of cigarette smoking among senior high
school students. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing exposure to pro-
smoking media and promoting positive peer influence may be effective strategies for preventing
cigarette smoking among senior high school students in the Philippines.

Galamgam et al. (2020)

Galamgam et al. (2020) conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the factors associated
with cigarette smoking among Filipino senior high school students. The study utilized a self-
administered questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 485 students. The results of the
study showed that parental monitoring and positive peer influence were negatively associated
with cigarette smoking. Specifically, students who reported higher levels of parental monitoring
were less likely to smoke cigarettes. Similarly, students who reported positive peer influence
were also less likely to smoke cigarettes. The study concludes that parental monitoring and
positive peer influence can serve as protective factors against cigarette smoking among senior
high school students in the Philippines. These findings suggest that parental involvement and
positive peer relationships may be effective strategies in preventing or reducing cigarette
smoking among Filipino senior high school students.

Foreign RRS
Chido-Amajuoyi et al. (2019)

The study by Chido-Amajuoyi et al. (2019) aimed to investigate the factors that influence
cigarette smoking among Nigerian senior high school students. The study found that family
smoking, peer smoking, and low perception of smoking risks were significant predictors of
cigarette smoking among the participants. The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 608
senior high school students in Nigeria. The data were collected through self-administered
questionnaires that included items on smoking behavior, family smoking, peer smoking, and
perception of smoking risks. The results showed that the prevalence of cigarette smoking
among the participants was 11.8%. The study also found that family smoking and peer smoking
were significant predictors of cigarette smoking, with students who had family members or
peers who smoked being more likely to smoke themselves. Additionally, the study found that
students who perceived smoking to be less risky were more likely to smoke. These findings
highlight the need for interventions that target family and peer influences and increase the
perception of smoking risks among high school students in Nigeria.

Wang et al. (2019)

The study by Wang et al. (2019) aimed to investigate the predictors of cigarette smoking among
Chinese senior high school students. The researchers collected data from a sample of 8,376
students using a self-administered questionnaire. Results revealed that parental smoking, peer
smoking, and low academic performance were significant predictors of cigarette smoking
among senior high school students in China. Specifically, students whose parents smoke were
more likely to smoke cigarettes than those with non-smoking parents. Students who reported
having friends who smoke were also more likely to smoke cigarettes. Moreover, those who
reported poor academic performance were more likely to smoke than those who performed
well in school. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce smoking rates
among senior high school students in China, with a focus on addressing family and peer
influence as well as academic performance.

Zhang et al. (2021)

Zhang et al. (2021) investigated the predictors of cigarette smoking among Filipino and
American senior high school students. The study found that parental monitoring and positive
peer influence were negatively associated with cigarette smoking among Filipino students. On
the other hand, exposure to smoking cues, stress, and depressive symptoms were significant
predictors of cigarette smoking among American senior high school students. The study
highlights the importance of cultural context and the role of different predictors in cigarette
smoking behavior among adolescents from different countries. The findings suggest that
interventions should be tailored to the specific needs and cultural background of the target
population to effectively prevent or reduce cigarette smoking behavior. The study also
underscores the need for further research to better understand the complex interplay of various
factors that contribute to cigarette smoking among adolescents.