History of Indo-Pak

1857-1947

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 History of Indo Pak
1857-1947
War of
Independence
֎ 10 May,1857 from Meerat
֎ Battle of Palassy 1757 & Battle of Buxar 1764
֎ Annexation in Bengal
֎ Prevailing anxiety and discontent after EIC rule in Bengal
Causes:
• Economic: Higher posts for whitemens,dismissal of local
army,unemployment,subsidry system, add taxes.
• Social: Social and class discriminations b/t whitemen and natives
• Religious: Promotion of Christinity,Religious Exploitation.
• Political: Doc of Lapse,withdrawl of king Residence and Title etc.
• Military: Religious restrictions, discriminations on faith, Enfield Rifles
 Indian Council
act 1861
֎ Extension of GG EX Council from 6 to 12.
֎ Termed as additional members without legislative powers.
֎ GG to nominate add members for 2 years---half members were non-officials
֎ Provincial Councils bills must require GG assent to make it as law.
֎ Similar limited powers for presidencies of Punjab and Madras.

Drawbacks:
• Additional members without any powers.
• Selection without merits.
• No legislative powers.
• Could not oppose /amend any bill.
• Just ceremonial portfolios.
 Urdu Hindi
controversy of 1867
֎ Started by Hindus of Banaras in 1867.

֎ They demanded replacement of Hindi and Devanagari script with Urdu and Persian.
֎ 1871 Lt Governor of Bengal G Campbell banned Urdu In the province.

֎ The Hindus also requested the visiting Hunter Commission to scrap Urdu.
֎ 1900 Governor of UP Anthony McDonald dismissed Urdu as official language
and replaced it with Hindi.

֎ Establishment of Urdu Defense Society by Nawab Mohsin Ul Mulk in Aug,1900 at Allahabad.

֎ Establishment of “Anjamin-a-Taraqi-a- Urdu by Mohsin ul Mullk in 1903 at Aligarh
 Darul Ul Uloom
Deoband 1867

֎ Aligarh Movement mainly focused on social,educationl and economical spheres.

֎ Need for religious education.
֎ Haji Muhammad Abid floated the idea of a religious madrassah for religious education.
֎ Hussain Ahmed established Jamiat Ulema Hind and supported INC.
֎ Ashraf Ali Thanvi established Jamian Ulem a Pakistan and supported Pakistan Movement.
֎ Islamic Seminary of Sunni Islamic sect at Deoband (India) Saharanpur District of Uttar
Pradesh established in 1867 by Maulana Qasim Nanautavi and others.
 Aligarh Movement
֎ Born: 17 Oct,1817 at Delhi Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
֎ Father: Mir Muttaqi.
֎ Death: 27 Mar,1898 (80Y) at Aligarh.
֎ 1859: School at Moradabad.
֎ 1863: School at Ghazipur.
֎ 1864: Scientific Society 9th Jan,1864 at Ghazipur.
֎ 1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette published.
֎ 1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference
֎ 1875: MAO School Aligarh on 24th May by Willium Maur.
֎ 1877: Upgraded to MAO College on 8th Jan,1877 by Lord Lytton.
֎ 1920: MAO College was upgraded to University in 9th Sep 1920 at Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India.
* Career: 1839 start his career at EIC-Became Munsif in 1841
* 1846: Became Chief Judge
* 1857: Serving at Bijnor.
* 1858: Sadarus Sudoor at Muradabad.
* 1876: Retired from service
* 1877: Member of Imperial Council
 Literary work

֎ 1847: Asar us Sanadid

֎ 1855: History of Muslim rule in India
֎ 1855: History of Bajnor
֎ 1862: Tarika-a- Firoz Shahi(revised Edition).
֎ 1859: Causes of Indian Revolt.
֎ 1861: Tabyin ul kalam,a commentary on Bible pointing
similarities between Islam and Christianity.
֎ 1870: Tahzeb ul Ikhlaq.
֎ 1870: Khutbat-a-Ahamdia.
 Formation of Indian
National Congress in 1885

֎ 28 Dec,1885 at Bombay.
֎ Allan Octavian Hume (A O Hume)
֎ 1st president: Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee.

Phases:

• 1st Phase: 1885-1907 Moderate

• 2ndPhase: 1905-1919 Assertive Nationalism
Swadeshi
Boycott
• 3rd Phase: 1919-1947 Gandhian Era
 Indian councils act 1892

Main points

֎ Increase in non official (additional) members of CL/Pl councils but

maintained official members majority.
֎ It provides for councils to discuses annual financial statement.
֎ Increase in the non officials members of GG Ex Councils upto 16.
֎ 1/5 members of the council were to be from non official members.

Drawbacks:
• Cautious extension of 1861 Act.
• Non-official members couldn’t express demand against official block.
• Legislations were made regardless of the oppositions of non official
members
 Nadva tul ulema 1894

֎ Founder: Molvi Abdul Ghafoor.

֎ Place: Lucknow
֎ Regular Functioning: 2nd Dec,1898
֎ Mainly focuses on both religious and modern education.
 Partition of Bengal 1905
• British India's largest province.

• Consisted of Bengal,Behar,Parts of Chhattisgarh Orissa and Assam.

• Population:78.5 millions.

• Divided into two parts: Eastern and Western

• Population ofter Division: 31m+47 m

• Division announced by Lord Curzon on 19th July 1905.

• Implemented: 16th Oct,1905

• Sec of State: William St John Brodrick

 Shimla deputation
• Background: INC hostile policies.
Urdu Hindi controversy
New Liberal Party govt under Lloyd George in 1905

• Shimla Deputation: 35 Muslims leaders lead by Agha khan III.

• Venue: 1st Oct,1906 at Shimla.

• Demands: Separate electorates for Muslims

Seats in Legislatures
Quota in Government services.
Seats of Judges in courts for Muslims.
• Outcome: Lord Minto gave patient hearing to the demands of Muslims
One significant demand of separate electorate were incorporated
in the 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms.
 Formation of M/League
• Background: Need a platform for Muslims.
• Shimla Deputation: 35 Muslims leaders lead by Agha khan III.

• Formation: 30th Dec,1906 at Dhaka proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan

• Presidents: Sir Adamjeepeer Bhi -----Quaide-a- Azam

• Sessions: Total 31 Sessions from 1906 to 1943

• Quaid-e-Azam: Joined AIML in 1913

• 1937 to 1947 he permanently became the President of AIML.

• Constitution: M A Johar prepared named as “Green Book”

 Minto Morley Reforms 1909
• John Morley, Secretary of State for India (1905–14)
• Lord Minto, viceroy (1905–10).
Background:
• Influence of INC and AIML
• New government of Liberal party in UK in 1906.
• Japanese victory in Russo –Japan war in 1904-5
Main Points
o First Admission of Indians in the Secretary of State's council, viceroy's executive council
executive councils of Bombay and Madras.
o Increase in the number of members of legislative councils of GG and Governors councils
o More powers for members of LA to ask questions, criticize executive's actions and demand
supplementary and public interest matters .
o Provision of separate electorates for Muslims.
o Numbers of official members were maintained.
o Special representation for loyalist,i.e.landlords,industrialists,to gain maximum support.
Annulment of Announced on 12 Dec,1911 by Lord Harding
Partition of During Delhi darbar of King George V
Bengal Sec of State was Robert Crewe-milnes

Besides annulment of partition of Bengal Capital

1911
was also shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in the same year

1913 Quai-e- Azam joined Muslim League on 10 Oct,1913.

 Lucknow Pact
1916
* Joint session of both parties held in at Lucknow in Dec,1916.
* Both parties agreed to made joint efforts.
* 29th Dec,1916 at Lucknow

* Important Points:
1- Minorities representation in P/legis & assemb
2- Separate electorates for muslins in in imperial & prov legis
3- 1/3 rep for Muslims in the councils & central government.
4- Members to have the right of Adjourned motions.
5- Increase the num of members of CL upto 150.
6- Strength of muslims Majoor Provinces: PU:50% BNG:40% U.P:30% BHR:25%
CP:15% MDRS:15% BMBY:33 1/3%
7- Non acceptance of any bill if 3/4th of community members oppose it.
8- Quaide-a- Azam being titled as “Architect of L/Pact and “The ambassador
of Hindu-Muslim unity by Sarojni Naidu
 G/O India Act 1919
Main points
* Council of Secretary of State to be from 8 to 12-----1/3rd of whom to be Indians having spent
* at lease 10 years in India.
* Salary of Secretary of State to be paid by British government instead of Indian fund.

Central Legislature

Council of State Legislative Assembly

60 Members 144 Members

103 elec—41 nomi
35 elec—25 nomi

5 years Term 3 years Term

 Power Distribution

Center Province
• Defense • Local Self
• Foreign Affairs • Government
• Customs Diarchy • Public Health
• Relation with Indian States • Education
• Currencies
• Railways

Transferred Subj Reserved Subj

• Local self Government • Administration
• Public health • Police
• Education • Land Revenue
• Agriculture
 Khilafat
Movement

* Background: Ottoman Empire allied with Central powers in WWI.

* Defeat in WW1: Central powers defeated.
* Treaties after War: 1-T/O Versailles with Germany
2-T/O Sevres with Ottoman Empire
3-T/O Lausanne with Ottoman Empire
* Formation of Khilafat
committee: 20 March,1919 at Bombay.
* Khilafat Conference: Delhi on 23 Nov,1919.
* Meeting with Viceroy : Lord Chelmsford on 19 Jan,1920
* Khilafat Delegation: 1-MA Johar 2-Syed Salman Nadvi 3-Dr Syed Husain
4-Malik hassan Hayat (Secty of Delegation)
5-Shoaib Qureshi 6-Abdur Rehman
* Departure for England: March 1920 and met George Lloyd on 19 Mar,1920
* Returned to India: 2 Sep,1920
* End of Khalifat Era: Grand N/Assembly abolished K on 1 Nov,1922 by Mustafa Kamal.
* Duration of Movement: 27 Oct 1919 to 3 Mar,1924 from Lucknow
 Rowlett
Act

* Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act.

* Passed: 21 Mar,1919 by ILC.
* AIMS. Discourage people to rise against the British Government.
Suppression of Revolutionary Groups and People.
Severe restriction on Press and right of expression
Provisions:
Arrest of any suspect
Detention in Jail without trial for upto 2 years
Police to search without warrant any place.
Lord Chelmsford was viceroy
Hunter Commission was set up to inquire into the massacre
 Jallanwalla Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre by Brig Dyre took
Bagh massacre Place on 13 April,1919 at Amritsar
379 to 1500 people died and around 1200 injured

1920
Aligarh university MAO College upgraded to University

1920
Non Cooperation movement was launched by
NC Movement
Mahatma Ghandi on 4 Sep,1920,lasted till 1922

Chaura Churi Chaura Churi incident took place on 5 Feb,1922

Incident At Gorakpur ditrict UP
 End of ncm
1922

12 Feb,1922 end of NC Movement by Ghandi

Due to Chaura Chauri incident.
 Delhi Proposal 1927
* Viceroy: Lord Irwin
* Sec of State: Lord Birkenhead
* Prevailing Unity between INC and AIML
* Hold of Hindu Mahasabha on INC by 1926.
* Propaganda against Lucknow Pact and Separate Electorates.
* Pandit Nehru request to Quaid to surrender the demand.
* AIML meeting 20 Mar,1927 approved surrender.
* Presented new demands termed as Delhi Proposals.
* Sindh separation from Bombay.
* Provincial status and reforms for NWFP and Baluchistan.
* 1/3 representation for AIML in CL.
* Representation in Bengal and Punjab as per strength,
* Shafi League differ with the proposals.
* INC initially welcomed later opposed .
 Simon commission
Recommendations
* Viceroy: Lord Irwin 1. Continuation of communal representation
* Sec of State: Lord Birkenhead 2. Abolition of Diarchy
3. Extension of responsible government in provinces
* Part of Review of reforms 4. Creation of Indian Federation
* Appointmetment: Nov,1927
* Arrival: 3 Feb,1928
* Headed By: Sir John Simon
* Members: 7 members
* 1- Clement Attlee 2-Harry Levy Lawson
* 3-Edward Cadogan 4-Vernon Hartshorn
* 5-George Lane Fox 6-Donald Howard
* Final Report: May 1930
* Indian Member: No Indian member
* Reaction: Rejected by all Parties
* Division in AIML
* Shafi League in favor of Commission
* Quaid-e- Azam led faction rejected it.
Background:
Nehru report 1928
* Simon Commission report presented in Oct,1927.
* Rejection of SC report by INC & AIML.
* Challenge of Lord Birkenhead.
* APC held on 12 Feb,1928 in Delhi & on 19th May,1928 in Bombay
* 7 members constitutional committee under Moti Lal Nehru of Swaraja Party.
Members:
* 1-Tej Bahadur sapru 2-G.R. Pardhan 3-M.R.Jaikar
* 4-N.A Joshi 5-Ali Imam 6-Shoaib Qureshi
Nehru Report:
1. Published on 28th August,1928.
2. Government on self-governing dominion model.
3. Separate electorate rejected seat reservation on population basis.
4. Placement of army and defense under viceroy and parliament.
5. Sindh separation if it were capable of bearing its expenditure.
6. Provincial status for NWFP and Baluchistan.
7. Unitary form of government at center.
8. Hindi as official language.
 Quaid-a-Azam Proposals

* All parties National Convention held in Calcutta in Dec,1928 on N/Report.

1. 1/3 Rep for Muslims in CL.
2. Muslims rep in Punjab and Bengal as per population.
3. Residuary powers to provinces
* Proposals rejected by INC.
All Parties Muslim conference:

* Held under chairman Agha Khan III b/n 31 Dec,1928 to 1st Jan,1929
1. Separate electorate for Muslims.
2. Federal form in center with full provincial autonomy.
3. 1/3 seats for Muslims in CL.
4. Representation of Muslims in C/P ministries.
5. Retention of Muslims majority in Muslim majority provinces.
 14 points 1929
AIML session held in Delhi on 9th march,1929
Presented on 28th March,1929
14 Points
1. Federal form of government, residuary powers to the provinces.
2. Autonomy for all provinces.
3. Adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province.
4. Not less than 1/3 representation for Muslims in Central Legislature.
5. Representation of separate electorates for all
6. Muslim majority to be retained in the Punjab, Bengal and the NWFP.
7. Full religious liberty to all communities.
8. 3/4 support necessary for passage of any bill pertaining to any community.
9. Sind separation from Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms in the NWFP and Baluchistan like other provinces.
11. Adequate share for Muslims in all the services
12. Safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture
13. At least 1/3 seats for Muslim in central and provincial cabinet.
14. No change in the Constitution by the C/L without concurrence of the States.
 Allahabad Speech 1930

* Quaid-a-Azam fourteen Points infused new insight in Indian Muslims.

* 21th Annual session of AIML held at Allahabad on 29-30 December,1930.
* Allama Iqbal delivered his presidential Address in the said session.
• He said "I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will ultimately have to
• Establish a separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindus in the united India”
• He also remarked that "The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim
• State appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North West of India.
* His address further clarified the two nation theory.
* Demand for a separate homeland for Muslims was firstly made from AIML platform.
* Lahore Resolution then stepped ahead in its demand by passing Pakistan Resolution.
 3 rtcs 1930-1932
Background:
Publication of SC report in 1930 caused widespread criticism.
Launch of CDM by INC under Gandhi on 12 March,1930.
Arrest of Gandhi and Nehru.

First RTC at London

Viceroy: Lord Irwin. UK PM: Ramsay McDonald Sec of State for India: Samuel Hoare
1st- 12 Non,1930---19 Jan,1931
Muslim Delegation:
1-Agha Khan 2-M A Johar 3-Quaide-a- Azam
4-M Fazla Haq 5-Muhammd Shafi 6-Sir Shah Nawaz
7- Ch Zafar Ullah 8-Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah.

* Congress didn't participate in the first RTC due to CDM.

* Approval of federal system for India.
* AIML Proposed dominion status and responsible government in the center.
* Agreement on Sindh separate identity and responsible government for provinces.
* UK PM accepted proposal for federal form of government & full responsible government in provinces.
* 8 sub-committees set up on different subjects.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
* CDM failed to create desired results
* INC desirous of finding dignified ways of settlements.
* British government too want to make peace with INC.
* Talks b/n Gandhi-Irwin 17 Feb,1931 to 19 Feb,1931.
* Pact Signed: 5 March ,1931.
* Release of all detainees and congress admission in 2nd RTS.

2 RTC
* 7 Sep,1931 to 1st Dec,1931.
* INC participated Gandhi being the sole rep of INC.
* Death of M A Johr & Allama Iqbal participated in the Conference.
* Gandhi rigid approach prevailed during the congress.
* He didn’t want to discuses minorities issue instead insisted on constitution formation.
* The conference ended without reaching consensus on the subjects.
3rd RTC
* 17th Nov,1932—24th Nov,1932.
* Gandhi started his CDM.
* INC abstain from the conference.
* Quaid-a-Azam didn’t participate in it.
* Sir Agha Khan led AIML delegation.
* Conference ended without any consensus.
* Communal issues couldn’t be resolved.
Communal Award
* 16th August,1932.
* Announced by Ramsay McDonald.
* Non agreement b/n INC and AIML.
* British Government came up with own scheme.
Main Points
* Retention of separate electorates for Muslims and all other communities.
* Muslim majority In Punjab and Bengal were reduced to minorities.
* Major political parties rejected the plan.
 Poona pact

Signed: 24th Sep,1932 at Poona (Maharashtra)

Signatories:
B.R Ambedkar (Depressed Classes)
Madan Mohan Malviya (Hindus & Gandhi)

* Agreement reached between B R Ambekar and Mathma Gandhi

* It provided for granting new rights for Dalits (low Class)
* It served as a mean to end” fast” undertaken by Gandhi against
decision for giving separate electorates for depressed classes for
P/assemblies by Ramsay McDonald.
* 148 seats were agreed for depressed classes
 GO India Act 1935
Background:
* Failure of RTCs
* Publication of White paper on Recommendation of RTCs in March,1933.
* Discussion on White paper by Joint Select committee headed by Lord Linlithgo.
Members of JSC:
1- Agha Khan 2-Zafar Ullah Khan 3-Shafaat Ahmad Khan
4-Abdur Rahim 5-A.H Ghaznavi
* Upon recommendation of JSC a bill introduced in the parliament.
• Passage: 24 July,1935
• Royal Assent: 2 August,1935.
• Commenced: 1st April,1937
• No of Sections: 321
• Schedules: 10
• No of Lists: 1- Federal List 2-Provincial List 3-Concurrent list
Salient Features
* Federal form of Government at center.
* More authorities and powers for provinces as separate entity.
* Diarchy scrapped in provinces and introduced in the center.
* Complete provincial autonomy under reasonable parliamentary system.
* Subjects were divided into 3 lists.
* Division of country into 11 provinces.
* Introduction of Direct Election.
* Sindh separation from Bombay.
* Separation of Burma form India.
* Behar and Orissa as two new provinces.
* Establishment of a Federal Court.
 Provincial Elections of 1937
Main Points:
* Provincial Election held under 1935 Act.
* Election held in 1936-37 in 11 provinces.
* A total of 1771 were to be filled through these elections.
* Congress got 758/1500 seats in election.
* Congress Governments.
* 1-Madrs 2-Bihar 3-Orissa 4-UP 5-CP
* 6-Bombay 7-Bengal 8-NWFP
* Punjab: Unionist Party
* Assam: Assam Valley Muslim Party
* Sindh: Sindh United Party
* Legislative Councils:
* Total AIML INC
* 257 12 64
* Legislative Assemblies:
* Total AIML INC
* 1585 106 707
 Congress Ministries
Main Points:
* Congress formed government in 8 out of 11 provinces.
* Congress rule continued for 2.5 years.
* Congress imposed Hindu Nationalism upon muslins.
* Muslims were forbidden to eat beef, slaughter cow ,azan and faced
humiliation from congress oppressive policies.
* Bande Matram was adopted as National Anthem.
* Introduction of Wardha Scheme
* Hoisting of 3 coloured flag
* Widdia Mander Scheme by Dr Zakir Hussain.
* Start of WWI on 1st sep,1939
* Lord unilateral decision to go for war irked the INC.
* Resignation of Congress ministries on 22 Oct,1939.
 Day of ML celebrated Day of Deliverance on 22 Dec,1939 at the
Deliverance advise of MA Jinnah.

Pirpur Report 28th March,1938 8 member committee formed Headed by Raja S

Mohd Mehdi to investigated Congress atrocities in 8 Provinces
under their rule. Report Published on 15 Nov,1938.

Sharif Report 4th March,1939 to highlight congress crimes

against Muslims in Behar headed by S M Sharif

WW II 1st Sep,1939 ---2nd Sep,1945

 Pakistan Resolution
* 22-24 March,1940 at Minto park Lahore.
* Saturday,13 Saffar,1359 AH
* It was 27th Session of AIML
* Presided by Quaide-a-Azam
* Resolution: Presented by Molvi Fazl-a-Haq of Bengal
* Seconded By:
Punjab: Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Dr Muhammad Alam
UP: Begum M A Johar Abdul Hameed Badayuni
Ch khaliq uz Zaman Syed Zakir Ali
Sindh: Sir Abdullah Haroon
NWFP: Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
Baluchistan: Qazi Muhammad Isa
Bihar: Nawab Muhammad Ismail
C.P: Syed Abdur Rauf Shah
Madras: Abdul Hameed Khan
Bombay: I.I Chundrigar
 August Offer

* German continuous victories during 2nd WW.

* Japanese victories in South East Asia in 1942
* Need for Cooperation from Indian Political Parties
* Lord Linlithgo made an offer on 8th Aug,1940 at Shimla
* Expansion of the Executive Council
* Establishment of War Advisory Council.
* Establishment of Constitution Making body after war
* With due regard for minorities.
* INC and AIML rejected the offer.
 Cripps Mission
 Headed by Sir Stafford Cripps member of War Cabinet.
 To get cooperation from Indian parties and people during war.
 Arrival & Stay: From 22 March to 11 April,1942.
 It didn’t talk with Indian leadership.
 Prepared and submitted its own suggestion.
Main Points:
• Constitution to be established after cessation of war for future constitution of India.
• Provinces & States are free to adopt the constitution or abandon it.
• Defense of India to be retained by B/Government.
• Fresh agreement to be concluded b/n C/Assembly and BG for issues pertaining
• To transfer of power.
• 1935 Act to be remain In force till the end of war.
• C-IN-C and finance minister shall be British nationals.
• Recommendation to be implemented if INC & AIML accept it unanimously.
• The recommendations are to be either accepted or rejected as a whole without amendments.
• Both INC & AIML rejected these proposals.
 Quit India Movement
Background
• Launched to put more pressure on Government
• To capture political power in India
• To stop/hinder creation of Pakistan
• 8th August,1942 by INC led by Mahatma Gandhi
• Violent agitation launched to press the British to quit.
AIML Reaction
• Quaid-a-Azam termed it as anti Muslim
• He declared it as political blackmailing of INC.
• AIML replied it with “Divide India & Go”.
• OUTCOME
• Arrest of prominent leaders.
• Put in Jails including Gandhi
• Soon lost its momentum and failed.
 Jinnah Gandhi Talks
Background
• Gandhi wrote and wished for personal talk with Quaid-a-Azam.
• To settle Hindu-Muslims difference
• In fact Gandhi wanted Quaid to Cease or alter demand for Pakistan.
• Took place from 19th Sep,1944 to 24 Sep,1944 at Bombay.
Quaid-a-Azam Viewpoint
• Hindu and Muslims are two separate nations.
• Muslims are a separate nation by any definition or test of a nation.
• Division of India is in the best interest for both and India as a whole.
Gandhi Viewpoint
• India was one nation & Pakistan resolution was nothing but to ruin the nation.
• In fact Gandhi wanted power first to be transferred to congress.
• Congress then allow Muslim majority areas to vote for separation.
• This dominion shall not be Independent and sovereign state but as part of Indian Federation.
• Talks failed due to divergent views of both leaders.
 Wavell plan

o Lord Wavell became Viceroy in March,1943

o A military commander-IN-C of British forces against German forces in N/Africa
o Turning point in WWII as western allies were gaining ground
Main Points
• Setting up a new E/Council with Muslims seats equal to share of cast Hindus.
• A Councils with 14 ministers with 5 seats for Muslims.
• New cabinet for interim period and also to seek public mandate to draft future
constitution.
 Shimla Conference
Background
• End of WWII Lord Wavell intend to discuses his plan.
• 25 June,1945 to 14 July,1945 at Shimla (Himachal Pradesh)
AIML Delegation
1-Quaid-a-Azam 2-Liaquat Ali Khan 3-Khawaja Nazmin ud Din
4-Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah 5-Mohd Asad Ullah
6-Hussain Imam
Congress Delegation
1-Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad 2-Khizar Hayat Tiwana 3-Dr Khan Sb
Proposals
o Setting up an interim central government with all portfolios to Indians except war.
o Principal of parity b/n Muslims and Hindus
o Deadlock over 5 members for Muslims as AIML wanted all 5 seats.
o Viceroy insisted to give 1 seat to Khazir Hayat Tiwana of Unionist Party.
o Congress also supported Unionist party demand of 1 seat for them.
o Conference ended due to deadlock over representation
o Quaid-a-Azam demanded new election to determine true representation.
 General Election 1945-46
• End of WWII new Labour Party government in UK cordial relations with INC
• Elections to CLA & PLA were held in from Dec,1945 to Jan,1946
• Both INC & AIML participated in these election.
 Cabinet Mission Plan
PM Lord Attlee announced to send a mission to India
3 member mission Arrived on 24-3-1946
1-Lord Pathetic Lawrence Sec of State of India
2-Sir Stafford Cripps President of Board of Trade
3-A.V Alexander First Lord of the Admiralty
Difference of opinion prevailed b/n INC & AIML over political issues
Joint Conference at Shimla
Congress Delegation
1- Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad 2-Jawahar Lal Nehre
3-Valabhai Patel 4- Abdul Ghaffar Khan
AIML Delegation
1-Quaid-a-a Azam 2- Liaquat Ali Khan
3-Nawab Ismail 4-Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar
Viewpoints
• Congress want an All India Federal Government with a single C/Assembly
• AIML demanded a Sovereign independent Muslim state consisted on 6 Muslim
majority provinces.
• Deadlock on whether there should one or two Sovereign state for India.
Missions Proposals
• Single Federal system for all of India
• Rejected two Independent states for India
• It suggested 3 tier constitutional plan
Tier 1:
Union of India with subjects of Defence,Foreign Affairs and Communication.
Tier 2: 3 Groups of Provinces.
• Group A: 6 Hindu Majority Provinces
• Group B: 6 Muslims Majority Provinces
• Group C: Province of Bengal & Assam
Tier 3:
o Provinces and state would be basic units with all subject except those with tier 1
o Seats in C/Assembly for each province shall be on population basis.
o Provincial legislature shall be free to opt out of his group.
o Setting up an interim government with portfolios for Indian nationals.
• AIML accepted the plan on 6 June,1946
Direct Action 16 Aug,1947 on the direction and call of AIML
Day
3rd June 1947
Plan
• How it Started:
• PM Attlee announced in Parliament to free India by 20th Feb,1948
• Lard Mountbatten arrived in India on 22 March,1947.
• Worked out partition plan by mid April,1947.
• Bothe INC & AIML accepted partition plan.
• Announced: 3 june,1947
• Approval of British Parliament: 5 July,1947.
• Royal Ascent: 18th July,1947
• Main Points
• Dominion status for newly states
• Legislatures of Punjab and Bengal were to decide whether the provinces should
be decided or not.
• Referendum for NWFP.
• Princely states were free to choose any country of their choice
• Boundary commissions for Punjab and Bengal.
• GG to be the Head of these countries.
• Division of military assets amongst two countries after partition.
 Redcliff award

• Setting up of a commission for Punjab and Bengal under Cyril Redcliff.

• Redcliff arrived in India on 8th July ,1947.
• Setting up of Boundary Commissions for Bengal and Punjab.
Punjab Commission.
PAKISTAN INDIA
1-(J) Shah Deen 1-(J) Mehar Chand Mahajan
2-(J) M Munir 2-(J) Teeja Singh
Bengal Commission
1-(J) Abu Saleh Ikram 1-(J) C C Baswas
2-(J) S A Rehman 2-(J) B K Mukarjee
Major Muslim majority Areas handed over to India
o Calcutta in Bengal secretly given to India
o Tehsil Gurdaspur,Batala and Pathankot unjustly given to India
o In Amritsar district tehsil Ajnala was also made part of India.
o Tehsil Zira in Jullundur District was a Muslim majority tehsil.
o Tehsil Firozpur of Firozpur another Muslim majority tehsil
o On 15th of August 1947,announcement of Award
 Creation Of
Pakistan

On 14th of August 1947,27 Ramzan,1366 AH Pakistan

came into Being on the map of the world as independent
Islamic state.