Joshua Banwarie Lab 1 Candidate Number: 0901610038

TITLE: Evidence of Atomic Theory

AIM: To investigate the atomic theory by dilution of a standard solution.

INTRODUCTION: This experiment involves the preparation of a standard solution which

includes adding additional solute to a substance of known concentration to
reduce the molarity concentration of the solution. By adding more solvent
it can be converted into a dilute solution. For example, concentrated
Sulphuric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

MATERIALS/APPARATUS:

1. 0.8g of potassium permanganate

2. Beaker
3. Measuring cylinder
4. Pipette
5. Volumetric flasks
6. Distilled water
7. Potassium permanganate
8. White tile

PROCEDURE:

1. 0.8g of potassium permanganate was placed in a suitable volume of water.

2. A measuring cylinder was used to measure 10ml of potassium permanganate solution.
3. A pipette was used to transfer the potassium permanganate to a volumetric flask.
4. A beaker was used to full the volumetric flask with water up to the 250ml mark.
5. The colour change was observed and recorded.
6. The measuring cylinder was rinsed and 10ml of the new solution from the volumetric
flask was extracted.
7. The volumetric flask was rinsed and the new solution was poured into it.
8. Steps 3 to 7 were repeated until the solution was colourless.
9. The results were observed and recorded.
Joshua Banwarie Lab 1 Candidate Number: 0901610038

DIAGRAM:

Diagram Showing the Set Up of The Experiment

RESULTS:

Colour Concentration/ gL-1 Concentration/ molL-1

Purple 0.8 0.0051
Pink 0.032 0.0002
Colourless 0.00128 8.1 x 10-6
Joshua Banwarie Lab 1 Candidate Number: 0901610038

The Table Above Shows the Readings Obtained During the Experiment, As Well As Other
Calculated Values That Were Necessary.

TREATMENT OF RESULTS:

Mass of KMnO₄ =0.8g

RMM of KMnO₄ = 158gmol-1

Formulas:

1. Number of Moles = Mass/ Molar Mass

2. Molar Concentration = Moles / Volume
3. Concentration before Dilution = Concentration after Dilution (C1V1 = C2V2)

Calculation of Molar Concentration

Number of Moles of KMnO₄ = (0.8g / 158gmol-1)

= 5.06 x 10-3mol

Therefore, Molar concentration of KMnO₄ in 1dm3 = 5.06 x 10-3moldm3

C1V1 = C2V2

5.06 x 10-3 mol x 0.01 = C2 x 0.25 dm3

(5.06 x 10-3 mol x 0.01) / 0.25 dm3 = C2

C2 = 2.024 x 10-4 moldm-3

C2V2 = C3V3

2.024 x 10-4 mol x 0.01 = C3 x 0.25 dm3

(2.024 x 10-4 mol x 0.01) / 0.25 dm3 = C3

C3 = 8.096 x 10-6 moldm-3

Joshua Banwarie Lab 1 Candidate Number: 0901610038

Calculation of Mass Concentration

The concentration of 0.8g of KMnO₄ in 1 dm3 of substance is 0.8 gdm-3

C1V1 = C2V2

0.8g x 0.01 = C2 x 0.25 dm3

(0.8g x 0.01) / 0.25 dm3 = C2

C2 = 0.032 gdm-3

C2V2 = C3V3

0.032g x 0.01 = C3 x 0.25 dm3

(0.032g x 0.01) / 0.25 dm3 = C3

C3 = 1.28 x 10-3 gdm-3

DISCUSSION:

Concentration is the amount of a substance, such as a salt, that is in a certain amount of tissue or
liquid, such as blood. A substance becomes more concentrated when less water is present.

A common method of making a solution of a given concentration involves taking a more

concentration involves taking a more concentration solution solution and adding more water until
the desired concentration is reached. This process is known as dilution.

Standard solutions are solutions with a known concentration of a substance. They are used in
Chemistry, particularly analytical chemistry, to help identify or determine the concentration of
unknown substances. Primary standards are often used when preparing standard solutions.

According John Dalton, the first part of his theory states that all matter is made of atoms, which
are indivisible. The second part of the theory says all atoms of a given element are identical in
Joshua Banwarie Lab 1 Candidate Number: 0901610038

mass and properties. The third part says compounds are combinations of two or more different
types of atoms.

Additionally, Volumetric Analysis is a method of finding out the quantity of substance present
in a solid or solution. It usually involves titrating a known solution, called a standard solution,
with an unknown solution. Based on the reaction equation, calculations are then made to find out
the concentration of the unknown solution.

The standard solution is a solution for which the concentration ( molarity) is accurately known.
A standard solution can be prepared either two ways:

A primary standard is carefully weighed, dissolved, and diluted accurately to a known volume.
Its concentration can be calculated from this data which is what was done in this experimently.

A solution is made to an appropriate concentration and then standardized by titrating an

accurately weighed quantity of a primary standard.

Two main steps were carried out A). calculating the molar concentration. We did this by dividing
the moles by liters of water used in the solution. The values used were Number of Moles of
KMnO₄ = (0.8g / 158gmol-1) = 5.06 x 10-3mol. Therefore, Molar concentration of KMnO₄ in
1dm3 = 5.06 x 10-3moldm3. B). Mass concentration calculations included The concentration of
0.8g of KMnO₄ in 1 dm3 of substance is 0.8 gdm-3 : C1V1 = C2V2 0.8g x 0.01 = C2 x 0.25 dm3
(0.8g x 0.01) / 0.25 dm3 = C2 C2 = 0.032 gdm-3

PRECAUTION:

It was ensured that all of KMnO4 was transferred to the volumetric flask by rinsing the beaker
and funnel thrice

Eye level contact was kept with chemical in flask while taking reading to reduce parallax errors

SOURCE OF ERRORS:

Purity of the potassium permanganate

Inaccurate weighing and measuring of substances as well as incorrect use of volumetric flask
Joshua Banwarie Lab 1 Candidate Number: 0901610038

CONCLUSION:

A standard solution of 8.096 x 10-6 moldm-3 KMnO4 was prepared

REFERENCE:

Chemistry Lab Manual for CSEC by Judith Beharry