Birmingham

5/1/23, 11:34 AM Birmingham - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 52°28′48″N 1°54′9″W
Birmingham
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Birmingham (/ˈbɜːrmɪŋəm/ ( listen)[3][4][5] BUR-ming-

əm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan Birmingham
county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-
City and metropolitan borough
largest city in the United Kingdom[b][6] with a population
of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West
Midlands metropolitan county,[7] and approximately 4.3
million in the wider metropolitan area. It is the largest UK
metropolitan area outside of London.[8] Birmingham is
commonly referred to as the second city of the United
Kingdom.[9][10][11][12][13]
Located in the West Midlands region of England,

approximately 100 miles (160 km) from London,
Birmingham is considered to be the social, cultural, A metropolitan area is
financial and commercial centre of the Midlands. generally defined as
Distinctively, Birmingham only has small rivers flowing consisting of an urban area,
through it, mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River conurbation or
Rea and River Cole – one of the closest main rivers is the agglomeration, together with
Severn, approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of the city the surrounding area to which
centre. it is closely economically and
socially integrated through
Historically a market town in Warwickshire in the Clockwise, from top: the city centre viewed from the south;
commuting.
medieval period, Birmingham grew during the 18th Birmingham Town Hall; St Martin's church and Selfridges
century during the Midlands Enlightenment and during department store in the Bull Ring;
the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower at the
the Industrial Revolution, which saw advances in science,
University of Birmingham; St Philip's Cathedral; the Library
technology and economic development, producing a series of Birmingham
of innovations that laid many of the foundations of
modern industrial society.[14] By 1791, it was being hailed
as "the first manufacturing town in the world".[15]
Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands
of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised
and highly skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of Flag
creativity and innovation; this provided an economic base Coat of arms
for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the
Nicknames:
20th century. The Watt steam engine was invented in Brum · City of a Thousand Trades · 0121 · Second City ·
Birmingham.[16] The Pen Shop of the World · Venice of the North · Workshop
of the World
The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a Motto: Forward
culture of political radicalism which, under leaders from
Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain, was to give it a
political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London
and a pivotal role in the development of British
democracy.[17] From the summer of 1940 to the spring of
1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German
Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The
damage done to the city's infrastructure, in addition to a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham 1/45
deliberate policy of demolition and new building by Shown within West Midlands county
planners, led to extensive urban regeneration in
subsequent decades.
Birmingham's economy is now dominated by the service

sector.[18] The city is a major international commercial
centre and an important transport, retail, events and
conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second-
largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn
(2014).[2] Its five universities,[19] including the University
of Birmingham, make it the largest centre of higher
education in the country outside London.[20]
Birmingham's major cultural institutions – the City of
Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Birmingham Royal
Ballet, Birmingham Repertory Theatre, Library of
Birmingham and Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy Birmingham
international reputations,[21] and the city has vibrant and
influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary
scenes.[22] The city also successfully hosted the 2022
Commonwealth Games.[23][24] In 2021, Birmingham was
the third most visited city in the UK by people from foreign
nations.[25] Location within the United Kingdom
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The name Birmingham comes from the Old English Coordinates: 52°28′48″N 1°54′9″W
Beormingahām,[26] meaning the home or settlement of
the Beormingas – a tribe or clan whose name literally Sovereign state United Kingdom
means 'Beorma's people' and which may have formed an Country England
early unit of Anglo-Saxon administration.[27] Beorma, Region West Midlands
after whom the tribe was named, could have been its Ceremonial county West Midlands
leader at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, a shared Historic county
ancestor, or a mythical tribal figurehead. Place names Warwickshire (historic entirety)
ending in -ingahām are characteristic of primary Worcestershire and
settlements established during the early phases of Anglo- Staffordshire (added during 19th
and 20th century expansion)
Saxon colonisation of an area, suggesting that Birmingham
was probably in existence by the early 7th century at the Settlement c. 600
latest.[28] Surrounding settlements with names ending in - Seigneurial borough 1166
tūn ('farm'), -lēah ('woodland clearing'), -worð Municipal borough 1838
('enclosure') and -field ('open ground') are likely to be City status 14 January 1889
secondary settlements created by the later expansion of Metropolitan 1 April 1974
the Anglo-Saxon population,[29] in some cases possibly on borough
earlier British sites.[30] Administrative HQ The Council House,
Victoria Square
History Government
• Type Metropolitan borough
• Body Birmingham City Council
Pre-history and medieval • Leadership Leader and cabinet
• Executive Labour
There is evidence of early human activity in the • Leader Ian Ward (Lab)
Birmingham area dating back to around 8000 BC,[31] with • Lord Mayor Maureen Cornish[1]
Stone Age artefacts suggesting seasonal settlements, • Chief Executive Chris Naylor (Interim)
overnight hunting parties and woodland activities such as Area
tree felling.[32] The many burnt mounds that can still be
• City 103.4 sq mi (267.8 km2)
seen around the city indicate that modern humans first
• Urban 231.2 sq mi (598.9 km2)
intensively settled and cultivated the area during the
Bronze Age, when a substantial but short-lived influx of • Rank 145th

population occurred between 1700 BC and 1000 BC, Elevation 460 ft (140 m)
possibly caused by conflict or immigration in the
Population (2021)
surrounding area.[33] During the 1st-century Roman
conquest of Britain, the forested country of the • City 1,144,919
Birmingham Plateau formed a barrier to the advancing • Rank 1st
2nd in England and UK[a]
Roman legions,[34] who built the large Metchley Fort in
• Density 11,070/sq mi (4,275/km2)
the area of modern-day Edgbaston in AD 48,[35] and made
• Urban 2,919,600 (2nd)
it the focus of a network of Roman roads.[36]
• Metro 4,300,000 (2nd)
The development of Birmingham into a significant urban Demonym Brummie
and commercial centre began in 1166, when the Lord of
Time zone UTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
the Manor Peter de Bermingham obtained a charter to
• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
hold a market at his castle, and followed this with the
creation of a planned market town and seigneurial Postcode B
borough within his demesne or manorial estate, around Area code 0121
the site that became the Bull Ring.[37] This established ISO 3166 code GB-BIR
Birmingham as the primary commercial centre for the Police West Midlands Police
Birmingham Plateau at a time when the area's economy
Fire and Rescue West Midlands Fire Service
was expanding rapidly, with population growth nationally
Ambulance West Midlands Ambulance Service
leading to the clearance, cultivation and settlement of
OS grid reference SP066868
previously marginal land.[38] Within a century of the
Motorways A38(M)
charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban
M5
centre of merchants and craftsmen.[39] By 1327 it was the
M6
third-largest town in Warwickshire,[40] a position it would
retain for the next 200 years. M6 Toll
M42
International Birmingham (BHX)
Early modern airports
Major railway Birmingham New Street (A)
The principal governing institutions of medieval stations Birmingham Moor Street (B)
Birmingham – including the Guild of the Holy Cross and Birmingham Snow Hill (C1)
the lordship of the de Birmingham family – collapsed
Birmingham International(C1)
between 1536 and 1547,[41] leaving the town with an
unusually high degree of social and economic freedom and GDP US$ 121.1 billion[2] (2nd)
initiating a period of transition and growth.[42] By 1700 – Per capita US$ 31,572[2]
Birmingham's population had increased fifteen-fold and Councillors 120
the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales.[43] MPs List [show]
Gary Sambrook (C)
The importance of the manufacture of iron goods to
Liam Byrne (L)
Birmingham's economy was recognised as early as 1538,
Paulette Hamilton (L)
and grew rapidly as the century progressed.[44] Equally
significant was the town's emerging role as a centre for the Tahir Ali (L)
iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw Khalid Mahmood (L)
materials and traded and marketed the industry's Shabana Mahmood (L)
products. [45] By the 1600s Birmingham formed the Steve McCabe (L)
commercial hub of a network of forges and furnaces Andrew Mitchell (C)
stretching from South Wales to Cheshire [46] and its Jess Phillips (L)
merchants were selling finished manufactured goods as far Preet Gill (L)
afield as the West Indies.[47] These trading links gave
Website www.birmingham.gov
Birmingham's metalworkers access to much wider .uk (https://www.birmingham.gov.uk)
markets, allowing them to diversify away from lower-
skilled trades producing basic goods for local sale, towards a broader range of specialist, higher-skilled and more
lucrative activities.[48]
By the time of the English Civil War Birmingham's booming economy, its expanding population, and its resulting
high levels of social mobility and cultural pluralism, had seen it develop new social structures very different from
those of more established areas.[49] Relationships were built around pragmatic commercial linkages rather than the
rigid paternalism and deference of feudal

society, and loyalties to the traditional
hierarchies of the established church and
aristocracy were weak.[49] The town's
reputation for political radicalism and its
strongly Parliamentarian sympathies saw it The charters of 1166 and 1189
The East Prospect of Birmingham attacked by Royalist forces in the Battle of established Birmingham as a market
town and seigneurial borough.
(1732), engraving by William Birmingham in 1643,[50] and it developed into
Westley a centre of Puritanism in the 1630s[49] and as
a haven for Nonconformists from the
1660s.[51]
The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the cultural phenomenon now
known as the Midlands Enlightenment.[52] The town developed into a notable centre of literary, musical, artistic and
theatrical activity;[53] and its leading citizens – particularly the members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham –
became influential participants in the circulation of philosophical and scientific ideas among Europe's intellectual
elite.[54] The close relationship between Enlightenment Birmingham's leading thinkers and its major
manufacturers[55] – in men like Matthew Boulton and James Keir they were often in fact the same people[56] – made
it particularly important for the exchange of knowledge between pure science and the practical world of
manufacturing and technology.[57] This created a "chain reaction of innovation",[58] forming a pivotal link between
the earlier scientific revolution and the Industrial Revolution that would follow.[59]
Industrial Revolution
Birmingham's explosive industrial expansion started earlier than that of the textile-
manufacturing towns of the North of England,[60] and was driven by different factors.
Instead of the economies of scale of a low-paid, unskilled workforce producing a single
bulk commodity such as cotton or wool in large, mechanised units of production,
Birmingham's industrial development was built on the adaptability and creativity of a
highly paid workforce with a strong division of labour, practising a broad variety of
skilled specialist trades and producing a constantly diversifying range of products, in a
highly entrepreneurial economy of small, often self-owned workshops.[61] This led to
exceptional levels of inventiveness: between 1760 and 1850 – the core years of the
Industrial Revolution – Birmingham residents registered over three times as many
patents as those of any other British town or city.[62]
Matthew Boulton, a
The demand for capital to feed rapid economic expansion also saw Birmingham grow prominent early industrialist
into a major financial centre with extensive international connections. [63] Lloyds Bank
was founded in the town in 1765,[64] and Ketley's Building Society, the world's first
building society, in 1775.[65] By 1800 the West Midlands had more banking offices per head than any other region in
Britain, including London.[63]
Innovation in 18th-century Birmingham often took the form of incremental series

of small-scale improvements to existing products or processes,[66] but also
included major developments that lay at the heart of the emergence of industrial
society.[14] In 1709 the Birmingham-trained Abraham Darby I moved to
Coalbrookdale in Shropshire and built the first blast furnace to successfully smelt
iron ore with coke, transforming the quality, volume and scale on which it was
possible to produce cast iron.[67] In 1732 Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invented
roller spinning, the "one novel idea of the first importance" in the development of
the mechanised cotton industry.[68] In 1741 they opened the world's first cotton
The Soho Manufactory of 1765 – mill in Birmingham's Upper Priory.[69] In 1746 John Roebuck invented the lead
pioneer of the factory system and chamber process, enabling the large-scale manufacture of sulphuric acid,[70] and
the industrial steam engine in 1780 James Keir developed a process for the bulk manufacture of alkali,[71]
together marking the birth of the modern chemical industry.[72] In 1765 Matthew
Boulton opened the Soho Manufactory, pioneering the combination and
mechanisation under one roof of previously separate manufacturing activities through a system known as "rational
manufacture".[73] As the largest manufacturing unit in Europe, this came to symbolise the emergence of the factory
system.[74]
Most significant, however, was the development in 1776 of the industrial steam engine by James Watt and Matthew
Boulton.[75] Freeing for the first time the manufacturing capacity of human society from the limited availability of
hand, water and animal power, this was arguably the pivotal moment of the entire industrial revolution and a key
factor in the worldwide increases in productivity over the following century.[76]
Regency and Victorian
Birmingham rose to national political prominence in the campaign for political

reform in the early 19th century, with Thomas Attwood and the Birmingham
Political Union bringing the country to the brink of civil war during the Days of
May that preceded the passing of the Great Reform Act in 1832.[77] The Union's
meetings on Newhall Hill in 1831 and 1832 were the largest political assemblies
Britain had ever seen.[78] Lord Durham, who drafted the Act, wrote that "the
country owed Reform to Birmingham, and its salvation from revolution".[79] This
reputation for having "shaken the fabric of privilege to its base" in 1832 led John
Bright to make Birmingham the platform for his successful campaign for the Thomas Attwood addressing a
Second Reform Act of 1867, which extended voting rights to the urban working 200,000-strong meeting of the
class.[80] Birmingham Political Union during
the Days of May 1832 – oil on
The original Charter of Incorporation, dated 31 October 1838, was received in canvas by Benjamin Haydon (c.
Birmingham on 1 November, then read in the Town Hall on 5 November with 1832–1833)
elections for the first Birmingham Town Council being held on 26 December.
Sixteen Aldermen and 48 Councillors were elected and the Borough was divided
into 13 wards. William Scholefield became the first Mayor and William Redfern was appointed as Town Clerk.
Birmingham Town Police were established the following year.
Birmingham's tradition of innovation continued into the 19th century. Birmingham was the terminus for both of the
world's first two long-distance railway lines: the 82-mile (132 km) Grand Junction Railway of 1837 and the 112-mile
(180 km) London and Birmingham Railway of 1838.[81] Birmingham schoolteacher Rowland Hill invented the
postage stamp and created the first modern universal postal system in 1839.[82] Alexander Parkes invented the first
human-made plastic in the Jewellery Quarter in 1855.[83]
By the 1820s, the country's extensive canal system had been constructed, giving greater access to natural resources
and fuel for industries. During the Victorian era, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a
million[84] and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in England. Birmingham was granted city
status in 1889 by Queen Victoria.[85] Joseph Chamberlain, mayor of Birmingham and later an MP, and his son
Neville Chamberlain, who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham and later the British Prime Minister, are two of the most
well-known political figures who have lived in Birmingham. The city established its own university in 1900.[86]
20th century and contemporary
The city suffered heavy bomb damage during World War II's "Birmingham Blitz".
The city was also the scene of two scientific discoveries that were to prove critical
to the outcome of the war.[87] Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls first described how a
practical nuclear weapon could be constructed in the Frisch–Peierls
memorandum of 1940,[88] the same year that the cavity magnetron, the key
component of radar and later of microwave ovens, was invented by John Randall
and Henry Boot.[89] Details of these two discoveries, together with an outline of
the first jet engine invented by Frank Whittle in nearby Rugby, were taken to the
Ruins of the Bull Ring, destroyed United States by the Tizard Mission in September 1940, in a single black box later
during the Birmingham Blitz, 1940 described by an official American historian as "the most valuable cargo ever
brought to our shores".[90]
The city was extensively redeveloped during the 1950s and 1960s.[91][92] This
included the construction of large tower block estates, such as Castle Vale. The
Bull Ring was reconstructed and New Street station was redeveloped. In the
decades following World War II, the ethnic makeup of Birmingham changed
significantly, as it received waves of immigration from the Commonwealth of
Nations and beyond.[93] The city's population peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000
residents.[84]
An aerial photograph of Birmingham
in 1946 21 people were killed and 182 were injured in
a series of bomb attacks in 1974, thought to be
carried out by the Provisional IRA. The
bombings were the worst terror attacks in England up until the 2005 London
bombings[94] and consisted of bombs being planted in two pubs in central
Birmingham. Six men were convicted, who became known later as the
Birmingham Six and sentenced to life imprisonment, who were acquitted after 16
years by the Court of Appeal.[95] The convictions are now considered one of the Aftermath of the bomb attack on the
worst British miscarriages of justice in recent times. The true perpetrators of the Mulberry Bush Pub during the pub
attacks are yet to be arrested.[96][97][98] bombings of 1974
Birmingham remained by far Britain's most prosperous provincial city as late as

the 1970s,[99] with household incomes exceeding even those of London and the
South East,[100] but its economic diversity and capacity for regeneration declined
in the decades that followed World War II as Central Government sought to
restrict the city's growth and disperse industry and population to the stagnating
areas of Wales and Northern England.[101] These measures hindered "the natural
self-regeneration of businesses in Birmingham, leaving it top-heavy with the old
and infirm",[102] and the city became increasingly dependent on the motor
industry. The recession of the early 1980s saw Birmingham's economy collapse,
World leaders meet in Birmingham
with unprecedented levels of unemployment and outbreaks of social unrest in
for the 1998 G8 Summit
inner-city districts.[103]
Since the turn of the 21st century, many parts of Birmingham have been
transformed, with the redevelopment of the Bullring Shopping Centre,[104] the construction of the new Library of
Birmingham (the largest public library in Europe) and the regeneration of old industrial areas such as Brindleyplace,
The Mailbox and the International Convention Centre, as well as the rationalisation of the Inner Ring Road. In 1998
Birmingham hosted the 24th G8 summit. The city successfully hosted the 2022 Commonwealth Games.[105][24]
Government
Birmingham City Council is the largest local authority in Europe, in terms of the
population it covers with 101 councillors representing 77 wards as of 2018.[106] Its
headquarters are at the Council House in Victoria Square. As of 2023, the council
has a Labour Party majority and is led by Ian Ward.[107] Labour replaced the
previous no overall control status at the May 2012 elections.[108] The honour and
dignity of a Lord Mayoralty was conferred on Birmingham by Letters Patent on 3
June 1896.[109] The Council House, headquarters of
Birmingham City Council
Birmingham's ten parliamentary constituencies are represented in the House of
Commons as of 2020 by two Conservative and eight Labour MPs.[110]
Originally part of Warwickshire, Birmingham expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, absorbing parts of
Worcestershire to the south and Staffordshire to the north and west. The city absorbed Sutton Coldfield in 1974 and
became a metropolitan borough in the new West Midlands county.[111] A top-level government body, the West
Midlands Combined Authority, was formed in April 2016. The WMCA holds devolved powers in transport,
development planning, and economic growth. The authority is governed by a directly elected mayor, similar to the
Mayor of London.[112]
Geography
Birmingham is located in the centre of the West Midlands region of England on
the Birmingham Plateau – an area of relatively high ground, ranging between 500
and 1,000 feet (150 and 300 metres) above sea level and crossed by Britain's main
north–south watershed between the basins of the Rivers Severn and Trent. To the
south west of the city lie the Lickey Hills,[113] Clent Hills and Walton Hill, which
reach 1,033 feet (315 m) and have extensive views over the city. Birmingham is
drained only by minor rivers and brooks, primarily the River Tame and its
tributaries the Cole and the Rea.
The City of Birmingham forms a conurbation with the largely residential borough
of Solihull to the south east, and with the city of Wolverhampton and the
industrial towns of the Black Country to the north west, which form the West Birmingham and the wider West
Midlands Built-up Area covering 59,972 ha (600 km2; 232 sq mi). Surrounding Midlands Built-up Area seen from
this is Birmingham's metropolitan area – the area to which it is closely ESA Sentinel-2
economically tied through commuting – which includes the former Mercian
capital of Tamworth and the cathedral city of Lichfield in Staffordshire to the
north; the industrial city of Coventry and the Warwickshire towns of Nuneaton, Warwick and Leamington Spa to the
east; and the Worcestershire towns of Redditch and Bromsgrove to the south west.[114]
Much of the area now occupied by the city was originally a northern reach of the ancient Forest of Arden, whose
former presence can still be felt in the city's dense oak tree-cover and in the large number of districts such as
Moseley, Saltley, Yardley, Stirchley and Hockley with names ending in "-ley": the Old English -lēah meaning
"woodland clearing".[115]
Cityscape
The city as seen from Studley Tower in Highgate
Geology
Birmingham is dominated by the Birmingham Fault, which runs diagonally through the city from the Lickey Hills in
the south west, passing through Edgbaston and the Bull Ring, to Erdington and Sutton Coldfield in the north
east.[116] To the south and east of the fault the ground is largely softer Mercia Mudstone, interspersed with beds of
Bunter pebbles and crossed by the valleys of the Rivers Tame, Rea and Cole and their tributaries.[117] To the north
and west of the fault, between 150 and 600 feet (46 and 183 metres) higher than the surrounding area and underlying
much of the city centre, lies a long ridge of harder Keuper Sandstone.[118][119] The bedrock underlying Birmingham
was mostly laid down during the Permian and Triassic periods.[116]
The area has evidence of glacial deposits, with prominent erratic boulders becoming a tourist attraction in the early
1900s.[120][121][122]
Climate
Birmingham has a temperate maritime climate (Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification), like much of the
British Isles, with average maximum temperatures in summer (July) being around 21.3 °C (70.3 °F); and in winter
(January) around 6.7 °C (44.1 °F).[123] Between 1971 and 2000 the warmest day of the year on average was 28.8 °C
(83.8 °F)[124] and the coldest night typically fell to −9.0 °C (15.8 °F).[125] Some 11.2 days each year rose to a
temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above[126] and 51.6 nights reported an air frost.[127] The highest recorded
temperature recorded at the Edgbaston Campus was 37.4 °C (99.3 °F),[128] whilst a temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F)
was recorded at Birmingham Airport on the city's eastern edge, both recorded on 19 July 2022.[129]
Like most other large cities, Birmingham has a considerable urban heat island effect.[130] During the coldest night
recorded, 14 January 1982, the temperature fell to −20.8 °C (−5.4 °F) at Birmingham Airport, but just −14.3 °C
(6.3 °F) at Edgbaston, near the city centre.[131]
Birmingham is a snowy city relative to other large UK conurbations, due to its inland location and comparatively high
elevation.[132] Between 1961 and 1990 Birmingham Airport averaged 13.0 days of snow lying annually,[133] compared
to 5.33 at London Heathrow.[134] Snow showers often pass through the city via the Cheshire gap on north westerly
airstreams, but can also come off the North Sea from north easterly airstreams.[132]
Extreme weather is rare, but the city has been known to experience tornadoes. On 23 November 1981, during a
record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak, two tornadoes touched down within the Birmingham city limits – in
Erdington and Selly Oak – with six tornadoes touching down within the boundaries of the wider West Midlands
county.[135] More recently, a destructive tornado occurred in July 2005 in the south of the city, damaging homes and
businesses in the area.[136]
Climate data for Birmingham (Winterbourne),[c] elevation: 140 m (459 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present [hide]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
14.6 18.8 22.8 25.8 26.5 31.7 37.4 34.8 29.4 28.0 17.7 16.2 37.4
Record high °C (°F)
(58.3) (65.8) (73.0) (78.4) (79.7) (89.1) (99.3) (94.6) (84.9) (82.4) (63.9) (61.2) (99.3)
Average high °C 7.1 7.7 10.3 13.4 16.5 19.3 21.5 21.0 18.1 13.9 9.9 7.3 13.9
(°F) (44.8) (45.9) (50.5) (56.1) (61.7) (66.7) (70.7) (69.8) (64.6) (57.0) (49.8) (45.1) (57.0)
4.3 4.7 6.6 9.0 11.9 14.8 16.8 16.5 13.9 10.5 6.9 4.6 10.0
Daily mean °C (°F)
(39.7) (40.5) (43.9) (48.2) (53.4) (58.6) (62.2) (61.7) (57.0) (50.9) (44.4) (40.3) (50.0)
1.6 1.6 2.9 4.6 7.3 10.2 12.1 12.0 9.7 7.1 4.0 1.9 6.3
Average low °C (°F)
(34.9) (34.9) (37.2) (40.3) (45.1) (50.4) (53.8) (53.6) (49.5) (44.8) (39.2) (35.4) (43.3)
−14.3 −9.4 −8.3 −4.3 −1.6 0.5 4.0 4.0 1.1 −5.0 −9.0 −13.4 −14.3
Record low °C (°F)
(6.3) (15.1) (17.1) (24.3) (29.1) (32.9) (39.2) (39.2) (34.0) (23.0) (15.8) (7.9) (6.3)
Average
72.0 55.1 50.9 56.5 61.0 68.4 65.8 67.5 68.2 81.4 78.7 83.9 809.3
precipitation mm
(2.83) (2.17) (2.00) (2.22) (2.40) (2.69) (2.59) (2.66) (2.69) (3.20) (3.10) (3.30) (31.86)
(inches)
Average
precipitation days 12.8 10.6 10.0 10.6 10.2 10.0 9.7 10.5 10.0 12.3 13.3 12.7 132.5
(≥ 1.0 mm)
Mean monthly
52.9 76.5 117.6 157.0 187.0 180.6 193.5 175.0 140.0 102.5 63.1 55.6 1,501.3
sunshine hours
Source 1: Met Office[137]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[138][139]
Climate data for Birmingham (BHX),[d] elevation: 99 m (325 ft), 1971–2000 normals, extremes 1878–present [show]
15.0 18.1 23.7 25.5 27.8 31.6 37.0 34.9 29.0 28.0 18.1 15.7 37.0
Record high °C (°F)
(59.0) (64.6) (74.7) (77.9) (82.0) (88.9) (98.6) (94.8) (84.2) (82.4) (64.6) (60.3) (98.6)
Average high °C 6.6 7.0 9.7 12.1 15.8 18.6 21.4 21.0 17.8 13.7 9.5 7.3 13.4
(°F) (43.9) (44.6) (49.5) (53.8) (60.4) (65.5) (70.5) (69.8) (64.0) (56.7) (49.1) (45.1) (56.1)
3.9 4.0 6.1 7.8 11.0 13.9 16.5 16.1 13.5 10.0 6.5 4.7 9.5
Daily mean °C (°F)
(39.0) (39.2) (43.0) (46.0) (51.8) (57.0) (61.7) (61.0) (56.3) (50.0) (43.7) (40.5) (49.1)
1.1 0.9 2.4 3.5 6.2 9.2 11.5 11.2 9.1 6.3 3.4 2.0 5.5
Average low °C (°F)
(34.0) (33.6) (36.3) (38.3) (43.2) (48.6) (52.7) (52.2) (48.4) (43.3) (38.1) (35.6) (41.9)
−20.8 −15.0 −11.6 −6.6 −3.8 −0.8 1.2 2.2 −1.8 −6.8 −10.0 −18.5 −20.8
Record low °C (°F)
(−5.4) (5.0) (11.1) (20.1) (25.2) (30.6) (34.2) (36.0) (28.8) (19.8) (14.0) (−1.3) (−5.4)
Average
64.2 48.4 49.8 44.3 50.3 59.9 46.4 60.2 56.0 54.8 58.9 67.0 662.7
precipitation mm
(2.53) (1.91) (1.96) (1.74) (1.98) (2.36) (1.83) (2.37) (2.20) (2.16) (2.32) (2.64) (26.09)
(inches)
Average
precipitation days 12.0 9.7 11.1 8.4 9.3 9.0 7.4 8.9 8.6 10.1 10.3 10.8 115.9
(≥ 1.0 mm)
Average snowy
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 24
days
Average relative
85 84 80 76 76 75 75 78 80 83 84 86 80
humidity (%)
Average dew point 2 2 3 4 7 10 11 11 10 8 5 3 6

°C (°F) (36) (36) (37) (39) (45) (50) (52) (52) (50) (46) (41) (37) (43)
Mean monthly
49.7 60.0 101.5 129.2 178.0 186.2 181.0 166.8 134.3 97.2 64.2 46.9 1,395
sunshine hours
Source 1: KNMI[e][140] NOAA (Relative humidity, snow days and sun 1961–1990)[141]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[142][143] Meteo Climat[144] Time and Date: Dewpoints (1985–2015)[145]
Climate data for Birmingham [show]
Mean daily daylight hours 8.3 9.9 11.9 14.0 15.8 16.7 16.2 14.6 12.6 10.6 8.8 7.8 12.3
Average ultraviolet index 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3
Source: Weather Atlas[146]
Environment
There are 571 parks within Birmingham[147] – more than any other European
city[148] – totalling over 3,500 hectares (14 sq mi) of public open space.[147] The
city has over six million trees,[148] and 250 miles (400 kilometres) of urban
brooks and streams.[147] Sutton Park, which covers 2,400 acres (971 ha) in the
north of the city,[149] is the largest urban park in Europe and a national nature
reserve.[147] Birmingham Botanical Gardens, located close to the city centre,
retains the regency landscape of its original design by J. C. Loudon in 1829,[150]
while the Winterbourne Botanic Garden in Edgbaston reflects the more informal
Arts and Crafts tastes of its Edwardian origins.[151] Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Several green spaces within the borough are designated as green belt, as a portion
of the wider West Midlands Green Belt. This is a strategic local government policy used to prevent urban sprawl and
preserve greenfield land. Areas included are the aforementioned Sutton Park; land along the borough boundary by
the Sutton Coldfield, Walmley and Minworth suburbs; Kingfisher, Sheldon, Woodgate Valley country parks; grounds
by the Wake Green football club; Bartley and Frankley reservoirs; and Handsworth cemetery with surrounding golf
courses.[152]
Birmingham has many areas of wildlife that lie in both informal settings such as the Project Kingfisher and Woodgate
Valley Country Park and in a selection of parks such as Lickey Hills Country Park, Pype Hayes Park & Newhall Valley,
Handsworth Park, Kings Heath Park, and Cannon Hill Park, the latter also housing the mini zoo, Birmingham
Wildlife Conservation Park.[153]
Demographics
The 2021 census recorded 1,144,900 people living in Birmingham, an increase of
around 6.7% from 2011 when 1,073,045 were recorded living in the city.[155] Of
that around 305,688 or 26.7% were foreign-born, making it the city with one of
the largest migrant populations in Europe.[156] Birmingham is the largest local
Authority area and city in the UK outside of London. Increasing industrialisation
swelled Birmingham's population. In the 1520s the town was the third largest in
Historical population of Birmingham, Warwickshire with a population of about 1,000 – a situation little changed from
between 1651 and 2011 [154] that two centuries earlier.[157] By 1700 Birmingham's population had increased
fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales.[43]
Birmingham's population quadrupled between 1700 and 1750.[70] – Birmingham
was already the third most-populous town in England, smaller only than the older southern ports of London and
Bristol and growing faster than any of its rivals.[158] The city's population initially peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000
residents, before being surpassed in 2021.[84]
The Birmingham Larger Urban Zone, a Eurostat measure of the functional city-region approximated to local
government districts, has a population of 2,357,100 in 2004.[159] In addition to Birmingham itself, the LUZ includes
the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull and Walsall, along with the districts of Lichfield, Tamworth,
North Warwickshire and Bromsgrove.[160]
Ethnic groups
According to figures from the 2021 census, 48.7% of the population Ethnicity of Birmingham residents, 2021
was White (42.9% White British, 1.5% White Irish, 4.0% Other White, White 48.7%
0.2% Roma, 0.1% Irish Traveller), 31% were Asian (17.0% Pakistani, Asian 31%
5.8% Indian, 4.2% Bangladeshi, 1.1% Chinese, 2.9% Other Asian), Black 10.9%
10.9% were Black (5.8% African, 3.9% Caribbean, 1.2% Other Black), Mixed 4.8%
4.8% of Mixed race (2.2% White and Black Caribbean, 0.4% White and Other 4.6%
Black African, 1.1% White and Asian, 1.1% Other Mixed), 1.7% Arab and Arab 1.7%
4.6% of Other ethnic heritage.[161] Source: 2021 census[161]
The 2021 census showed 26.7% of the population were born outside
the UK, an increase of 4.5% percentage points from 2011.[156] Figures showed that the five largest foreign-born
groups living in Birmingham were born in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Romania and Jamaica.[162]
In 2011, 57% of primary and 52% of secondary pupils were from non-White British families.[163] As of 2021, 31.6% of
school pupils in Birmingham were White, 37.7% were Asian, 12.6% were Black, 9.7% were Mixed race and 8.4% were
Other.[164]
Age structure and median age
In Birmingham, 65.9% of the population were aged between 15 and 64, higher than when compared to the national
average of 64.1% in England and Wales. Furthermore, 20.9% of the population were aged over 15, higher than the
national average of 17.4% while the population aged over 65 was 13.1%, which was lower than the national average of
18.6% respectively.[165]
Birmingham is one of the youngest cities in Europe with 40% of its population below the age
of 25 [166] and the median age being 34 years of age, below the national average of 40.[167]
Religion
Christianity is the largest religion within Birmingham, with 34% of Religion of Birmingham residents, 2021
residents identifying as Christians in the 2021 Census.[168] The city's Christian 34%
religious profile is highly diverse: outside London, Birmingham has Muslim 29.9%
the United Kingdom's largest Muslim, Sikh and Buddhist No religion 24.1%
communities; its second largest Hindu community; and its seventh Religion not stated 6.1%
Sikh 2.9%
largest Jewish community.[168] Between the 2001, 2011, and 2021
Hindu 1.9%
censuses, the proportion of Christians in Birmingham decreased from
Other religion 0.6%
59.1% to 46.1% to 34%, while the proportion of Muslims increased Buddhist 0.4%
from 14.3% to 21.8% to 29.9% and the proportion of people with no Jewish 0.1%
religious affiliation increased from 12.4% to 19.3% to 24.1%. All other
Source: 2021 census[161]
religions remained proportionately similar.[169]
St Philip's Cathedral was upgraded

from church status when the Anglican Diocese of Birmingham was created in
1905. There are two other cathedrals: St Chad's, seat of the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of Birmingham and the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Dormition
of the Mother of God and St Andrew. The Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the
Midlands is also based at Birmingham, with a cathedral under construction. The
original parish church of Birmingham, St Martin in the Bull Ring, is Grade II*
listed. A short distance from Five Ways the Birmingham Oratory was completed
in 1910 on the site of Cardinal Newman's original foundation. There are several
St Philip's Cathedral Christadelphian meeting halls in the city and the Christadelphian Magazine and
Publishing Group has its headquarters in Hall Green.
The oldest surviving synagogue in Birmingham is the 1825 Greek Revival Severn Street Synagogue, now a
Freemasons' Lodge hall. It was replaced in 1856 by the Grade II* listed Singers Hill Synagogue. Birmingham Central
Mosque, one of the largest in Europe, was constructed in the 1960s.[170] During the late 1990s Ghamkol Shariff
Masjid was built in Small Heath.[171] The Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha Sikh Gurdwara was built on Soho Road
in Handsworth in the late 1970s and the Theravada Buddhist Dhamma Talaka Peace Pagoda near Edgbaston
Reservoir in the 1990s. Winners' Chapel also maintains physical presence in Digbeth.
Economy
Birmingham grew to prominence as a centre of manufacturing and engineering.
The Gun Quarter is a district of the city that was, for many years, a centre of the
world's gun-manufacturing industry. The first recorded gun maker in
Birmingham was in 1630, and locally made muskets were used in the English
Civil War. The Gun Quarter is an industrial area to the north of the city centre,
bounded by Steelhouse Lane, Shadwell Street, and Loveday Street, specialising in
the production of military firearms and sporting guns. Many buildings in the area
are disused but plans are in place for redevelopment including in Shadwell Street
and Vesey Street.[173][174]
Colmore Row, at the heart of
The economy of Birmingham is dominated by the service sector, which accounted Birmingham's Business District, is
for 88% of the city's employment in 2012. [18] Birmingham is the largest centre in traditionally the most prestigious
[175] business address in the city.[172]
Great Britain for employment in public administration, education and health;
and after Leeds the second-largest centre outside London for employment in
financial and other business services.[176] The wider metropolitan economy is the
second-largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1 billion (2014 estimate, PPP).[2] Major companies
headquartered in Birmingham include the engineering company IMI plc, National Express, Patisserie Valerie,
Claire's, and Mitchells & Butlers; including the wider metropolitan area, the city has the largest concentration of
major companies outside London and the South East.[177]

hosting headquarters for Gymshark and Severn Trent
Water. With major facilities such as the National Exhibition Centre and International Convention Centre,
Birmingham attracts 42% of the UK's total conference and exhibition trade.[178]
In 2012, manufacturing accounted for 8% of the employment in Birmingham, a

figure below the average for the UK as a whole.[18] Major industrial plants in the
city include Jaguar Land Rover in Castle Bromwich and Cadbury in Bournville,
with large local producers also supporting a supply chain of precision-based small
manufacturers and craft industries.[179] More traditional industries also remain:
40% of the jewellery made in the UK is still produced by the 300 independent
manufacturers of the city's Jewellery Quarter,[180] continuing a trade first
recorded in Birmingham in 1308.[40]
The Jaguar F-Type, made by Jaguar
Land Rover at Castle Bromwich Birmingham's GVA was estimated to be
£24.8 billion in 2015, economic growth Nominal GVA for Birmingham
Assembly
2010–2015. Note 2015 is
accelerated each successive year between 2013
provisional[181]
and 2015, and with an annual growth of 4.2%
in 2015, GVA per head grew at the second-fastest rate of England's eight "Core GVA
Year Growth (%)
(£ million)
Cities". The value of manufacturing output in the city declined by 21% in real terms
between 1997 and 2010, but the value of financial and insurance activities more 2010 20,795 2.1%
than doubled.[182] With 16,281 start-ups registered during 2013, Birmingham has 2011 21,424 3.0%
the highest level of entrepreneurial activity outside London,[183] while the number
2012 21,762 1.6%
of registered businesses in the city grew by 8.1% during 2016.[184] Birmingham was
behind only London and Edinburgh for private sector job creation between 2010 2013 22,644 4.1%
and 2013.[185] 2014 23,583 4.2%
Economic inequality in Birmingham is greater than in any other major English 2015 24,790 5.2%
city, exceeded only by Glasgow in the United Kingdom. [186] Levels of
unemployment are among the highest in the country, with 10% of the economically active population unemployed
(June 2016).[187] In the inner-city wards of Aston and Washwood Heath, the figure is higher than 30%. Two-fifths of
Birmingham's population live in areas classified as in the 10% most deprived parts of England, and overall
Birmingham is the most deprived local authority in England in terms of income and employment deprivation.[188]
The city's infant mortality rate is high, around 60% worse than the national average.[189] Meanwhile, just 49% of
women have jobs, compared to 65% nationally,[189] and only 28% of the working-age population in Birmingham have
degree level qualifications in contrast to the average of 34% across other Core Cities.[190]
According to the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey, Birmingham was placed 51st in the world, which was the
second-highest rating in the UK. The city's quality of life rating has continued to improve over the years and
Birmingham was ranked 49th in the world in the 2019 survey. This is the first time it has featured in the top 50.[191]
The Big City Plan of 2008 aims to move the city into the index's top 20 by 2026.[192] An area of the city has been
designated an enterprise zone, with tax relief and simplified planning to lure investment.[193]
According to 2019 property investment research, Birmingham is rated as the number one location for "The Best
Places To Invest in Property in the UK". This was attributed to a 5% increase in house prices and local investment
into infrastructure.[194]
Culture
Music
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra's home venue is Symphony Hall. Other notable professional orchestras
based in the city include the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, the Royal Ballet Sinfonia and Ex Cathedra, a
Baroque chamber choir and period instrument orchestra. The Orchestra of the Swan is the resident chamber
orchestra at Birmingham Town Hall,[195] where weekly recitals have also been given by the City Organist since
1834.[196]
The Birmingham Triennial Music Festivals took place from 1784 to 1912. Music
was specially composed, conducted or performed by Mendelssohn, Gounod,
Sullivan, Dvořák, Bantock and Edward Elgar, who wrote four of his most famous
choral pieces for Birmingham. Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius had its début
performance there in 1900. Composers born in the city include Albert William
Ketèlbey and Andrew Glover.
Jazz has been popular in the city since the 1920s,[197] and there are many regular
festivals such as the Harmonic Festival, the Mostly Jazz Festival and the annual
International Jazz Festival. Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla conducting the
City of Birmingham Symphony
Birmingham's other city-centre music venues include Arena Birmingham Orchestra at Symphony Hall
(previously known as the National Indoor Arena and the Barclaycard Arena),
which was opened in 1991, O2 Academy on Bristol Street, which opened in
September 2009 replacing the O2 Academy in Dale End, the CBSO Centre,
opened in 1997, HMV Institute in Digbeth and the Bradshaw Hall at the Royal
Birmingham Conservatoire.
During the 1960s, Birmingham was the home

of a music scene comparable to that of
Liverpool.[199] It was "a seething cauldron of
musical activity", and the international
success of groups such as The Move, The
Spencer Davis Group, The Moody Blues, Birmingham Town Hall dating from
Traffic and the Electric Light Orchestra had a 1834, one of the most prominent
collective influence that stretched into the music venues in the city
1970s and beyond. [199] The city was a centre
Black Sabbath, pioneers of heavy
metal,[198] formed in Birmingham in
for early heavy metal music,[200] with
1968. pioneering metal bands from the late 1960s and 1970s such as Black Sabbath,[198]
Judas Priest,[198] and half of Led Zeppelin having come from Birmingham. The
next decade saw the influential metal bands Napalm Death and Godflesh emerge
from the city. Birmingham was the birthplace of modern bhangra in the 1960s,[201] and by the 1980s had established
itself as the global centre of bhangra culture,[202] which has grown into a global phenomenon embraced by members
of the Indian diaspora worldwide from Los Angeles to Singapore.[201] The 1970s also saw the rise of reggae and ska in
the city with such bands as Steel Pulse, UB40, Musical Youth, The Beat and Beshara, expounding racial unity with
politically leftist lyrics and multiracial line-ups, mirroring social currents in Birmingham at that time.
Other popular bands from Birmingham include Duran Duran, Johnny Foreigner, Fine Young Cannibals, Felt,
Broadcast, Ocean Colour Scene, The Streets, The Twang, King Adora, Dexys Midnight Runners, and Magnum.
Musicians Jeff Lynne, Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Bill Ward, Geezer Butler, John Lodge, Roy Wood, Joan
Armatrading, Toyah Willcox, Denny Laine, Sukshinder Shinda, Apache Indian, Steve Winwood, Jamelia, Oceans Ate
Alaska, Fyfe Dangerfield and Laura Mvula all grew up in the city.
Since 2012 the Digbeth-based B-Town indie music scene has attracted widespread attention, led by bands such as
Peace and Swim Deep, with the NME comparing Digbeth to London's Shoreditch, and The Independent writing in
2012 that "Birmingham is fast becoming the best place in the UK to look to for the most exciting new music."[203]
Theatre and performing arts
Birmingham Repertory Theatre is Britain's longest-established producing theatre,[205] presenting a wide variety of
work in its three auditoria on Centenary Square and touring nationally and internationally.[206] Other producing
theatres in the city include the Blue Orange Theatre in the Jewellery Quarter; the Old Rep, home stage of the
Birmingham Stage Company; and @ A. E. Harris, the base of the experimental Stan's Cafe theatre company, located
within a working metal fabricators' factory. Touring theatre companies include the politically radical Banner Theatre,
the Maverick Theatre Company and Kindle Theatre. The Alexandra Theatre and the Birmingham Hippodrome host
large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide

range of stages across the city, including the Crescent Theatre, the Custard
Factory, the Old Joint Stock Theatre, the Drum in Aston and the mac in Cannon
Hill Park.
The Birmingham Royal Ballet is one of the United Kingdom's five major ballet
companies and one of three based outside London.[207] It is resident at the
Birmingham Hippodrome and tours extensively nationally and internationally.
The company's associated ballet school – Elmhurst School for Dance in
Edgbaston – is the oldest vocational dance school in the country.[208]
The Birmingham Hippodrome, home
The Birmingham Opera Company under artistic director Graham Vick has of the Birmingham Royal Ballet, is
the UK's busiest single theatre.[204]
developed an international reputation for its avant-garde productions,[209] which
often take place in factories, abandoned buildings and other found spaces around
the city.[210] More conventional seasons by Welsh National Opera and other
visiting opera companies take place regularly at the Birmingham Hippodrome.[211]
The first dedicated comedy club outside of London, The Glee Club, was opened in The Arcadian Centre, city centre, in
1994, and continues to host performances by leading regional, national and international acts.
Literature
Literary figures associated with Birmingham include Samuel Johnson who stayed in
Birmingham for a short period and was born in nearby Lichfield. Arthur Conan Doyle worked
in the Aston area of Birmingham whilst poet Louis MacNeice lived in Birmingham for six
years. It was whilst staying in Birmingham that American author Washington Irving
produced several of his most famous literary works, such as Bracebridge Hall and The
Humorists, A Medley which are based on Aston Hall, as well as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
and Rip Van Winkle .
The poet W. H. Auden grew up in the Harborne area of the city and during the 1930s formed
the core of the Auden Group with Birmingham University lecturer Louis MacNeice. Other
influential poets associated with Birmingham include Roi Kwabena, who was the city's sixth
W. H. Auden grew up
poet laureate,[212] and Benjamin Zephaniah, who was born in the city.
in the Birmingham
area and lived there The author J. R. R. Tolkien was brought up in the Kings Heath area of Birmingham.[213] The
for much of his early
award-winning political playwright David Edgar was born in Birmingham,[214] and the
life.
science fiction author John Wyndham spent his early childhood in the Edgbaston area of the
city.[215]
Birmingham has a vibrant contemporary literary scene, with local authors including David Lodge, Jim Crace,
Jonathan Coe, Joel Lane and Judith Cutler.[216] The city's leading contemporary literary publisher is the Tindal Street
Press, whose authors include prize-winning novelists Catherine O'Flynn, Clare Morrall and Austin Clarke.[217]
Art and design
The Birmingham School of landscape artists emerged with Daniel Bond in the 1760s and was to last into the mid 19th
century.[218] Its most important figure was David Cox, whose later works make him an important precursor of
impressionism.[219] The influence of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists and the Birmingham School of Art
made Birmingham an important centre of Victorian art, particularly within the Pre-Raphaelite and Arts and Crafts
movements.[220] Major figures included the Pre-Raphaelite and symbolist Edward Burne-Jones; Walter Langley, the
first of the Newlyn School painters;[221] and Joseph Southall, leader of the group of artists and craftsmen known as
the Birmingham Group.
The Birmingham Surrealists were among the "harbingers of surrealism" in Britain in the 1930s and the movement's
most active members in the 1940s,[222] while more abstract artists associated with the city included Lee Bank-born
David Bomberg and CoBrA member William Gear. Birmingham artists were prominent in several post-war
developments in art: Peter Phillips was among the central figures in the birth of
Pop Art;[223] John Salt was the only major European figure among the pioneers of
photo-realism;[224] and the BLK Art Group used painting, collage and multimedia
to examine the politics and culture of Black British identity. Contemporary artists
from the city include the Turner Prize winner Gillian Wearing and the Turner
Prize shortlisted artists Richard Billingham, John Walker, Roger Hiorns, and
conceptual artist Pogus Caesar whose work has been acquired by the Victoria and
Albert Museum, National Portrait Gallery, Wolverhampton Art Gallery and
Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.[225]
Rhyl Sands (c.1854), by David Cox,
Birmingham's role as a manufacturing and printing centre has supported strong a major figure in the Birmingham
local traditions of graphic design and product design. Iconic works by School of landscape artists
Birmingham designers include the Baskerville font,[226] Ruskin Pottery,[227] the
Acme Thunderer whistle,[228] the Art Deco branding of the Odeon Cinemas[229]
and the Mini.[230]
Museums and galleries
Birmingham has two major public art collections. Birmingham Museum & Art
Gallery is best known for its works by the Pre-Raphaelites, a collection "of
outstanding importance".[231] It also holds a significant selection of old masters –
including major works by Bellini, Rubens, Canaletto and Claude – and
particularly strong collections of 17th-century Italian Baroque painting and
English watercolours.[231] Its design holdings include Europe's pre-eminent
collections of ceramics and fine metalwork.[231] The Barber Institute of Fine Arts
in Edgbaston is one of the finest small art galleries in the world,[232] with a
collection of exceptional quality representing Western art from the 13th century
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
to the present day.[233]
Birmingham Museums Trust runs other museums in the city including Aston
Hall, Blakesley Hall, the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, Soho House and Sarehole Mill. The Birmingham Back to
Backs are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city.[234] Cadbury World is a museum showing
visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the history of chocolate and the company. The Ikon Gallery
hosts displays of contemporary art, as does Eastside Projects.
Thinktank is Birmingham's main science museum, with a giant screen cinema, a planetarium and a collection that
includes the Smethwick Engine, the world's oldest working steam engine.[235] Other science-based museums include
the National Sea Life Centre in Brindleyplace, the Lapworth Museum of Geology at the University of Birmingham and
the Centre of the Earth environmental education centre in Winson Green.
Nightlife
Nightlife in Birmingham is mainly concentrated along Broad Street and into

Brindleyplace. Although in more recent years, Broad Street has lost its popularity
due to the closing of several clubs; the Arcadian now has more popularity in terms
of nightlife. Outside the Broad Street area are many stylish and underground
venues. The Medicine Bar in the Custard Factory, hmv Institute, Rainbow Pub
and Air are large clubs and bars in Digbeth. Around the Chinese Quarter are areas
such as the Arcadian and Hurst Street Gay Village, that abound with bars and
clubs. Summer Row, The Mailbox, O2 Academy in Bristol Street, Snobs
Nightclub, St Philips/Colmore Row, St Paul's Square and the Jewellery Quarter
Digbeth Institute, an influential
music venue since the 1960s
all have a vibrant night life. There are a number of late night pubs in the Irish
Quarter.[236] Outside the city centre is Star City entertainment complex on the
former site of Nechells Power Station.[237]
Festivals
Birmingham is home to many national, religious and cultural festivals,

including a St. George's Day party. The city's largest single-day event is its St. Birmingham's St Patrick's Day parade,
Patrick's Day parade (Europe's second largest, after Dublin).[238] The Nowka the largest in Europe outside Dublin,
Bais is a Bengali boat racing festival which takes place annually in is the city's largest single-day event.
Birmingham. It is a leading cultural event in the West Midlands, United
Kingdom attracting not only the Bangladeshi diaspora but a variety of
cultures.[239] It is also the largest kind of boat race in the United Kingdom.[240] Other multicultural events include
the Bangla Mela and the Vaisakhi Mela. The Birmingham Heritage Festival is a Mardi Gras style event in August.
Caribbean and African culture are celebrated with parades and street performances by buskers. The Caribbean-style
Birmingham International Carnival takes place in odd-numbered years.
The UK's largest two-day Gay Pride is Birmingham Pride (LGBT festival), which is typically held over the spring bank
holiday weekend in May.[241][242] The streets of Birmingham's gay district pulsate with a carnival parade, live music,
a dance arena with DJs, cabaret stage, women's arena and a community village. Birmingham Pride takes place in the
gay village. From 1997 until December 2006, the city hosted an annual arts festival, ArtsFest, the largest free arts
festival in the UK at the time.[243]
The Birmingham Tattoo is a long-standing military show held annually at the National Indoor Arena.
The Birmingham Comedy Festival (since 2001; 10 days in October), has been headlined by such acts as Peter Kay,
The Fast Show, Jimmy Carr, Lee Evans and Lenny Henry.
Since 2001, Birmingham has been host to the Frankfurt Christmas Market. Modelled on its German counterpart, it
has grown to become the UK's largest outdoor Christmas market and is the largest German market outside of
Germany and Austria,[244] attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010[245] and over 5 million visitors in 2011.[246]
The biennial Birmingham International Dance Festival (BIDF) started in 2008, organised by DanceXchange
and involving indoor and outdoor venues across the city.[247]
Other festivals in the city include the Birmingham International Jazz Festival, and "Party in the Park",[248] originally
a festival hosted by local and regional radio stations which died down in 2007 and has now been brought back to life
as an unsigned festival for regional unsigned acts to showcase themselves in a one-day music festival for the whole
family.
Food and drink
Birmingham's development as a commercial town was originally based around its

market for agricultural produce, established by royal charter in 1166. Despite the
industrialisation of subsequent centuries this role has been retained and the
Birmingham Wholesale Markets remain the largest combined wholesale food
markets in the country,[249] selling meat, fish, fruit, vegetables and flowers and
supplying fresh produce to restaurateurs and independent retailers from as far as
100 miles (161 km) away.[250]
Birmingham is the only city outside London to have five Michelin starred Simpsons in Edgbaston, one of the
restaurants: Simpson's in Edgbaston, Carters of Moseley, and Purnell's, Opheem city's five Michelin-starred
and Adam's in the city centre.[251] restaurants
Birmingham based breweries included Ansells, Davenport's and Mitchells &

Butlers.[252] Aston Manor Brewery is currently the only brewery of any significant size. Many fine Victorian pubs and
bars can still be found across the city, whilst there is also a plethora of more modern nightclubs and bars, notably
along Broad Street.[253]
The Wing Yip food empire first began in the city and now has its headquarters in Nechells.[254] The Balti, a type of
curry, was invented in the city, which has received much acclaim for the 'Balti Belt' or 'Balti Triangle'.[255] Famous
food brands that originated in Birmingham include Typhoo tea, Bird's Custard, Cadbury's chocolate and HP Sauce.
There is also a thriving independent and artisan food sector in Birmingham, encompassing microbreweries like Two
Towers,[256] and collective bakeries such as Loaf.[257] Recent years have seen these businesses increasingly
showcased at farmers markets,[258] popular street food events[259] and food festivals including Birmingham
Independent Food Fair.[260][261]
Entertainment and leisure
Birmingham is home to many entertainment and leisure venues, including Europe's largest leisure and
entertainment complex Star City as well as Europe's first out-of-city-centre entertainment and leisure complex
Resorts World Birmingham owned by the Genting Group. The Mailbox which caters for more affluent clients is based
within the city.
Architecture
Birmingham is chiefly a product of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries; its growth
began during the Industrial Revolution. Consequently, relatively few buildings
survive from its earlier history and those that do are protected. There are 1,946
listed buildings in Birmingham and thirteen scheduled ancient monuments.[262]
Birmingham City Council also operate a locally listing scheme for buildings that
do not fully meet the criteria for statutorily listed status.
Traces of medieval Birmingham can be seen in the oldest churches, notably the
original parish church, St Martin in the Bull Ring. A few other buildings from the
medieval and Tudor periods survive, among them the Lad in the Lane[263] and 17 & 19 Newhall Street, constructed
in Birmingham's characteristic
The Old Crown, the 15th century Saracen's Head public house and Old Grammar
Victorian red brick and terracotta
School in Kings Norton[264] and Blakesley Hall.
style
A number of Georgian buildings survive, including St Philip's Cathedral, Soho
House, Perrott's Folly, the Town Hall and much of St Paul's Square. The Victorian
era saw extensive building across the city. Major civic buildings such as the
Victoria Law Courts (in characteristic red brick and terracotta), the Council
House and the Museum & Art Gallery were constructed.[265] St Chad's Cathedral
was the first Roman Catholic cathedral to be built in the UK since the
Reformation.[266] Across the city, the need to house the industrial workers gave
rise to miles of redbrick streets and terraces, many of back-to-back houses, some
of which were later to become inner-city slums.[267]
Postwar redevelopment and anti-Victorianism The Bull by Laurence Broderick at

resulted in the loss of dozens of Victorian the shopping centre "The Bull Ring"
buildings like New Street station and the old
Central Library, often replaced by brutalist
architecture.[268] Sir Herbert Manzoni, City Engineer and Surveyor of
Birmingham from 1935 until 1963, believed conservation of old buildings was
sentimental and that the city did not have any of worth anyway.[269] In inner-city
areas too, much Victorian housing was demolished and redeveloped. Existing
The iconic Selfridges Building, communities were relocated to tower block estates like Castle Vale.[270]
by architects Future Systems
In a partial reaction against the Manzoni years, Birmingham City Council is
demolishing some of the brutalist buildings like the Central Library and has an
extensive tower block demolition and renovation programme. There has been much redevelopment in the city centre
in recent years, including the award-winning[271]

Future Systems' Selfridges
building in the Bullring Shopping Centre, the Brindleyplace regeneration project,
the Millennium Point science and technology centre, and the refurbishment of the
iconic Rotunda building. Funding for many of these projects has come from the
European Union; the Town Hall for example received £3 million in funding from
the European Regional Development Fund.[272]
Highrise development has slowed since the 1970s and mainly in recent years
because of enforcements imposed by the Civil Aviation Authority on the heights of
buildings as they could affect aircraft from the Airport (e.g. Beetham Tower).[273] The Old Crown Pub is one of the
oldest buildings in Birmingham.
Demonymy and identity
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of "Brum", which originates
from the city's old name, Brummagem.[274][275] The Brummie accent and dialect are particularly distinctive.
Transport
Partly due to its central location, Birmingham is a major transport hub on the
motorway, railway and canal networks.[276]
Roads
The city is served by the M5, M6, M40 and M42 motorways, and possibly the
most well known motorway junction in the United Kingdom: Spaghetti Junction, The Gravelly Hill Interchange, where
a colloquial name for the Gravelly Hill Interchange.[277] The M6 passes through the M6 motorway meets the Aston
the city on the Bromford Viaduct, which at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) is the longest bridge Expressway, is the newer Spaghetti
in the UK.[278] Birmingham introduced a Clean Air Zone from 1 June 2021, which Junction.
charges polluting vehicles to travel into the city centre.[279]
Air
Birmingham Airport, located 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the city centre in the neighbouring borough of Solihull, is the
seventh busiest airport by passenger traffic in the UK and the third busiest outside the London area, after Manchester
and Edinburgh. It is a major base for Jet2,[280] Ryanair[281] and TUI Airways.[282] Airline services operate from
Birmingham to many destinations in Europe, Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Asia and Oceania.[283]
Public transport
Birmingham's local public transport network is co-ordinated by Transport for West Midlands (TfWM) which is a
branch of the West Midlands Combined Authority.[284]
Birmingham has a high level of public transport usage; in 2015, 63% of morning peak trips into Birmingham were
made by public transport, with the remaining 37% made by private car. Rail was the most popular public transport
mode, accounting for 36.4% of journeys, followed by buses at 26.3% and the Metro at 0.3%.[284]
There is currently no underground system in Birmingham; it is the largest city in Europe not to have one. In recent
years, ideas of an underground system have started to appear, but none so far have been planned in earnest primarily
due to the ongoing expansion of the West Midlands Metro tram network being viewed as a higher priority.[285]
Railway
The main railway station in the city is Birmingham New Street, which is the
busiest railway station in the UK outside London, both for passenger entries/exits
and for passenger interchanges.[286] It is the national hub for CrossCountry, the
most extensive long-distance train network in Britain,[287] and a major
destination for Avanti West Coast services from London Euston, Glasgow Central
and Edinburgh Waverley.[288] Birmingham Moor Street and Birmingham Snow
Hill form the northern termini for Chiltern Railways express trains running from
London Marylebone.[289] Curzon Street railway station, currently under
construction, will be the terminus for trains to the city on High Speed 2, the first Birmingham New Street is the
phase of which will open around 2030.[290] largest and busiest railway station in
the UK outside London.
Birmingham and the surrounding region have a network of local and suburban
railways, mostly operated by West Midlands Trains. There are a total of 70
railway stations within the West Midlands county, 34 of which are within Birmingham's city boundaries. Suburban
railway lines in Birmingham include the Cross-City Line, the Chase Line, the Snow Hill Lines and the Birmingham
loop. In 2016/17, there were nearly 55 million rail passenger journeys within the TfWM area, a big increase over the
23 million back in 2000/01.[284]
Tram
Historically, Birmingham had a substantial tram system operated by Birmingham

Corporation Tramways which was closed in 1953. In 1999, trams returned to the city
with the West Midlands Metro (formerly known as the Midland Metro) which operates
services to the city of Wolverhampton. Since 2015–2016, after extension work, the tram
network runs in the streets of central Birmingham, for the first time since 1953; further
expansions of the West Midlands Metro system are underway with extensions and new
lines being constructed.[284]
Bus
The West Midlands Metro is
261 million bus journeys were made in the TfWM
the growing tram system in
area in 2016/17, a decrease from 319 million in
Birmingham.
2009/10.[284]
Bus routes are mainly operated commercially by

private companies, although TfWM subsidises some socially necessary services.
National Express West Midlands, accounts for nearly 80% of all bus journeys in
Birmingham, though there are around 40 other, smaller registered bus
National Express West Midlands
companies.[284] The number 11 outer circle bus route, which operates in both
operates most of the major bus
clockwise and anti-clockwise directions around the outskirts of the city, is the
routes in Birmingham. longest urban bus route in Europe, being over 26 miles (42 km) long[291] with 272
bus stops.[292]
The National Express headquarters are located in Digbeth, in offices above Birmingham Coach Station, which forms
the national hub of the company's coach network. The bus division is based in Bordesley Green, just outside of the
city centre.
Until 1974, the other major bus operator in Birmingham was Midland Red who had a number of bus depots both in
Birmingham and the wider metropolitan area. After selling the West Midlands-based operations to WMPTE, the
company and its successors continued to serve Birmingham on many routes from outside the West Midlands County.
However, by April 2022, only two routes remain which are the 110 from Tamworth which is operated by Arriva
Midlands and the 144 from Worcester operated by First Worcestershire.
Canals
An extensive canal system still remains in Birmingham from the Industrial Revolution. The city has more miles of
canal than Venice, though the canals in Birmingham are a less prominent and essential feature due to the larger size
of the city and the fact that few of its buildings are accessed by canal.[293] The canals are mainly used today for leisure
purposes;[294] canalside regeneration schemes such as Brindleyplace have turned the canals into a tourist
attraction.[295][296][297]
Education
Further and higher education
Birmingham is home to five universities: Aston University, University of

Birmingham, Birmingham City University, University College Birmingham and
Newman University.[298] The city also hosts major campuses of the University of
Law and BPP University, as well as the Open University's West Midlands regional
base.[299] In 2011 Birmingham had 78,259 full-time students from all over the
world aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city
in the United Kingdom outside London.[300] Birmingham has 32,690 research
Aston University students, also the highest number of any major city outside London.[301]
The Birmingham Business School, established

by Sir William Ashley in 1902, is the oldest graduate-level business school in the
United Kingdom.[302] Another top business school in the city includes Aston
Business School, one of fewer than 1% of business schools globally to be granted
triple accreditation,[303] and Birmingham City Business School. Royal
Birmingham Conservatoire, part of Birmingham City University, offers
professional training in music and acting.
Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. St Mary's College,

Oscott is one of the three seminaries of the Catholic Church in England and University of Birmingham
Wales;[304] Woodbrooke is the only Quaker study centre in Europe;[305] and
Queen's College, Edgbaston is an ecumenical theological college serving the
Church of England, the Methodist Church and the United Reformed Church.
Birmingham Metropolitan College is one of the largest further education colleges in the country,[306] with fourteen
campuses spread across Birmingham and into the Black Country and Worcestershire.[307] South & City College
Birmingham has nine campuses spread throughout the city.[308] Bournville College is based in a £66 million, 4.2 acre
campus in Longbridge that opened in 2011.[309] Fircroft College is a residential college based in a former Edwardian
mansion in Selly Oak, founded in 1909 around a strong commitment to social justice, with many courses aimed at
students with few prior formal qualifications.[310] Queen Alexandra College is a specialist college based in Harborne
offering further education to visually impaired or disabled students from all over the United Kingdom.[311]
Primary and secondary education
Birmingham City Council is England's largest local education authority, directly

or indirectly responsible for 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77
secondary schools[312] and 29 special schools.[313] and providing around 3,500
adult education courses throughout the year.[314] Most of Birmingham's state
schools are community schools run directly by Birmingham City Council in its
role as local education authority (LEA), although there are also voluntary aided
schools within the state system. Since the 1970s, most secondary schools in
Moseley School, one of the largest
Birmingham have been 11-–-16/18 comprehensive schools, while post GCSE
of the city's 77 secondary schools
students have the choice of continuing their education in either a school's sixth
form or at a further education college.
King Edward's School, Birmingham, founded in 1552 by King Edward VI, is one of the oldest schools in the city,
teaching GCSE and IB, with alumni including J R R Tolkien, author of the Lord of the Rings books and The
Hobbit.[315][316] Independent schools in the city include the Birmingham Blue Coat School, King Edward VI High
School for Girls and Edgbaston High School for Girls. Bishop Vesey's Grammar School was founded by Bishop Vesey
in 1527.[317]
Public services
In Birmingham libraries, leisure centres, parks, play areas, transport, street cleaning and waste collection face cuts
among other services. Albert Bore, leader of Birmingham City Council called on the government to change radically
how local services are funded and provided. It is claimed government cuts to local authorities have hit Birmingham
disproportionately.[318] Child protection services within Birmingham were rated "inadequate" by OFSTED for four
years running between 2009 and 2013, with 20 child deaths since 2007 being investigated.[319] In March 2014 the
government announced that independent commissioner would be appointed to oversee improvements to children's
services within the city.[320]
Library services
The former Birmingham Central Library, opened in 1972, was considered to be

the largest municipal library in Europe.[321] Six of its collections were designated
by the Arts Council England as being "pre-eminent collections of national and
international importance", out of only eight collections to be so recognised in
local authority libraries nationwide.[322] A new Library of Birmingham in
Centenary Square, replacing Central Library, was opened on 3 September 2013. It
was designed by the Dutch architects Mecanoo and has been described as "a kind
of public forum ... a memorial, a shrine, to the book and to literature".[323] This
library faces cuts, due to reduced funding from Central government.[324] The Library of Birmingham is the
new home for the largest municipal
There are 41 local libraries in Birmingham, plus a regular mobile library library in Europe.
service.[325] The library service has 4 million visitors annually.[326] Due to budget
cuts, four of the branch libraries risk closure whilst services may be reduced
elsewhere.[324]
Emergency services
Law enforcement in Birmingham is carried out by West Midlands Police, whose headquarters are at Lloyd House in
the city centre. With 87.92 recorded offences per 1000 population in 2009–10, Birmingham's crime rate is above the
average for England and Wales, but lower than any of England's other major core cities and lower than many smaller
cities such as Oxford, Cambridge or Brighton.[327] Fire and rescue services in Birmingham are provided by West
Midlands Fire Service and emergency medical care by West Midlands Ambulance Service.
Healthcare
There are several major National Health Service hospitals in Birmingham. The
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, adjacent to the Birmingham Medical School in
Edgbaston, is one of the largest teaching hospitals in the United Kingdom with
over 1,200 beds. It is a major trauma centre offering services to the extended
West Midlands region and houses the largest single-floor critical care unit in the
world, with 100 beds.[328] The hospital has the largest solid organ
transplantation programme in Europe as well as the largest renal transplant The Queen Elizabeth Hospital in
programme in the United Kingdom and it is a national specialist centre for liver, Edgbaston houses the largest single
heart and lung transplantation, as well as cancer studies. It is the home of the floor critical care unit in the world.
Royal Centre for Defence Medicine for military personnel injured in conflict
zones.[329]
Other general hospitals in the city include Heartlands Hospital in Bordesley Green, Good Hope Hospital in Sutton
Coldfield and City Hospital in Winson Green. There are also many specialist hospitals, such as Birmingham
Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham Dental Hospital, and the Royal Orthopaedic
Hospital.
Birmingham saw the first ever use of radiography in an operation,[330] and the UK's first ever hole-in-the-heart
operation was performed at Birmingham Children's Hospital.
Water supply
The Birmingham Corporation Water Department was set up in 1876 to supply water to Birmingham, up until 1974
when its responsibilities were transferred to Severn Trent Water. Most of Birmingham's water is supplied by the Elan
aqueduct,[331] opened in 1904; water is fed by gravity to Frankley Reservoir, Frankley, and Bartley Reservoir, Bartley
Green, from reservoirs in the Elan Valley, Wales.[332]
Energy from waste
Within Birmingham the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant, a large incineration plant built in 1996 for Veolia,[333]
burns some 366,414 tonnes of household waste annually and produces 166,230 MWh of electricity for the National
Grid along with 282,013 tonnes of carbon dioxide.[334]
Sport
Birmingham has played an important part in the history of modern sport. The
Football League – the world's first league football competition – was founded by
Birmingham resident and Aston Villa director William McGregor, who wrote to
fellow club directors in 1888 proposing "that ten or twelve of the most prominent
clubs in England combine to arrange home-and-away fixtures each season".[335]
The modern game of tennis was developed between 1859 and 1865 by Harry Gem
and his friend Augurio Perera at Perera's house in Edgbaston,[336] with the
Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society remaining the oldest tennis club in
the world.[337] The Birmingham and District Cricket League is the oldest cricket
Aston Villa vs Birmingham City in
league in the world,[338] and Birmingham was the host for the first ever Cricket the Second City derby at Villa Park
World Cup, a Women's Cricket World Cup in 1973.[339] Birmingham was the first
city to be named National City of Sport by the Sports Council.[340] Birmingham
was selected ahead of London and Manchester to bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics,[341] but was unsuccessful in the
final selection process, which was won by Barcelona.[342]
Today, the city is home of two of the country's oldest professional football teams:
Aston Villa F.C., which was founded in 1874 and plays at Villa Park; and
Birmingham City F.C., which was founded in 1875 and plays at St Andrew's.
Rivalry between the clubs is fierce and the fixture between the two is called the
Second City derby.[343] Aston Villa currently play in the Premier League while
Birmingham City currently play in the Championship. West Bromwich Albion
also draw support within the Birmingham area, being located at The Hawthorns
just outside the city boundaries in Sandwell. Rival football team Coventry City
Test cricket at Edgbaston Cricket
also played briefly at St Andrew's for two seasons between 2019 and 2021 due to
Ground an ongoing dispute with their landlords over use of the Coventry Building Society
Arena.
Warwickshire County Cricket Club play at Edgbaston Cricket Ground, which also hosts test cricket and one day
internationals and is the largest cricket ground in the United Kingdom after Lord's.[344] Edgbaston was the scene of
the highest ever score by a batsman in first-class cricket, when Brian Lara scored 501 not out for Warwickshire in
1994.[345]
Birmingham is also home to professional Rugby Union clubs such as Birmingham Moseley and Birmingham &
Solihull.[346][347] The city also has a semiprofessional Rugby League club, the Midlands Hurricanes as well as an
amateur club the Birmingham Bulldogs.[348] The city is also home to one of the oldest American football teams in the
BAFA National Leagues, the Birmingham Bulls.
Two major championship golf courses lie on the city's outskirts. The Belfry near
Sutton Coldfield is the headquarters of the Professional Golfers' Association[349]
and has hosted the Ryder Cup more times than any other venue.[350] The Forest
of Arden Hotel and Country Club near Birmingham Airport is also a regular host
of tournaments on the PGA European Tour, including the British Masters and the
English Open.[351]
The AEGON Classic is, alongside Wimbledon and Eastbourne, one of only three
UK tennis tournaments on the WTA Tour.[352] It is played annually at the
Edgbaston Priory Club, which in 2010 announced plans for a multimillion-pound International athletics at the National
redevelopment, including a new showcase centre court and a museum celebrating Indoor Arena
the game's Birmingham origins.[353]
The Alexander Stadium in Perry Barr is the headquarters of UK Athletics,[354] and one of only two British venues to
host fixtures in the elite international IAAF Diamond League.[355] It is also the home of Birchfield Harriers, which
has many international athletes among its members. The National Indoor Arena hosted the 2007 European Athletics
Indoor Championships and the 2003 and 2018 World Indoor Championships, as well as hosting the annual Aviva
Indoor Grand Prix – the only British indoor athletics fixture to qualify as an IAAF Indoor Permit Meeting[356] – and a
wide variety of other sporting events.
Professional boxing, hockey, skateboarding, stock-car racing, greyhound racing and speedway also take place within
the city.
Since 1994 Birmingham has hosted the All England Open Badminton Championships at Arena Birmingham.[357]
Commonwealth Games
Birmingham hosted the 2022 Commonwealth Games, which took place between 28 July and 8 August 2022. This was
the first time that Birmingham has hosted the Commonwealth games and the 22nd Commonwealth games to take
place.[358] Birmingham has a wealth of existing sports venues, arenas and conference halls that proved ideal for
hosting sport during the Games. Alexander Stadium, which hosted the ceremonies and athletics was renovated, and
the capacity was increased to 40,000 seats. The 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham were expected to
generate a £526 million boost to the West Midlands regional economy.[359] The official handover to Birmingham
took place at the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony on 15 April 2018.[360]
Media
Birmingham has several major local newspapers – the daily Birmingham Mail and the
weekly Birmingham Post and Sunday Mercury, all owned by Reach plc. Forward is a
freesheet produced by Birmingham City Council, which is distributed to homes in the
city. Birmingham is also the hub for various national ethnic media, lifestyle magazines,
digital news platforms, and the base for two regional Metro editions (East and West
Midlands).
Birmingham has three mainstream digital-only news publishers, I Am Birmingham,

Birmingham Updates and Second City.
Birmingham has a long cinematic history; The Electric on Station Street is the oldest
working cinema in the UK.[361] Birmingham is the location for several British and
international film productions including Felicia's Journey of 1999, which used locations The Electric is the oldest
in Birmingham that were used in Take Me High of 1973 to contrast the changes in the working cinema in the UK.
city.[362]
The BBC has two facilities in the city. The Mailbox, in the city centre, is the
national headquarters of BBC English Regions[363] and the headquarters of BBC
West Midlands and the BBC Birmingham network production centre. These were
previously located at the Pebble Mill Studios in Edgbaston. The BBC Drama
Village, based in Selly Oak, is a production facility specialising in television
drama.[364]
Central/ATV studios in Birmingham was the location for the recording of various
programmes for ITV, including Tiswas and Crossroads, until the complex was
The Mailbox, headquarters of BBC closed in 1997,[365] and Central moved to its current Gas Street studios. Central's
Birmingham output from Birmingham now consists of only the West and East editions of the
regional news programme ITV News Central.
The city is served by numerous national and regional radio stations, as well as hyperlocal radio stations. These
include Free Radio Birmingham and Greatest Hits Radio Birmingham & The West Midlands, Capital Midlands, Heart
West Midlands, Absolute Radio, and Smooth West Midlands. The city has a community radio scene, with stations
including Big City Radio, New Style Radio, Brum Radio, Switch Radio, Scratch Radio, Raaj FM, and Unity FM.
The Archers, the world's longest running radio soap, is recorded in Birmingham for BBC Radio 4.[366] BBC
Birmingham studios additionally produce shows for BBC Radio WM and BBC Asian Network in the city.
Notable people
International relations
Birmingham has nine sister cities:[367]
Lyon, France (since 1951)[368][369]

Frankfurt am Main, Germany (since 1966)[370]
Milan, Italy (since 1974)[371]
Changchun, China (since 1983)
Leipzig, Germany (since 1992)[372]
Chicago, United States (since 1993)
Johannesburg, South Africa (since 1997)
Guangzhou, China (since 2006)
Nanjing, China (since 2007)
Birmingham was twinned with Zaporizhzhia, in Ukraine, in the late Soviet Union period. This is noted in
Ukrainian,[373] in Birmingham public records,[374] and in a written answer from the Minister of State for Local
Government.[375]
See also
List of freemen of the City of Birmingham
Notes
a. Largest when not counting Greater London.
b. Although Birmingham is de facto the second-largest city, it is technically the largest "city proper" in the UK,
because the London region (estimated population 8,546,761) has never been granted "city status" by the UK
government; both the City of London and the City of Westminster have smaller populations than Birmingham.
See the list of UK cities (sort by Population column).
c. Weather station is located 2 miles (3 km) from the Birmingham city centre.
d. Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Birmingham city centre.
e. Data calculated from raw monthly long term data for BHX.
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5/1/23, 11:34 AM Birmingham - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 52°28′48″N 1°54′9″W

Birmingham (/ˈbɜːrmɪŋəm/ ( listen)[3][4][5] BUR-ming-

Located in the West Midlands region of England,

Birmingham's economy is now dominated by the service

Bronze Age, when a substantial but short-lived influx of • Rank 145th

rigid paternalism and deference of feudal

Innovation in 18th-century Birmingham often took the form of incremental series

Regency and Victorian

Birmingham rose to national political prominence in the campaign for political

20th century and contemporary

Birmingham remained by far Britain's most prosperous provincial city as late as

The city as seen from Studley Tower in Highgate

Source 1: Met Office[137]

Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[138][139]

Average dew point 2 2 3 4 7 10 11 11 10 8 5 3 6

Climate data for Birmingham [show]

Average ultraviolet index 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3

Source: Weather Atlas[146]

Age structure and median age

St Philip's Cathedral was upgraded

major companies outside London and the South East.[177]

In 2012, manufacturing accounted for 8% of the employment in Birmingham, a

During the 1960s, Birmingham was the home

Theatre and performing arts

large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide

Art and design

Museums and galleries

Nightlife in Birmingham is mainly concentrated along Broad Street and into

Birmingham is home to many national, religious and cultural festivals,

Food and drink

Birmingham's development as a commercial town was originally based around its

Birmingham based breweries included Ansells, Davenport's and Mitchells &

along Broad Street.[253]

Entertainment and leisure

Postwar redevelopment and anti-Victorianism The Bull by Laurence Broderick at

in recent years, including the award-winning[271]

Demonymy and identity

charges polluting vehicles to travel into the city centre.[279]

Historically, Birmingham had a substantial tram system operated by Birmingham

Bus routes are mainly operated commercially by

Further and higher education

Birmingham is home to five universities: Aston University, University of

The Birmingham Business School, established

Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. St Mary's College,

Primary and secondary education

Birmingham City Council is England's largest local education authority, directly

The former Birmingham Central Library, opened in 1972, was considered to be

Energy from waste

Birmingham has three mainstream digital-only news publishers, I Am Birmingham,

Lyon, France (since 1951)[368][369]

39. Holt 1986, p. 4

73. "Rational Manufacture – Wedgwood & Boulton" (http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/enlightenment

91. "1960s Architecture in Birmingham" (http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=appl

114. "British urban pattern: population data" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/expor

136. "Birmingham Tornado 2005" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080618215923/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/tornad

156. "International migration, England and Wales: Census 2021" (https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommu

189. "Second city, second class" (https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21565961-britains-largest-city-outside-lond

204. "Birmingham Hippodrome" (http://www.danceconsortium.com/venues/birmingham-hippodrome/). The Dance

255. "The Balti Experience" (https://web.archive.org/web/20010208161119/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/balti).

275. Hutton, William (1783). An History of Birmingham.

293. "Does Birmingham Have More Canals Than Venice?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183647/http://www.c

310. "About Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095308/http://fircroft.ac.uk/about-us). Fircroft College. Archived

330. "Major John Hall-Edwards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120928204852/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/xray).