Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter Lecture 6: Overview and Integration

Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science,
Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

20 / 3 / 2023

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 1 / 24
 Presentation Outline

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated 1 Chapter Objectives

Applications

2 Integrated Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 2 / 24
 Chapter Objectives

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 3 / 24
 Chapter Objectives

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Chapter
Objectives 1 Have a better understanding of the relation between descrip-
Integrated
Applications tive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 3 / 24
 Chapter Objectives

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Chapter
Objectives 1 Have a better understanding of the relation between descrip-
Integrated
Applications tive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics.
2 Distinguish between the different uses of the concept of vari-

ability.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 3 / 24
 Chapter Objectives

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Chapter
Objectives 1 Have a better understanding of the relation between descrip-
Integrated
Applications tive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics.
2 Distinguish between the different uses of the concept of vari-

ability.
3 Integrate the tools that were given in the first part of the book

in order to solve complex problems.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 3 / 24
 Presentation Outline

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated 1 Chapter Objectives

Applications

2 Integrated Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 4 / 24
 Integrated Applications

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives Example 1
Integrated
Applications A study involving stress is done on a college campus among the
students. The stress scores follow a (continuous) Uniform dis-
tribution with the lowest stress score equal to 1 and the highest
equal to 5. Using a sample of 75 students, find:

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 5 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly 1 The probability that the average stress score for the 75 stu-
Chapter
Objectives
dents is less than 2.
Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 6 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly 1 The probability that the average stress score for the 75 stu-
Chapter
Objectives
dents is less than 2.
Integrated
Applications
2 The 90th percentile for the average stress score for the 75
students.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 6 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly 1 The probability that the average stress score for the 75 stu-
Chapter
Objectives
dents is less than 2.
Integrated
Applications
2 The 90th percentile for the average stress score for the 75
students.
3 The probability that the total of the 75 stress scores is less
than 200.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 6 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly 1 The probability that the average stress score for the 75 stu-
Chapter
Objectives
dents is less than 2.
Integrated
Applications
2 The 90th percentile for the average stress score for the 75
students.
3 The probability that the total of the 75 stress scores is less
than 200.
4 The 90th percentile for the total stress score for the 75 stu-
dents.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 6 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
Denote by X the stress score of a random student. We are
Chapter
given that X ∼ U nif orm(1, 5).
Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 7 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
Denote by X the stress score of a random student. We are
Chapter
given that X ∼ U nif orm(1, 5).
Objectives

Integrated Use the formulas

Applications
E(X) = (a + b)/2 and V ar(X) = (b − a)2 = 12
in order to obtain the expectation and variance of a single
observation.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 7 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
Denote by X the stress score of a random student. We are
Chapter
given that X ∼ U nif orm(1, 5).
Objectives

Integrated Use the formulas

Applications
E(X) = (a + b)/2 and V ar(X) = (b − a)2 = 12
in order to obtain the expectation and variance of a single
observation.
Use the relations E(X) = E(X) and V ar(X) = V ar(X)/n
to translated these results to the expectation and variance of
the sample average.
Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture
Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 7 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
> a < −1
Chapter
> b < −5
Objectives

Integrated
> n < −75
Applications
> mu.bar < −(a + b)/2
> sig.bar < −sqrt((b − a)2 /(12 ∗ n))

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 8 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
> a < −1
Chapter
> b < −5
Objectives

Integrated
> n < −75
Applications
> mu.bar < −(a + b)/2
> sig.bar < −sqrt((b − a)2 /(12 ∗ n))
> mu.bar

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 8 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
> a < −1
Chapter
> b < −5
Objectives

Integrated
> n < −75
Applications
> mu.bar < −(a + b)/2
> sig.bar < −sqrt((b − a)2 /(12 ∗ n))
> mu.bar
[1] 3

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 8 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
> a < −1
Chapter
> b < −5
Objectives

Integrated
> n < −75
Applications
> mu.bar < −(a + b)/2
> sig.bar < −sqrt((b − a)2 /(12 ∗ n))
> mu.bar
[1] 3
> sig.bar

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 8 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
> a < −1
Chapter
> b < −5
Objectives

Integrated
> n < −75
Applications
> mu.bar < −(a + b)/2
> sig.bar < −sqrt((b − a)2 /(12 ∗ n))
> mu.bar
[1] 3
> sig.bar
[1] 0.1333333

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 8 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications
By the Central Limit Theorem we get that the distribution of the
sample average is approximately N ormal(µ, σ 2 ), with
µ = mu.bar and σ = sig.bar.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 9 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
By using all of the above:
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 10 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
By using all of the above:
Amany E. Aly
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Chapter
Objectives [1] 3.190892e−14
Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 10 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
By using all of the above:
Amany E. Aly
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Chapter
Objectives [1] 3.190892e−14
Integrated
Applications
2 > qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)

[1] 3.170874

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 10 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
By using all of the above:
Amany E. Aly
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Chapter
Objectives [1] 3.190892e−14
Integrated
Applications
2 > qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)

[1] 3.170874
3 > pnorm(200/n, mu.bar, sig.bar)

[1] 0.006209665

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 10 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
By using all of the above:
Amany E. Aly
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Chapter
Objectives [1] 3.190892e−14
Integrated
Applications
2 > qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)

[1] 3.170874
3 > pnorm(200/n, mu.bar, sig.bar)

[1] 0.006209665
4 > n ∗ qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)

[1] 237.8155
Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture
Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 10 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives Example 2
Integrated
Applications
Consider again the same stress study that was described in
Example 1 and answer the same questions. However, this time
assume that the stress score may obtain only the values 1 , 2, 3, 4
or 5, with the same likelihood for obtaining each of the values.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 11 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
Denote again by X the stress score of a random student.
Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 12 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
Denote again by X the stress score of a random student.
Chapter
Objectives The modified distribution states that the sample space of X
Integrated
Applications are the integers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, with equal probability for
each value. Since the probabilities must sum to 1 we get that
P (X = x) = 1/5, for all x in the sample space.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 12 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
Denote again by X the stress score of a random student.
Chapter
Objectives The modified distribution states that the sample space of X
Integrated
Applications are the integers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, with equal probability for
each value. Since the probabilities must sum to 1 we get that
P (X = x) = 1/5, for all x in the sample space.
In principle we may repeat the steps of the solution of previous
example, substituting the expectation and standard deviation
of the continuous measurement by the discrete counterpart.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 12 / 24
 Lecture 6:
> x < −1 : 5
Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly > p < −rep(1/5, 5)
Chapter > n < −75
Objectives

Integrated > mu.X < −sum(x ∗ p)

Applications
> sig.X < −sum((x − mu.X)2 ∗ p)
> mu.bar < −mu.X
> sig.bar < −sqrt(sig.X/n)
> mu.bar
[1] 3
> sig.bar
[1] 0.1632993
Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture
Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 13 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Amany E. Aly
[1] 4.570649e−10
Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 14 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Amany E. Aly
[1] 4.570649e−10
Chapter
Objectives 2 > qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Integrated
Applications [1] 3.209276

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 14 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Amany E. Aly
[1] 4.570649e−10
Chapter
Objectives 2 > qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Integrated
Applications [1] 3.209276
3 > pnorm(200/n, mu.bar, sig.bar)
[1] 0.02061342

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 14 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 > pnorm(2, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Amany E. Aly
[1] 4.570649e−10
Chapter
Objectives 2 > qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Integrated
Applications [1] 3.209276
3 > pnorm(200/n, mu.bar, sig.bar)
[1] 0.02061342
4 > pnorm(199.5/n, mu.bar, sig.bar)
[1] 0.01866821
> n ∗ qnorm(0.9, mu.bar, sig.bar)
[1] 240.6957
Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture
Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 14 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly Example 3
Chapter
Objectives
Suppose that a market research analyst for a cellular phone com-
Integrated
Applications
pany conducts a study of their customers who exceed the time
allowance included on their basic cellular phone contract. The an-
alyst finds that for those customers who exceed the time included
in their basic contract, the excess time used follows an
exponential distribution with a mean of 22 minutes. Consider a
random sample of 80 customers and find

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 15 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
1 The probability that the average excess time used by the 80
Applications
customers in the sample is longer than 20 minutes.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 16 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
1 The probability that the average excess time used by the 80
Applications
customers in the sample is longer than 20 minutes.
2 The 95th percentile for the average excess time for samples of
80 customers who exceed their basic contract time allowances.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 16 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications
Let X be the excess time for customers who exceed the time
included in their basic contract. For the Exponential distribution
E(X) = 1/λ, V ar(X) = 1/λ2 .

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 17 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly > lam < −1/22
Chapter
Objectives
> n < −80
Integrated
Applications
> mu.bar < −1/lam
> sig.bar < −sqrt(1/(lam2 ∗ n))
> mu.bar
[1] 22
> sig.bar
[1] 2.459675

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 18 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
1 > 1 − pnorm(20, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Applications
[1] 0.7919241

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 19 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
1 > 1 − pnorm(20, mu.bar, sig.bar)
Applications
[1] 0.7919241
2 > qnorm(0.95, mu.bar, sig.bar)
[1] 26.04580

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 19 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Example 4
Amany E. Aly
A beverage company produces cans that are supposed to contain
Chapter
Objectives 16 ounces of beverage. Under normal production conditions the
Integrated
Applications
expected amount of beverage in each can is 16.0 ounces, with a
standard deviation of 0.10 ounces.
As a quality control measure, each hour the QA department sam-
ples 50 cans from the production during the previous hour and
measures the content in each of the cans. If the average content
of the 50 cans is below a control threshold then production is
stopped and the can filling machine is re-calibrated.
Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture
Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 20 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
1 Compute the probability that the amount of beverage in a
Chapter
Objectives random can is below 15.95.
Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 21 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
1 Compute the probability that the amount of beverage in a
Chapter
Objectives random can is below 15.95.
Integrated
Applications 2 Compute the probability that the amount of beverage in a
sample average of 50 cans is below 15.95.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 21 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
1 Compute the probability that the amount of beverage in a
Chapter
Objectives random can is below 15.95.
Integrated
Applications 2 Compute the probability that the amount of beverage in a
sample average of 50 cans is below 15.95.
3 Find a threshold with the property that the probability of stop-
ping the machine in a given hour is 5% when, in fact, the
production conditions are normal.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 21 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
4 Consider the data in the file ”QC.csv”. It contains measure-
Chapter
Objectives ment results of 8 hours. Assume that we apply the threshold
Integrated
Applications that was obtained in Question 3. At the end of which of the
hours the filling machine needed re-calibration?

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 22 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly
4 Consider the data in the file ”QC.csv”. It contains measure-
Chapter
Objectives ment results of 8 hours. Assume that we apply the threshold
Integrated
Applications that was obtained in Question 3. At the end of which of the
hours the filling machine needed re-calibration?
5 Based on the data in the file ”QC.csv”, which of the hours con-
tains measurements which are suspected outliers in comparison
to the other measurements conducted during that hour?

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
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 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 There is not enough information to calculate the probability.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 23 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 There is not enough information to calculate the probability.
Amany E. Aly
2 > pnorm(15.95, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
Chapter
Objectives [1] 0.000203476
Integrated
Applications

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 23 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 There is not enough information to calculate the probability.
Amany E. Aly
2 > pnorm(15.95, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
Chapter
Objectives [1] 0.000203476
Integrated
Applications 3 > qnorm(0.05, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
[1] 15.97674

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 23 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 There is not enough information to calculate the probability.
Amany E. Aly
2 > pnorm(15.95, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
Chapter
Objectives [1] 0.000203476
Integrated
Applications 3 > qnorm(0.05, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
[1] 15.97674
4 > QC < −read.csv(”QC.csv”)
> summary(QC)
> mean(QC$h8)
[1] 15.9736

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 23 / 24
 Solution

Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
1 There is not enough information to calculate the probability.
Amany E. Aly
2 > pnorm(15.95, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
Chapter
Objectives [1] 0.000203476
Integrated
Applications 3 > qnorm(0.05, 16, 0.1/sqrt(50))
[1] 15.97674
4 > QC < −read.csv(”QC.csv”)
> summary(QC)
> mean(QC$h8)
[1] 15.9736
5 > boxplot(QC)
Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture
Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 23 / 24
 Lecture 6:

Assoc. Prof.
Amany E. Aly

Chapter
Objectives

Integrated
Applications H.W.
Solve Question 5 page 134.

Assoc. Prof. Amany E. Aly ( Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Lecture

Helwan 6:
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.) 20 / 3 / 2023 24 / 24