SEP, 1976 _ICAS Paper No. 70-26 SOME PROBLEMS OF AIRCRAFT CONTROL SURFACES AERODYNAMICS by V. G. Mikeladze Chief, Aerodynamics Laboratory Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Inetitute Moscow, USSR The Seventh Congress of the International Council of the Aeronatitical Sciences CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE, ROMA, ITALY / SEPTEMBER 14-18, 1970 Price: 400 Lire‘SOME PROBIEMS OF AIRCRAFT COWTROL SURFACES AERODYNAMICS WG. Mikeladze Onief, Aerodynamic Labjratory Central Aerodynamic Institute Radio str. 17 Moscow US&R Aerodynante characteristics of lor aspectaratio wing slevons with vardable~ Groep leading edge es longitudinal end {nteral contfols are considered. An estination method of elevon acto ayaublo characteristics wits the use of The Severability theorem az subsonice and ine Linear theorem at supersonics ie Seesented; « piysicel pattern of flow Sata lowespest—ratio wing with olevons Extended to olga angles by soans of pres sure distribution at subsonic, trensonie fend gupezsonio speeds 1s. sho ue resulse oe systinatic anchiticnl gad experieatal investigations of per Houle elevon parameters effect on tack aerodynasic chatectoristica are givens I. 4 Method of Bstinati nyovoe feast tvetene for aniten A metbod of estimating elevous effec tiveness for arbitrary plan-form wings at subsocic speeds is based on the ase of the reversibility vheorem, which PeLates serodynanic characteristics of a Wing in dizect and reverse flow when toe Velocity direction of free flow "Vy ts Peversed. ‘The Yalues of the derivatives of the Litt coefficient Cige , pitening monent costficient “Cmse and rolling Ronent coefficient Clge” with respect to She eleven deflection ‘angle de em be wrieten as Cus.= si Pa ds @ e arp Cmge aif ur AS @ e Leen tgrifPads © e wuere Crmide and Chige are the pitohing overt coctficient est rollsne moment Cogtiicient for whch the wing soot, clara Eo. is taken as a characteristic Lines aifeasioa = aPa- pressure differential coet- Pe saa pnseue ciezeeation con snd toper sustaces of Tas See Eeseree flow wien The’ wise et he, aigle' sf attack Goves withost rote: - ee Puz-=OPur pressure differential coot- q, Heient in reverse flow won the wing rotates about C& axis aPwx - pressure differential co- 2 fs Pux- Offioient in reverse flow y when the wing Fotates _pyg. bau ee wale GY =*Q°- = aynanic pressure ‘ae expressions 1 to 3 show that i= 4g, suthisigat to gorine cio values of Be Bigand. Box for a wins ia revirbe ribt"then Uke cootttetents CLS. Cie and’ "Chge muy be fousd by aiepio ibtbeactas, He coen of flow bast & wioe'in severse lor is osived bye EetGod in waist tbe wing ie subetitute Sy a verter surtace, tee Listing vaste Slcfase ip simulated by a ausbee of Sound’ vaster covase besa vertex curd 18 Bbptitated by sevérel sus tofosuise Sorticeas Boch ste foraostoe verter Soasiste’ ofa bound vertex of coutent strength along the span [i and free Fortioon, Tee doskgn scheos of the wine is shown in fig. 1. bap Bag PICURE 1. Bor the given case of elevon eftective: foog estination tue wins wiih « esaawed Jeadigg cage vas aubacieutes by four Aeeter’cords along the chord end exc SEES fetter wesSaubseieutes by owelveskew horseshoe vortices along the halt Ee “Ensb oa the starboard wing there are fortyweignt, bound vor‘ices aid on the port’ wing the sae number of Bound. vor Beear in each mesh of the net odvalned fs bouad vortex colneiaes wifa a quaces~ Shopd'Like of the mead aad tao distance Sstweon free, vortex coda a equal to tho senu spiny Constraint boundary, con Gitions one acvseriod Zor act mesh te ho wid.point of « wiices-quarter=chord Tine Th estimating elevon eftectiveneas st 4e vaceasary £0 know the values of 2 Vortex diseisionlead circulations Zor a “ing atthe aigle of attack moving Sehout roration, fat” 4 for a vine fotaving about ae axle 82. Fuazt ia Pon'a lag so%eriig abies v0 "Gelade axe Viltss bounaery conditions were satis fied time independent sets of equati— ons were obtained which allowed tarse previously mentioned dineusionless cir— culations to be determined EewuigraMyy)lac =-20 FE WyijraWyi ant -27-% fete = m=Nen ep aWyi{)fini=-2124} ca) whore Wulf =Wy(Epij 20ij,%) we Gimensionless velocitibs, due ‘to , skew horeesnoe vor i at'the point fy aWyty= Wy (B0tj,Acoips%) are aaattidenr afbensiodieen velocities hich arise at the point due to a vortex on the port wing afd a ymset— fical vortex. L's The calculation of Wy=5 Yok Wy(E0,30,) © mere Wy(6o,20,X)= X)=Uy(EoZdx)Vy (Eo 20.) ¢69 Here r > Vet, 7 tation‘ oP Soste wtanse betveon free vortices (see £ig.1) = dimensionioss const nates at the point i Zo bbe tee X= pound vortex sveep ancle elocity due to a ound vortex oe an Uy(B0,Z0X) - ssbitrary point NulBo Zor) ~ yeneeeey sue te,seee. 4 Uy(600,X) = Eocoskt ZosinX * Pesy point era eats + 5K Eo “VEoty il EazoX) et — Bor ty VEGF eat __E~ tg VES HZ) After solving the eet of equationa,(4) and egtinating tae values By y Pwo fad ‘Bio. we find total charastediaties of the"Wing with deflected elevons, according te the following formulae: Be Cosa A] Mm dz o 2 2, _ Cm, enh) Yon bz cao) " i. qn) is wing aspect ratio ae) 4 x 375 Pa AX RiEewing section Leading edge in revere flow Gq ~ etevor chord ratio Parametric couputatioas of elevon effec- ‘dvenoas were ade by using high-specd electronic computers. As an example the results of elevon effectiveness calcula tions for the wing with a cranked Toading edge ere shown in Pigs 2 to estimated ree SIE ‘PIGURE 3 " « Cran Ct gy exp. safe RIGIRE 4 ‘The effect on elevon effectiveness of Olevon geometric parameters ~ aspect ratio ad chord ratio ~ is shown, The correlation of theoretical resulés experinental data in terns of the deri- vai Gm Story chase pleGiaeta valtton Ene aad Ch be coettscltavs Crip 2 Cn.ge Seoved, the tout a” Out ot the Aduoas SF apn dlecrepancy ‘is, the proneace raps (which are not taken into accont {ePéus theory) occuring between che tized part of the wine, ant the de¢leoted Elovoct Tho ecfect of ot gap of eleve., Stfectivencss is: show ta £8,°5, aC 9.28: oto” += with fences “++ without fences 005 without fe FIGURE 5 he inclusion of empirical coefricieats into the predictea values of the derive- Hives ude» Cmpe and Ct de ensbies to obbain these derivatives with an accuracy + i. Bs The off of e1evons. ‘Tee estimation method of the effecti~ veness of the elevons for low-aspect— Patio wings at supersonic speeds is based on the linearized theory Tor super- sonic flow, then estimating the elevon effoctivensss it is assumed that the elevon binge line is supersoaic, the Mach Lines do uot intersect tue’ wing and elevon chords, ‘Tie elevon wita adja~ Sent parte of the wing is divided iato regions (fig. 6): tiveneiPIGURE 6 Region I is bounded by the Mach lines Eon tHe point of intersection of the binge Line with the elevon root chord and trailing edge, Region IZ te bounded by she Mach Line on the point of intersection of tue Ringe 1iné with tue elevon root end tip chords, the elevons hinge trailing edge, Region JIT 4e bounded by tae Mach ‘Titee Troms che point of intersection of ‘the binge ‘Line with the elevon tip chord and trailing edge. In these regions the pressure diffe- rential coefficient is 5s 4 k=. Pabe Fy opm an In thie formulae: Big ~ 12,te preogure covttioient Pig ~ aketerehce ovwesn Upper and lower elevon sur 2ebes in the ieta region wthon the elevon deficoved tyre by i reaian a= “OS where ‘Xe is the elevoa Hinge Line sweep pVwit Se 1s the elevon deflection deterained at a streamise section For hg loncaspectoretio wings. including ‘the wing wi: amvep leadiag edge ani eraitine edge normal to an axis of syanetry, Gxpregaions foR ue aozivativen Cee ng Use» which cbaracterize the” "6? ertectieneds of eievous se tne longitu Sinal and lateral stability controls, 48atgé Soe e-1) | use SZ ASYE-tyPe| tyXe E98] 2s, bat Vi-d-1 , ayaa ewer oat ie Coe-C a HC yet C ye), Z swe (ae) OE {ee Joy C8 qs) 4 Cm f= > a7 [emuse Cra ge * #Cm ager Cor 884 where a Sa tee E(a-HVEE) Ce A StgXeVpr tg? Xe (aa) 8 Go Combe" 3 Cpgg= 4 Cito a HCE” 180 4 Cay, Fe J pbs Cag Oe) Coe Oper) (2) ~(C,5¢ oe “te8 ConSatg?e(a-tVi-o? Ct made 3 CaStgX—VAe-tg? Xe (23) 4 Cups, = —ASaCeta® trai) WHE StgxQVor-tgeX,, ' (24) In these formilaes = Lizt coeftictent aug to both Cuge ~ 2etone*setiset ios in Sho cae Siettbon ty Sace Cige - rolling-noment coefficient que @ “to both elevons deflection in opposite directions by +1 deg C, - pitching-moment coefficient me” Bbout 2 axis, pessing she sRlecooction et Bee eleven poot chord wth the eleven Ease Line (ig. 7) sae bot’ Severn declectea ta" the same ahseetlon by fave ba, € = area, root chord, Sa,Coa,ba,€, atatsealazes ongie S2 tue Peet dente nie respectively (fig. 7) Coe = 7 Balen Bi Zoe ratio, span. and sho 790%, cboea coordinate based to the basic— delta wing half-span Reculoulation of the pitching-noment coefficient to any centor-of-sravity positions is made from the formula Cmge-Cuged «250 is determ...5 tron tao d= ~ rerative distance berreon A ax0s, positive wuon Z* axis is ahead 8 2 ~ exis In the case of tue elevon constant gbsolute chora (” Xp 0). tke expression fon the derivatives © Cise, Clse axd Cmge®lll be significantly’ simpliziea: _ BSaCebe tet Cuge = 373 7 oo 28abal be tg& Cige=- “573869 + 20e"be) (27) _ABaCoatg2ebeCs 53 5Cap Cmge= The calculated characteristics of © Yous effectivencas are higher than taperinentel onese ‘tue experimental data reauction and comparison with the caleslated resules Show that for the elevon effectiveness Getlaatton ef dodesate supereonte speeds the ralucs of The dertnettves CL feu Le o which were determine 1558 %ine'sGmiee Ui), (199, C20), mst be multiplied by the empirical coeffici- ent Ka =0,85 = 0,9. De The elevon hinge-omexts., ‘The elevor hinge-moments are calcula ted vita using the samo limitations as ‘the elevon effectiveness calculation, he hinge-nozent coefficient about tae ainge-Line of the elevon, deflected by 1 deg, equals 4 Che=- 573 Chet CheiChew) eo woere_ Blig tye Cher Ere er % +c ( i+ i RPG aweeosa, oF Qi he gt ® 7 cor DT Atg& SiMe i fe a =A Cop Ca Ear Eel [Bae + we a BPH Caer 4 2 eo) 6, - Ge20nGe B,0l- a —ConCralle Cre) _ (Cog oh on Chom” 55Epetgt gS 7a lo* ‘A\ e TF - 4:08} 2 fae Hore Sa “Taje axe tae elevon area ratio and zean aerodynamic chord ratio up to the ainge lise, respec~ tively. Th the case of ea eleven constant absolute chord the hinge-Line cveffici- ent WIL be equal c 1 Atgéle p abe Sne= "S73 Bioaeh Ces te) ‘The comparison of calowlated and expert= mental characteristies of the ningo-no- nents showed that the design values of the hinge-monent were somewhat over’ mated, Therefore, when ectimating 1) elevon binge-noméats at moderate supe: Sons speeds Guo design value ot tho coefficient Che which has bees found Zron the formula (29) must be mitinlied by the eupirieal coefticient Ka 0,89. 3) 6 49, avestigation of @ plysioal pictu- we of fiw past tue wing with the elevon Geelectea waa conducted nn tae model of ‘tho low-aspect-ratio wir” with tae yerdable-sweep leasing euge (£ig-8). The shalysis of the effect of frec-stream Mectt number on the flow about the wing ‘with the elevon deflected hes been. illustrated by the example of consider ing the pressure diagram at tue wing, sec— sion approximately st the elevon midspan, FIGURE 8 The diagram of the pressure distribution along the chora of the wing wit the sefisgted elevon av 30,6 Le’ given ta Here it fon is seen that the elevon deflec~ reduces the change of the pressure Jeribution along the whole cbora of She wine over Pete the Uppes eed over surfaces. ft i-0,83 (Fig. 10) the elevon negative defiectLon produces no longer the change of the presaure adstrsbueion along the whole chord over the wing lower surcace.PIGURE 10 yes passing to low suversonic (1i:1,08) Bho elevon negative desiee oases the change of ho preesire ais- Soution over tae lowe. suxtace gf the wing only along the elevon cbord:fig.11), bus over’ the upper wing surface the eleven deflection effect on the change of the pressure distribution sproada forward’ the furtiier the wore eleven def lection, M= 1,05 Oe so K-20 a8 PIGIRE U1 A similar situation scours st bigh free-stresm Wack numbers but toe bigher Mach aunber the less the elevon influen- ce spreads forvard from tue elevon on he pressure surface (fig, 12). PIGURE 12 When passing from subsonic speeds to Supersonic oues the pressure disgrax ghanges ita shape ou vie ‘elevon itselt. Ef’at subsonic speeds, the pressure diag ram shape is similar to triangular one, ‘at aupersonic spesds the shape of the Gisgran of pressure distribution along ‘the elevon Shord is similar to rectan— gular one. Gn A=6" Xe" SOC Cy, avi Te a5 5 PIGIRE 13 Phe eforementioned features of changes 4n behaviour of flow past the wing with deflected elevons account for reasons of elevon effectiveness loss and elevous Bago gomente growth while passing fro subsonic speeds to supersonic ones (fig. 13). References 1. Belotserkovaldt Salle “Dain Lifting Surtage in Subsonic Gas Flow", Publica ‘tion tlauke", 1985. 2, Wikeladze V. of Eltvon derodynani? Characteristics on Tow-Aspect~Patiy Wings, CAGE, Sotenticic Notes, vol. 1, ¥ 2, 1970. ‘n Investigation