Hanoi - Wikipedia

5/2/23, 2:59 PM Hanoi - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E
Hanoi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hanoi[a] (Vietnamese: Hà Nội / 河內 , lit. 'Inside of the Rivers' [haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ]

( listen)), often just referred to as The Capital (Vietnamese: Thủ đô), is the capital Hanoi
and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of 3,359.82 km2
(1,297.2 sq mi).[3] It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 Hà Nội
rural districts. It is located within the Red River Delta of Northern Vietnam.
Capital city and municipality
Hanoi can trace its history back to the third century BCE, when a portion of the
modern-day city served as the capital of the historic Vietnamese nation of Âu Lạc.
Following the collapse of Âu Lạc, the city was part of Han China. In 1010,
Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese
nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (literally
'Ascending Dragon'). Thăng Long remained Đại Việt's political centre until 1802,
when the Nguyễn dynasty, the last imperial Vietnamese dynasty, moved the capital
to Huế. The city was renamed Hanoi in 1831, and served as the capital of French
Indochina from 1902 to 1945. On 6 January 1946, the National Assembly of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly
independent country, which would last during the First Indochina War (1946–1954)
and the Vietnam War (1955–1975). Hanoi has been the capital of the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam since 1976.
A major tourist destination in Vietnam, Hanoi offers well-preserved French colonial

architecture, religious sites dedicated to Buddhism, Catholicism, Confucianism and
Taoism, several historical landmarks of Vietnamese imperial periods, and a large
number of museums. The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long in
Ba Dinh District was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010.
Clockwise from top: Turtle Tower; pilgrim
Hanoi has a high Human Development Index of 0.799, top amongst all the boats toward Perfume Pagoda; Khuê Văn
municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[18] The city hosts various venerable pavilion at Temple of Literature; skyline of
educational institutions and cultural venues of significance, including the Vietnam Hanoi in Nam Từ Liêm district; Khuê Văn
National University, the Mỹ Đình National Stadium, and the Vietnam National pavilion at Temple of Literature; and Hanoi
Museum of Fine Arts. Hanoi was the only Asia-Pacific locality to be granted the Opera House
"City for Peace" title by the UNESCO on 16 July 1999, recognizing its
contributions to the struggle for peace, its efforts to promote equality in the
community, protect the environment, promote culture and education, and care for
younger generations. Hanoi joined UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities as a
Design City on 31 October 2019, on the occasion of World Cities' Day.[19] The city
has also hosted numerous political and international events, including APEC
Vietnam 2006, 132nd Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU-132), 2019 Seal
North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit, as well as 2009 Asian Indoor Games,
and the Southeast Asian Games in 2003 and 2021. Nicknames: City of Soaring Dragon
(Thành phố rồng bay)[1]
Names The Capital of Millenniums of Civilization
(Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến)[2]
Hanoi had various names throughout history.
It was known first as Long Biên ( 龍邊

, "dragon edge"), then Tống
Bình ( 宋平 , "Song peace") and Long Đỗ ( 龍肚
, "dragon belly"). Long
Biên later gave its name to the famed Long Biên Bridge, built during
French colonial times, and more recently to a new district to the east of
the Red River. Several older names of Hanoi feature long ( , 龍
"dragon"), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the
city, which was symbolized as a dragon.[20][21][22]
In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ( 大羅
, "big net"). Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
This gave it the nickname La Thành ( 羅城

, "net citadel"). Both Đại La
and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi.
When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was
named Thăng Long ( 昇龍, "rising dragon").[23][24] Thăng Long later
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi 1/25
became the name of a major bridge on the highway linking the city
center to Nội Bài Airport, and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in
the southwest of the city center. In modern time, the city is usually
referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội, when its long history is discussed.
During the Hồ dynasty, it was called Đông Đô ( 東都, "eastern Hanoi
metropolis").[21][25]
During the Ming occupation, it was called Đông Quan ( 東關, "eastern
gate").[21][22][25]
During the Lê dynasty, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh ( 東京
, "eastern
capital").[26] This gave the name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin. A square
adjacent to the Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục
after the reformist Tonkin Free School under French colonization.[21][25]
After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was
named Bắc Thành ( 北城 , "northern citadel").[21][22][25]
Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội ( 河內
, "inside the rivers") in 1831.
This has remained its official name until modern times.[21][22][25]
Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (marketplace),
Tràng An (long peace), Phượng Thành/Phụng Thành (phoenix city),
Long Thành (short for Kinh thành Thăng Long, "citadel of Thăng
Long"), Kinh kỳ (capital city), Hà Thành (short for Thành phố Hà Nội,
"city of Hanoi"), Hoàng Diệu, and Thủ Đô (capital).[21][22][25]
History
Location within Vietnam
Show map of Vietnam
Pre-Thăng Long period Show map of Southeast Asia
Show map of Asia
Many vestiges of human habitation from the late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic Show all
ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and
Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human Coordinates: 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E
hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years
Country Vietnam
ago.[27][28] In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National
Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out the archaeological studies in the north Region Red River Delta
of Dong Mo Lake (Son Tay, Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to
Founded 257 BC
Sơn Vi Culture – in the Paleolithic Age, 20,000 years ago.[29] During the mid-
Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; Founded by An Dương Vương
geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near Seat Hoàn Kiếm
present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of
the Bac Bo region.[30] Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000
Subdivision 12 urban districts,
years ago, Hanoi in general was completely absent.[27] It is believed that the region
17 rural districts,
has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.[31][32]
one district-level
town
Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue Government

• Type Municipality
In around third century BCE, An Dương Vương established the capital of Âu Lạc
• Body Hanoi People's
north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to
Council
history as Cổ Loa,[33] the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-
Sinitic era,[34] with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares. In 179 BC, the Âu
• Secretary of the Đinh Tiến Dũng
Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue, which ushered in more than a thousand Party Committee
years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into • Chairman of Nguyễn Ngọc Tuấn
his Nanyue domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the People's Council
population.[35][36][37] For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed • Chairman of Trần Sỹ Thanh
by a Chinese ruler.[38] People's
Committee
Hanoi under Chinese rule
Area[3]
In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several • Capital city and 3,359.82 km2
hundred years.[39][40] Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of municipality (1,297.23 sq mi)
the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu
• Urban[4] 319.56 km2
Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.[41][42]
(123.38 sq mi)
In March[43] of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy • Metro[5][6] 24,314.7 km2
aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity[44] in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to (9,388.0 sq mi)
rise up in rebellion against the Han.[43][45][46] It began at the Red River Delta, but • Traditional 233 km2 (90 sq mi)
quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt
regions and most of Lingnan,[46][44] gaining the support of about 65 towns and
Highest elevation[7] 1,296 m (4,252 ft)
settlements.[45] Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.[47][48]
In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the Population (2021)[8]
uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional
• Capital city and 8,330,800
auxiliaries.[45][47] The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured
and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in
municipality
Luoyang.[49] • Rank 2nd
• Density 2,500/km2
By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified
(6,400/sq mi)
settlement was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new
district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery.[50] The name • Urban[9] 4,095,400
refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at • Urban density 13,000/km2
some point between AD 454 and 464.[51] The commandery included the districts of (33,000/sq mi)
Yihuai (義懷綏寧
) and Suining ( ) in the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and
• Rural[10] 4,235,500
Hoài Đức districts) with a metropolis (the domination centre) in the present inner
Hanoi.[52] • Metro[6] 20,000,000
• Metro density 820/km2
Protectorate of Annam (2,100/sq mi)
By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan (Pacified Demonym Hanoian
South), with Songping as its capital.[53] Ethnic groups[11]
To defeat the people's uprisings in the later half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi • Vietnamese[12] 98.66%
(張伯儀 ), a Tang dynasty viceroy, built Luocheng ( 羅城 , La Thanh or La citadel, • Mường 0.77%
from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in present-day Ba Dinh precinct). In the earlier half of
the ninth century, it was further built up and called Jincheng ( 金城 , Kim Thanh or
• Tày
• Thái
0.24%
0.09%
Kim Citadel). In 863, Nanzhao army and local people laid siege of Jincheng and
defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.[54][55] In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian • Nùng 0.08%
recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.[55] He renamed the city • Others 0.16%
to Daluocheng ( 大羅城 , Đại La thành). He built the wall, 6,344 meters around the
city, which some part were more than eight meters high.[56] Đại La at the time with Time zone UTC+07:00 (ICT)
approximate 25,000 residents included small foreign communities and residents of
Postal code 10000–14000
Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians,[57] became an
important trading center of the Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Canton by Area codes 24
Huang Chao rebellion.[54] By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was ISO 3166 code VN-HN
known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.[58] License plate 29 – 33, 40
GRP (Nominal) 2019[13]
Hanoi under Independent Vietnam – Total US$42.04 billion[14]
– Per capita US$5,196[14]
Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh
– Growth 7.62%
In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt HDI (2020) 0.799 (1st)[15]
to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red
River, he renamed the site Thăng Long ( 昇龍 , "Soaring Dragon") – a name still Climate Cwa
used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, International Nội Bài
when it was moved to Thanh Hóa, then known as Tây Đô ( 西都 ), the "Western airports International
Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô ( 東都 ), the "Eastern Capital". Airport
Largest district by Ba Vì District
area (421.80 km2)[16]
Largest district by Hoàng Mai District
population (540,732)[17]
Website hanoi.gov.vn (htt
p://www.english.ha
noi.gov.vn)
Map of Đông Kinh A view of Hanoi from UNESCO World Heritage Site
(Hanoi) in 1490, the Red River in
painted by Emperor 1685, manuscript Official name Central Sector of
Lê Thánh Tông from Royal Society 's the Imperial Citadel
archive of Thăng Long –
Hanoi
In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Criteria Cultural: (ii), (iii),
Đô's name to Dongguan (Chinese: 東關 , Eastern Gateway), or Đông Quan in (vi)
Sino-Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese overthrew the Chinese under the
leadership of Lê Lợi,[59] who later founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Reference 1328 (https://whc.u
Quan Đông Kinh ( 東京 , "Eastern Capital") or Tonkin. During 17th century, the nesco.org/en/list/1
population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.[60] 328)
Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty, it was named Bắc Thành ( 北城 , Inscription 2010 (34th
"Northern Citadel").
Session)
Area 18.395 ha (45.46
During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period acres)
Buffer zone 108 ha (270 acres)
When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved the capital to
Huế. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, its Hán tự was changed from 昇龍
("Rising dragon") to 昇隆 ("Ascent and prosperity"), aiming to reduce the sentiment of Lê dynasty.[61] Emperors of Vietnam usually used
dragon (龍 long) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội ( 河內 ,
"Between Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi was occupied by the French in 1873 and passed to them ten years later. As Hanoï, it was located
in the protectorate of Tonkin and became the capital of French Indochina after 1887.[59]
French troops attack French troops The Grand Palais People in Hanoi, Postcard depicting
Hanoi Fortress in leaving the Hanoi was built for the 1884 election day in
20/11/1873. fortress in February Hanoi Exhibition, as Hanoi during French
1874 the city became the Indochina, around
capital of French 1910
Indochina.
Street of Hanoi The plan of Hanoi in Rue Paul Bert (now L'ancien monument Bird-eye view of
during late 19th- 1936 Trang Tien street) de la République Hanoi in 1944; the
early 20th century (The monument of Hoan kiem lake in
(now Trang Tien the republic), built in the middle
street) the front of
Governor-General of
Indochina
36 old roads of
Hanoi
During WWII and Vietnam War
The city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese in 1940 and liberated in 1945, when it briefly became the seat of the Việt Minh government
after Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in 1946. After nine years
of fighting between the French and Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the capital of an independent North Vietnam in 1954. The French Army
withdrew that year and the People's Army of Vietnam and International Control Commission occupied
the city under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference.[62]
During the Vietnam War, Hanoi's transportation facilities were disrupted by the bombing of bridges
and railways by the U.S. Seventh Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Air Force. These were all,
however, later repaired. Following the end of the war, Hanoi became the capital of a reunified
Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.[63]
Modern Hanoi
After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and
municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in
Hanoi.[64] The high-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the
international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in
Vietnam.[64] Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central
Hanoi.[64] Following a short period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis,
Coat of arms of Hanoi under French
Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.[64]
Indochina and State of Vietnam
On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province, Vĩnh Phúc Province's Mê Linh District and
four communes of Lương Sơn District, Hòa Bình Province be merged into the metropolitan area of
Hanoi from 1 August 2008.[65] Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29
subdivisions[66] with the new population being 6,232,940.,[66] effectively tripling its size. The Hanoi
Capital Region (Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding
provinces under its administration, will have an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) with
15 million people by 2020.
Hanoi has experienced a rapid construction boom recently. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban
areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city.
In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over
100 m; its two tallest buildings are Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after
Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas
Towers) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam).
A local police station in a French
Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the Colonial building by Hoàn Kiếm lake
national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake.[64] The Ba Đình
District is also protected from commercial redevelopment.[64]
Geography
Location, topography
Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, nearly 90 km (56 mi) from the
coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain
becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills
and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west of the
city proper.
Climate
When using the Köppen climate classification, the ClimaTemps.com (ht Hanoi, Vietnam
tp://www.climatemps.com/) website ranks Hanoi as a monsoon-
Climate chart (explanation)
influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with plentiful
precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.[68] The city J F M A M J J A S O N D
experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, with four distinct
seasons.[69] Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot 33 33 32
31 31
and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days.[70]: 40 [69] 27
29
25
Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are 23 22
19 20 26 26 26 25
rare.[70]: 40 From October to November comprise the fall season, 21
24
22
18 19
characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time 14 15 15
in the year mostly are warm and mild.[69] Winters, from December to
January, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon,

making Hanoi have a dry winter and large amount of sunshine in the
first half of winter, prolong from December until middle of February.

From the second half of winter, middle of February until the end of
March, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle

and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon

blowing moisture from the sea inland.[69][70]: 40

The city is usually 22 24 47 91 185 253 280 309 228 140 66 20
cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
day in February and March. The city has times to be influenced by cold █ Precipitation totals in mm
waves from the Northeast. Hanoi is the only capital of Southeast Asia
with a subtropical climate. Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and
Technology [67]
The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds
the potential evapotranspiration).[71][72] Hanoi averages 1,612 Imperial conversion [show]
millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May J F M A M J J A S O N D
to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.[69] The average
annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of
91 91 90
more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C 88 88 84
81
(61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C 73 77
68 72
(84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in 66 79 79 79 77
75
70 72
May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) 64 66
57 59 59
in January 1955.[69] The city have also experienced extremely hot
weather on 4 June 2017 due to La Niña, with the temperature reached
up to 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience

snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on Ba Vì mountain
range, and the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on January 24, 2016.[73]

0.9 0.9 1.9 3.6 7.3 10 11 12 9 5.5 2.6 0.8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Hanoi ( Hà Đông ) [show]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C 33.1 35.1 38.9 39.9 42.8 42.5 40.8 39.7 37.1 36.6 35.5 31.9 42.8
(°F) (91.6) (95.2) (102.0) (103.8) (109.0) (108.5) (105.4) (103.5) (98.8) (97.9) (95.9) (89.4) (109.0)
Average high °C 19.9 20.8 23.3 27.5 31.5 33.4 33.2 32.4 31.3 29.2 25.8 22.1 27.5
(°F) (67.8) (69.4) (73.9) (81.5) (88.7) (92.1) (91.8) (90.3) (88.3) (84.6) (78.4) (71.8) (81.5)
16.5 17.8 20.3 24.0 27.1 29.0 29.1 28.4 27.2 24.9 21.6 18.0 23.7
Daily mean °C (°F)
(61.7) (64.0) (68.5) (75.2) (80.8) (84.2) (84.4) (83.1) (81.0) (76.8) (70.9) (64.4) (74.7)
Average low °C 14.3 15.8 18.4 21.7 24.3 26.0 26.3 25.8 24.6 22.7 18.7 15.3 21.1
(°F) (57.7) (60.4) (65.1) (71.1) (75.7) (78.8) (79.3) (78.4) (76.3) (72.9) (65.7) (59.5) (70.0)
2.7 5.0 7.0 9.8 15.4 20.0 21.0 20.9 16.1 12.0 6.8 3.6 2.7
Record low °C (°F)
(36.9) (41.0) (44.6) (49.6) (59.7) (68.0) (69.8) (69.6) (61.0) (53.6) (44.2) (38.5) (36.9)
Average
28.2 26.5 45.0 83.1 189.4 232.5 254.6 293.5 228.8 184.8 87.4 36.9 1,687.6
precipitation mm
(1.11) (1.04) (1.77) (3.27) (7.46) (9.15) (10.02) (11.56) (9.01) (7.28) (3.44) (1.45) (66.44)
(inches)
Average rainy
9.6 11.7 15.2 13.6 14.5 14.4 15.6 16.3 13.7 10.8 7.6 6.2 149.8
days
Average relative
83.3 85.3 86.8 88.1 85.5 82.5 82.5 85.7 86.1 82.9 81.2 80.2 84.2
humidity (%)
Mean monthly
65.7 49.7 50.1 87.8 170.2 167.1 181.9 167.0 162.4 146.1 133.2 110.3 1,477.8
sunshine hours
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[74]
Source 2: Vietnamnet.vn (May record high and January record low only),[69] Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),[75] Imh.ac.vn (August record high only),[76]
Nchmf.gov.vn,[77] April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina[78]
Administrative divisions
Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When Hà Tây was merged into Hanoi in 2008, Hà
Đông was transformed into an urban district while Sơn Tây degraded to a district-leveled town. They are further subdivided into 22
commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards.
List of local government divisions
Administrative divisions of Hanoi

Area Population Population
Name Subdivisions
(km2) (2022) density
Administrative divisions of Hanoi
Area Population Population

Name Subdivisions
(km2) (2022) density
12 urban districts (Quận)
Ba Đình district 9.21 226,315 24,572 14 wards
Bắc Từ Liêm district 45.35 354,364 7,813 13 wards
Cầu Giấy district 12.26 294,235 23,999 8 wards
Đống Đa district 9.95 376,709 37,860 21 wards
Hà Đông districtHT 49.64 382,637 7,708 17 wards
Hai Bà Trưng district 10.26 304,101 29,639 18 wards
Hoàn Kiếm district 5.35 141,687 26,483 18 wards
Hoàng Mai district 40.19 540,732 13,454 14 wards
Long Biên district 60.09 337,982 5,624 14 wards
Nam Từ Liêm district 32.19 282,444 8,774 10 wards
Tây Hồ district 24.38 167,851 6,884 8 wards
Thanh Xuân district 9.17 293,292 31,983 11 wards
Subtotal 308.04 3,702,349 12,019 166 wards
1 district-level town (Thị xã)
Sơn TâyHT 117.20 151,090 1,289 9 wards, 6 communes
17 rural districts (Huyện)
Ba Vì districtHT 421.80 305,933 725 1 commune-level town, 30 communes
2 commune-level towns, 30
Chương Mỹ districtHT 237.48 347,564 1,463
communes
Đan Phượng districtHT 77.83 185,653 2,385 1 commune-level town, 15 communes
Đông Anh district 185.68 409,916 2,207 1 commune-level town, 23 communes
Gia Lâm district 116.64 292,943 2,511
communes
Hoài Đức districtHT 84.92 257,633 3,033 1 commune-level town, 19 communes
Mê Linh district 141.29 241,633 1,710
communes
Mỹ Đức districtHT 226.31 203,778 900 1 commune-level town, 21 communes
Phú Xuyên districtHT 173.56 229,847 1,324
communes
Phúc Thọ districtHT 118.50 194,754 1,643 1 commune-level town, 20 communes
Quốc Oai districtHT 151.22 203,079 1,342 1 commune-level town, 20 communes
Sóc Sơn district 305.51 357,652 1,170 1 commune-level town, 25 communes
Thạch Thất districtHT 187.53 223,844 1,193 1 commune-level town, 22 communes
Thanh Oai districtHT 124.47 227,541 1,828 1 commune-level town, 20 communes
Thanh Trì district 63.49 288,839 4,549 1 commune-level town, 15 communes
Thường Tín districtHT 130.13 262,222 2,015 1 commune-level town, 28 communes
Ứng Hòa districtHT 188.24 212,224 1,127 1 commune-level town, 28 communes
377 communes và 21 commune-level
Subtotal 2934.6 4,445,055 1,514
towns
175 wards, 383 communes và 21
Total 3,359.84 8,298,494 2,469
commune-level towns
[79]
Source: Niên giám thống kê Hà Nội 2020, Thông báo số 64/TB-UBND của UBND Thành Phố Hà Nội năm 2022[80]
HT – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province
Demographics
During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina, Hanoi attracted a considerable
number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population
of the city was 132,145.[81] After the First Indochina War, many French and Chinese people left the
city to either move south or repatriate.
Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city
had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km2. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded
to 584 km2, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to
expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km2, with a population of 2.5 million people.[82] By 1991,
Vietnamese women wearing
the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km2 (357 sq mi), but the population was still traditional costume Áo dài during
over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 APEC Summit 2006
people in 1999.[83] After the most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of
6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.[84] According to the
2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.[85] As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males
and 4,061,744 females.[11] The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas is 4,091,353
people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after Ho Chi Minh City (8,993,082 people). The average
annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second
highest in the Red River Delta, only after Bắc Ninh Province (2.90% / year).
Nowadays, the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of
pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within
the city proper and an estimated population of 20 million within the metropolitan area.
The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall
population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses,
many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have
either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighbourhood altogether. The pace of change has
especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar
system.[86]
Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been
changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and SIM cards are readily available in Vietnam, with pre-paid mobile phone credit
available in all areas of Hanoi.
Vital statistics
Fertility rate
[hide]
2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Province
Vietnam 2.11 2.07 2.08 2.03 2.00 1.99 2.05 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.09 2.04 2.05 2.09
Red River
2.06 2.11 2.13 2.11 2.04 2.06 2.11 2.11 2.30 2.23 2.23 2.16 2.29 2.35
Delta
Hanoi 1.83 1.91 2.06 2.08 2.00 2.02 2.06 2.03 2.18 2.04 2.06 2.00 2.07 2.24
Birth, death and fertility rates
Crude birth rate Crude death Natural

(per 1000) rate (per 1000) increase rate
2011 18.6 6.8 11.8
2012 17.1 7.2 9.9
2013 16.5 7.3 9.2

2014 18.9 6.6 12.3
2015 16.3 7.3 9.1
2016 16.6 7.8 8.8

2017 15.1 5.5 9.6
2018 14.7 6.1 8.6
2019* 19.1 5.7 13.4
preliminary
Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
Religion
Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism are the main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not
all of them regularly follow religion.
Ethnic groups
There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census),
accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%.[11]
Economy
According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the
world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.[87] In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports,
contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached
451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).[88] Industrial
production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9
percent from 1996 to 2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new
large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more
than 48,000 businesses operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).[89]
Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161
countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–
2003. The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role.
Hanoi's traditional business districts are Hoàn Kiếm, Hai Bà Trưng and Đống Đa; and newly developing Cầu Giấy, Nam Từ Liêm, Bắc Từ
Liêm, Thanh Xuân and Hà Đông in the west.
Similar to Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market.[90] The most notable new urban areas are central Trung
Hòa Nhân Chính, Mỹ Đình, the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and
Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive
economic area of Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City)
Agriculture, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and
applying modern farming techniques.[91]
After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years.
Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.[92] Hanoi has allowed many fast-
food chains into the city, such as McDonald's, Lotteria, Pizza Hut, KFC, and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "fast-
food" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.[93] Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their
aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase
consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods.[94]
Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations. 13.3% of jobs are in
the private sector.[95] The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises
grow.[95] Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy.[95] A 2006 census
found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the
much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.[93] The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as
participants of "microbusiness" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.[93] In July 2008, Hanoi's city government
devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and
"modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.[93] Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the
city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 Đổi Mới policies.[93] The vendors have not able to form effective
resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi.[96]
Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to
Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian
hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[97][98][99]
Development
Infrastructural development
A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, but was only partially implemented.[95] The previous close
relationship between the Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet
planners between 1981 and 1984.[100] It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.[95]
In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.[95] The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010,
approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural
Planning in the Ministry of Construction.[95] The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area
known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to
Hà Đông and the Thanh Trì District.[95] The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.[95] In 1998, a
revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.[95] It addressed the significant increase of population
projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of
inner Hanoi.[95] A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such
as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.[95]
Hanoi is still faced with the problems associated with increasing urbanization. Although it is a major transport hub with a large network of
national routes, expressways, railways, and is home to Noi Bai International Airport, the busiest airport in Vietnam, the disparity of wealth
between the rich and the poor is a problem in both the capital and throughout the country.[95] Hanoi's public infrastructure was assessed as in
poor condition with high amounts of pollution and congestion in 2001. The city also has air and water pollution, difficult road conditions,
traffic congestion, and a rudimentary public transit system. Traffic congestion and air pollution are worsening as the number of motor cycles
increases. Squatter settlements are expanding on the outer rim of the city as homelessness rises (2001).[95]
In the late 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop
rural infrastructure.[95] The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities
because economic development in the communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the
rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.[95] The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as
compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised
by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.[95] Local labor,
community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.[95]
Civil society development

Part of the goals of the Đổi Mới economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the
establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced significant poverty alleviation as a
result of both the market reforms and civil society movements.[101] Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a
rate much slower than in Ho Chi Minh City.[102] Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research,
professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.[102] This marked difference from Ho Chi Minh's
civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of
North and South Vietnam.[102] Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to
deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than
volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as
opposed to 90.9% in Ho Chi Minh City.[102] A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental
organizations. Many of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from statism, a bias against
non-state organizations on the part of government entities.[102]
Landmarks
As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural
centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics
have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic
monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to Huế under the
Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took
control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the
One Pillar Pagoda
city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,[103] and boasts more than 1,000 years of history;
that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.[104]
Old Quarter
The Old Quarter, near Hoàn Kiếm Lake, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of old Hanoi. At the
beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm
lake, most of which are now part of Hoàn Kiếm district.[105] Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such
as silk, jewelry or even bamboo. The street names still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original
commerce.[106] The area is famous for its specializations in trades such as traditional medicine and local handicrafts, including silk shops,
bamboo carpenters, and tin smiths. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near
Đồng Xuân Market) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing,
souvenirs and food.
Went through more than six decades of French colonization and centuries of sociocultural influence from China, French and Chinese cultures
have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architecture in Vietnam have shown, the “cultural
additivity” in Vietnamese architecture is reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the
Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.[107]
Imperial sites
Imperior sites are mostly in Ba Đình District and a bit of Đống Đa District. They are juxtaposed with
French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some
prominent edifices from feudal time include the Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest
university in Vietnam which was started in 1010, the One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột) which was
built based on the dream of king Lý Thái Tông (1028–1054) in 1049, and the Flag Tower of Hanoi
(Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old Hanoi Citadel was discovered in central
Hanoi, near the site of Ba Đình Square.[108]
Front gate of the Temple of
Literature
Lakes
A city between rivers built on lowlands, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and is sometimes called the
"city of lakes". Among its lakes, the most famous are Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, Trúc Bạch Lake and Bảy Mẫu Lake (inside Thống Nhất
Park). Hoàn Kiếm Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the magic
sword. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi, with many temples in the area. The
lakeside road in the Nghi Tam – Quang Ba area is perfect for bicycling, jogging and viewing the cityscape or enjoying the lotus ponds in the
summer. The best way to see the majestic beauty of a West Lake sunset is to view it from one of the many bars around the lake, especially
from The Summit at Pan Pacific Hanoi (formally known as Summit Lounge at Sofitel Plaza Hanoi).
Colonial Hanoi
Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for French Indochina for most of the colonial
period (from 1902 to 1945). The French colonial architectural style became dominant,[109] and many
examples remain today: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and
Tran Phu street) and many villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some notable colonial
structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the
National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old
Indochina Medical College. Gouveneur-Général Paul Doumer (1898–1902) played a crucial role in The Tonkin Palace used to host the
colonial Hanoi's urban planning. Under his tenure there was a major construction boom.[110] French Governor of Tonkin.
French Colonial buildings in Hanoi are mostly in Ba Đình District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm
District, the two French Quarters of the city. Notable landmarks include:
In Ba Đình district:
Presidential Palace
Cửa Bắc Church
Ministry of Foreign Affairs building
Several ministries, government agencies and foreign embassies
The Hanoi Opera House, taken in
In Hoàn Kiếm district: the early 20th century, from rue Paul
Bert (now Trang Tien street)
Grand Opera House
St. Joseph's Cathedral
Long Biên Bridge
Grand Palais
French School of the Far East
Hotel Metropole
Tonkin Palace (State Guest House)
Hỏa Lò Prison
Supreme Court building
Indochina Medical College
Museum of Revolution
Central Station The Hotel Metropole was opened in
State Bank of Vietnam 1901.
Several foreign embassies
Museums
Hanoi is home to a number of museums:
National Museum of Vietnamese History

Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts
Vietnam Museum of Ethnology
Vietnam Museum of Revolution
Hỏa Lò Prison
Ho Chi Minh Museum Traditional Hanoi dwelling, Museum
Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre of Ethnology, Hanoi
Vietnam Military History Museum
Hanoi Museum
Suburbs
Hanoi's western suburbs, previously Hà Tây Province, offers a number of important religious sites:
The Thầy Pagoda in Quốc Oai District was established in the 11th century and
dedicated to Vietnamese Thiền master Từ Đạo Hạnh.[111][112] It is one of the oldest
Buddhist temples in Vietnam.[113][114]
The Perfume Pagoda is a vast complex of Buddhist temples and shrines built into the
limestone Huong Tich mountains. It has a long pilgrimage route along the Yen river.
Tourism Pilgrimage at Perfume Pagoda
According to Mastercard’s 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia
Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.[115] Hanoi is sometimes
dubbed the "Paris of the East" for its French influences.[116] With its tree-fringed
boulevards, more than two dozen lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings,
Hanoi is a popular tourist destination.
The tourist destinations in Hanoi are generally grouped into two main areas: the Old
Quarter and the French Quarter(s). The "Old Quarter" is in the northern half of Hoàn
Kiếm District with small street blocks and alleys, and a traditional Vietnamese
atmosphere. Many streets in the Old Quarter have names signifying the goods ("hàng")
the local merchants were or are specialized in. For example, "Hàng Bạc" (silver stores)
still have many stores specializing in trading silver and jewelries.
Two areas are generally called the "French Quarters": the governmental area in Ba Đình
District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District. Both areas have distinctive French Colonial Approximation of Hanoi's Old Quarter and French
style villas and broad tree-lined avenues. Quarters
The political center of Vietnam, Ba Đình has a high concentration of Vietnamese

government headquarters, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly
Building, and several ministries and embassies, most of which used administrative buildings of colonial French Indochina. The One Pillar
Pagoda, the Lycée du Protectorat and the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum are also in Ba Dinh.
South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has several French-Colonial landmarks, including the Hanoi Opera House, the Sofitel Legend
Metropole Hanoi hotel, the National Museum of Vietnamese History (formerly the École française d'Extrême-Orient), and the St. Joseph's
Cathedral. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are now used as foreign embassies.
Since 2014, Hanoi has consistently been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,[117] fourth in
2015[118] and eighth in 2016.[119] Hanoi is the most affordable international destination in TripAdvisor's annual TripIndex report. In 2017,
Hanoi will welcome more than 5 million international tourists.
Entertainment
A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and
traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of
opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named
one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Water Puppet Tours.[120] The number of art galleries
exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, now including galleries such as
"Nhat Huy" of Huynh Thong Nhat.
Nhà Triển Lãm at 29 Hang Bai street hosts regular photo, sculpture, and paint exhibitions in
conjuncture with local artists and travelling international expositions.
Performance of the water puppet
A popular traditional form of entertainment is water puppetry, which is shown, for example, at the theatre Thăng Long
Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre.
Shopping
To adapt to Hanoi's rapid economic growth and high population density, many modern shopping centers and megamalls have been opened in
Hanoi.
Major malls are:
Trang Tien Plaza, High-end Mall on Trang Tien street (right next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake), Hoàn Kiếm District
Vincom Center, a modern mall with hi-end CGV cineplex, Ba Trieu Street (just 2 km from Hoan Kiem lake), Hai Bà Trưng
District
The Garden Shopping Center, Me Tri – Mỹ Đình, Nam Từ Liêm District
Indochina Plaza, Xuan Thuy street, Cầu Giấy District
Vincom Royal City Megamall, the largest underground mall in Asia with 230,000 square metres of shops, restaurants,
cineplex, waterpark (formerly), cinema, ice skating rink; Nguyen Trai street (approx 6 km from Hoan Kiem Lake), Thanh
Xuân District
Vincom Times City Megamall, another megamall of 230,000 square metres including shops, restaurants, cineplex, huge
musical fountain on central square and a giant aquarium; Minh Khai street (approx 5 km from Hoan Kiem Lake), Hai Ba
Trung district
Lotte Department Store, opened September 2014, Lieu Giai Street, Ba Đình District
Aeon Mall Long Bien opened last October 2015, Long Bien District
Aeon Mall Ha Dong opened in the end of 2019, Ha Dong district
Cuisine
Hanoi has rich culinary traditions. Many of Vietnam's most famous dishes, such as phở, bún chả, chả
cá Lã Vọng, bánh cuốn and cốm are believed to have originated in Hanoi. Two varieties of phở
dominate the Hanoi scene: phở bò, containing beef, and phở gà, containing chicken. Bún chả, a dish
consisting of charcoal roasted pork served in a sweet/salty soup with rice noodle vermicelli and
lettuce, is by far the most popular food item among locals. President Barack Obama famously tried
this dish at a Le Van Huu eatery with Anthony Bourdain in 2016, prompting the opening of a bún chả
restaurant bearing his name in the Old Quarter.
Vietnam's national dish phở has been named as one of the Top 5 street foods in the world by Chả cá Lã Vọng, a dish that
globalpost.[121] originated in Hanoi
Hanoi has a number of restaurants whose menus specifically offer dishes containing snake[122][123]
and various species of insects. Insect-inspired menus can be found at a number of restaurants in Khuong Thuong village, Hanoi.[124] The
signature dishes at these restaurant are those containing processed ant-eggs, often in the culinary styles of Thai people or Vietnam's Muong
and Tay ethnic people.[125] Dog eating used to be popular in Hanoi in 1990s and early 2000s but is now dying out quickly due to strong
objections.
Education
Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including: Indochina Medical College
(1902) – now Hanoi Medical University, Indochina University (1904) – now Hanoi National University (the largest), and École Supérieure
des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine (1925) – now Hanoi University of Fine Art.
After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, many new universities were
built, among them, Hanoi University of Science and Technology. Recently ULIS (University of
Languages and International Studies) was rated as one of the top universities in south-east Asia for
languages and language studies at the undergraduate level.[126] Other universities that are not part of
Vietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi
School of Agriculture, Electric Power University and University of Transport and Communications.
It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in the whole country are living and working in Hanoi.[127]
Admissions to undergraduate study are through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually
and open to everyone (who has successfully completed his/her secondary education) in the country. The Hanoi Medical University was
The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private the first modern university in
universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University, founded in 1988, by Vietnamese Vietnam.
mathematics professors in Hanoi and France[128] was the first private university in Vietnam. Because
many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially
in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events usually
take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around the
intense examination period. In recent years, these entrance exams have been centrally coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but entrance
requirements are decided independently by each university.
Although there are state owned kindergartens, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. Pre-tertiary
(elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run, but there are also some independent schools. Education is equivalent to
the K–12 system in the U.S., with elementary school between grades 1 and 5, middle school (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and high
school from grades 10 to 12. There are several specialised school (or high school for the gifted) in Hanoi where excellent students in Hanoi
attend. Some schools include:
• Hanoi – Amsterdam High School
• Chu Van An High School
• Foreign Language Specialized School
• Nguyen Hue High School for the Gifted
• High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi National University of Education
• High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi University of Science
Education levels are much higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor
force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.[95] 21% of the labor force in the city has completed
tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.[95]
International schools include:
British International School Hanoi

British Vietnamese International School Hanoi
Hanoi International School
Japanese School of Hanoi
Korean International School in Hanoi
Lycée français Alexandre Yersin
United Nations International School of Hanoi
Vietnam-Australia School, Hanoi
Former schools:
Lycée Albert Sarraut
Reform
Country-wide educational change is difficult in Vietnam, due to the restrictive control of the government on social and economic development
strategies.[129] According to Hanoi government publications, the national system of education was reformed in 1950, 1956 and 1970.[129] It
was not until 1975 when the two separate education systems of the former North and South Vietnam territories became unified under a single
national system.[129] In Hanoi in December 1996, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam stated that: "To carry out
industrialization and modernization successfully, it is necessary to develop education and training strongly [and to] maximize human
resources, the key factor of fast and sustained development."[129]
Transportation
Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over 2,300 km (1,429 mi); 573 bridges, of
which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicle, 70 pedestrian overpasses and 7
main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng);
115 tunnels, including 9 main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion
of land for traffic in the city 2021 is 10.3%. The city also has 63 km (39 mi) of inland waterway,
which are Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.[130]
Hanoi is served by Noi Bai International Airport, located in the Soc Son District, approximately
15 km (9 mi) north of Hanoi. The new international terminal (T2), designed and built by Japanese Inside International Terminal in Noi
contractors, opened in January 2015 and is a big facelift for the airport. In addition, a new highway Bai International Airport
and the new Nhat Tan cable-stay bridge connecting the airport and the city center opened at the same
time, offering much more convenience than the old road (via Thang Long bridge). Taxis are plentiful
and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from the airport to the city centre.
Hanoi is also the origin or departure point for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines pass through
the city with a total length of 162 km (101 mi).[130] The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City from
Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong
and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during French colonial rule and was completed over a period of
nearly forty years, from 1899 to 1936.[131] The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of 1,726 km
(1,072 mi) and takes approximately 33 hours.[132] As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were
located along the north–south line.
The main means of transport within Hanoi city are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and a rising number of cars. In recent decades, motorbikes have
overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. Cars however are probably the most notable change in the past five years as many
Vietnamese people purchase the vehicles for the first time. The increased number of cars are the main cause of gridlock as roads and
infrastructure in the older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.[133] On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban
motorbikes entirely by 2030, to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.[134] Number of
vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and
179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities's vehicles
operating in Hanoi.[130]
There are two metro lines in Hanoi, one of which is under construction, as part of the master plan for the future Hanoi Metro system.[135] Line
2A opened on 6 November 2021,[136] while line 3 is expected to begin operation in 2023.
Persons on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or
by way of an irregular route often use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can also be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of
Hanoi, although this falls inside a rather grey legal area.[137]
Sports
There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi. The most approved ones
are Mỹ Đình National Stadium (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), Quần Ngựa Sports Palace (Văn Cao
Avenue), Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex and Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium. The others include
Hàng Đẫy Stadium. The third Asian Indoor Games were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are Hai Bà
Trưng Gymnasium, Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium, Vạn Bảo Sports Complex.
On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA
Formula 1 Vietnamese Grand Prix on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city.[138] The race was
initially postponed and later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the inaugural edition of
the event postponed to 2021.[139] The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the Mỹ Đình National Stadium
arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman Nguyễn Đức Chung on corruption charges unrelated to
the Grand Prix. As a result, it's unclear whether the race will be held at all.[140]
Hanoi has two basketball teams that compete in the Vietnam Basketball Association (VBA), the Hanoi Buffaloes and Thang Long Warriors.
Hàng Đẫy Stadium is home for three football clubs: Hanoi, Hanoi Police and Viettel, both participating in V.League 1
Health care and other facilities

Some medical facilities in Hanoi:
Bạch Mai Hospital

Viet Duc Hospital
Saint Paul General Hospital
108 Military Central Hospital
Hôpital Français de Hanoi
International SOS
Hanoi Medical University Hospital
Thanh Nhan Hospital
Vinmec International Hospital
Thu Cuc General Hospital
K Hospital
Medlatech Hospital
City for Peace

On 16 July 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to
Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: Exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities;
Exemplary urban action; Exemplary environmental action; Exemplary action to promote culture; Exemplary action in the field of education
and especially civic education.[141]
Hanoi is the only city in Asia-Pacific that was granted this title.
International relations
Hanoi is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.
Twin towns – sister cities
Hanoi is twinned with:
Phnom Penh, Cambodia[142] Victoria, Seychelles[149]

Jakarta, Indonesia[143] Bangkok, Thailand[150]
Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan[144] Beijing, China[151]
Astana, Kazakhstan[145] Ankara, Turkey[152]
Seoul, South Korea[146] Minsk, Belarus[153]
Warsaw, Poland[147] Palermo, Italy[154]
Moscow, Russia[148] Pretoria, South Africa[155]
Gallery
Life on the streets of Thiên Trù Pagoda in Tháp Bút (Pen Thê Húc Bridge on Presidential Palace,
the Old Quarter the Perfume Pagoda Tower) with a Hoàn Kiếm Lake Hanoi (formerly
complex phrase "Tả thanh Place of The
thiên" (meaning Governor-General of
"Write on the sky") French Indochina)
next to Hoàn Kiếm
Lake (2007)
Hanoi Opera House, Long Bien Bridge Museum of Tonkin Palace Vietnam National
modelled on the Vietnamese History serves as State Museum of Fine Arts
Palais Garnier in in Hanoi, formerly Guest House.
Paris the first École
française d'Extrême-
Orient
National Assembly Vietnam National Lotte Center Hanoi AON Landmark 72 Inspiration of French
building Convention Center in western Ba Đình in Nam Từ Liêm Colonial architecture
in Hanoi's modern
buildings
See also
Gioi Market
Đồng Xuân Market
North–South Railway (Vietnam)
List of historical capitals of Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City
Notes
a. Sometime spelled as Ha Noi or Hà Nội in English by local media from Vietnam.
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Official Site of Hanoi Government (http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn/)
An article in New York Times about Hanoi (http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/travel/18hanoi.html)
Hanoi travel guide from Wikivoyage
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5/2/23, 2:59 PM Hanoi - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E

Hanoi[a] (Vietnamese: Hà Nội / 河內 , lit. 'Inside of the Rivers' [haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ]

A major tourist destination in Vietnam, Hanoi offers well-preserved French colonial

It was known first as Long Biên ( 龍邊

This gave it the nickname La Thành ( 羅城

Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue Government

During WWII and Vietnam War

blowing moisture from the sea inland.[69][70]: 40

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Climate data for Hanoi ( Hà Đông ) [show]

Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[74]

List of local government divisions

Administrative divisions of Hanoi

Administrative divisions of Hanoi

Area Population Population

HT – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province

Birth, death and fertility rates

Crude birth rate Crude death Natural

2012 17.1 7.2 9.9

2013 16.5 7.3 9.2

2015 16.3 7.3 9.1

2016 16.6 7.8 8.8

2018 14.7 6.1 8.6

2019* 19.1 5.7 13.4

Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam.

Civil society development

One Pillar Pagoda

Hanoi is home to a number of museums:

National Museum of Vietnamese History

Tourism Pilgrimage at Perfume Pagoda

The political center of Vietnam, Ba Đình has a high concentration of Vietnamese

Major malls are:

• Hanoi – Amsterdam High School

• Chu Van An High School

• Foreign Language Specialized School

• Nguyen Hue High School for the Gifted

• High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi National University of Education

• High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi University of Science

International schools include:

British International School Hanoi

Lycée Albert Sarraut

Health care and other facilities

Bạch Mai Hospital

City for Peace

Twin towns – sister cities

Hanoi is twinned with:

Phnom Penh, Cambodia[142] Victoria, Seychelles[149]

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