Introduction Vibration Measurement Process Classification of Vibration Measuring Instruments Vibrometers (Amplitude: Measuring Instruments) Velocity Pick-Ups (Velometers) Acceleration Pick-Ups (Accelerometers) Frequency Measuring Instruments Measuremen’ of Damping Vibration Exciters Introduction to FFT Spectrum Analyzer |nreduction to Vibration Monitoring (Condition Monitoring ) of Machines List of Formulae Exercise81 INTRODUCTION 8.2 VIBRATION MEASUREMEN ——____ 1T PROCESS sures of a vibration measurement process, en Sn of machine or ss stats by sensing the strand converting it ino an elect RATION me, >>> "ASURING INSTRI UME? Univesity ram ! Dee Bn) Ton Conese ioe stamens went Fig, 82 : Clasifetion of Vrain Nese Classincation Based on Gontact Between Vr Instrument Contacting pe asrHme8 yet a8 US + Generally the contacting 78 = ng Instruments ing System and Measuring 1a gstm whosesparate power source ig yatory machine oF a system fr instruments, no. separate power source is tory response ofa vibratory machine ofa system, nt ‘ruments record the readings ovet a period of tine al six 8.4. VIBROMETERS (AMPLITUDE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS) rin Hh es ean Capacitance Pickup NatuallibgeceBE A sismie instrument consst Mounted on the vibrating= mo'Ysnot ..f.-}=-0°Ysinet]c i fe beter approximation of relation = Y opr a wide rg of Sey so(@ (0) ¢ Freon Rao (8) = Fig. 85 : Response Curve of Vibration Measuring Instrument , 62) and Fig 053/65) sta nf =) is very os) then Z = Y and $180" imespecive of the value of damping 5 it is seem that, if damping factor & is about 07, itis possible * Thus, the relative ampitde rcorded oo ter. ‘brang body “Y". Such instrument = 8 body ae sun eure ‘0 oe ‘is made larger by Keeping pring low. cof as age and stfins low. This Gane achieved by Heeing "0 rau nal aptnon. Serene pene 2 sesing wansveet which iF spor ti ek-ups (Fis. The oitput voltage from the wamsdbet PES a wibeaon Pe Of vibrating body. Hence, such instrumentwiomet is mia eRe anton, emery sd a cometed to the sibrating boty and iti alowed w alse on te voltage die to movement of needle‘ the resistance is recorded. This ‘proportional to the amplitude of vibrations ing instrament is shown in Fig, 8.8 ncitance pick-up is a moncontcting. active type vibration measuring fistument, which Benerates am ouput proportional to the displacement of she the capacitor atached to the vibratory body and other being the distance from the vibratory surfae, a8 shown in Fig, 8.10. sation inthe air gap is wilzed in an RC circuit amount of the vibratory displagement. whe of the probe to be used depends upon the range of ample Ieasued, The range of amplitude covered by such a pick-up i 0.025 0 10 Fig 88 Optical Revoning Instrument ral though a tens to a mitror The i |inary (20) KS yeLociTy PICK. 65 ‘UPS (VELOMETERS) + (ie, sllela sonal ogy Sr Ne Ts re gal is cabbrated 19 give the velosity of wba, mete, in yelometer also the damping factors kept about 0.7 or less iv low Requeney ia, 1 0 5 He i ued 10 mean He velo of ery wide range of frequeney,.toon veruorens the coll ol Gren ces, a nding ws 4 See ‘+ Now for a given range of air wap, dp /d remains constant and if number of cil is fixed then, en as, 4+ Tie induced output voliage is calibrated to give the velocity of vibratory body Fig, 8.13 : Blectromagnetic Pick-up in ir gap between the vibrating surface and the PF magnetic reluctance of the path eae" ao oe : pene ‘Pig. 14: Voltage versus a a9 cure soi on™1 equation for steady ste amp os ri ot her og 2 electric crystal is capable of gene lest cl i. na mest sigal on ation Ife gna ae very wk amps wel ea ao. acceuenavioN PICK-UPS (ACCELEROMETERS) >>> Lunar Pee an instrument thet mg re, 4 1. vials a Vela , 3 laa] all or in other words th ry ity (a) Actual Accelerometer (©) Schematic of Acsrometer - Fig, 815: Accderometr J of —2_< vers (0/0,) and Fig 8166) shows a 4 Fig 116(0) shows a ot of [7 em (2/25) plot of $ versus (@/ 0) for various values of damping fact § recorded, the velocity and displacement is ob! is i can be used as an acceleration measuring issn nit © output signal proportional to the relative aessle=ti of he ist tio @ / @, is very small, the natural frequency its a the frequency of vibrating body. mates gevenlly 10 ki to of sof es be accel "From the plots shown in Fig. 816 > ‘acoelerometer 18 The range of operating en fequmy 82 factor £ = 0.707, For § = the damping Aer .. ross than 001% However 2 ay be sed, batt i ah tal very sti’ (ie. they have a igh Nis) and produces a signal proportion!‘Vraton Mensconets URING INSTRUMENTS. MEAS! frequency meter or Fran's tachomeer, eds in the form of cantilevers, carryi coon the frequency of ther vibrating body can be found fom the known the vibrating red >>> [University Exam : Dee, 206) ar cor Fullarton tachometer ig one of its ends a's Tachometer Fig, 8.18 Mald-rel Instrument or Fa 8: scope : time 13 Stroboscope ier a oat ont ft ronced can be changed and ead asl? é strip til te oni TReawency of" the length ofFig, £20: Measurment of Damping disc is suspended with the help of tin rod. At the lower end of dis, te cone faving negligible mass is attached to provide the beter resistance dung rsonal onions of dise “Tie follow drum is mouned on top of he discover which pape is tate+410 Produce the reuired cycle exctanon force nsoidal or random type signal applicd with a Ove a specific frequency range of incre f vibration exciters are commonly used in seven itera 4 scotch yoke mechanism can be sed t pode the ree as shown in Fig. 821 EBA ree Fig, 8.21 ; Mechanical Exciter (Seoteh YOKEequoncy transverse vibrations of red is, ove ryverse torsos the nt send, sand displays with time a8 a in FFT analyse, independent Win graphical form reeives anlog olage signa “ample, to the rina ses a 4 svong evidence tha, the mee ig, 825 Black Diagram of FF Anya nput signals are supplied through a ies iss or by changing its speed of OFAN, tex lied ough & fie. The ile is wed jt unwanted attenuator which sets th level ofthe signals to be fed w the analog converter. This iS necesary to prveat the over loading of the Is are sampled fo ic period of ime called window. The the window time and staning te ae detemined fom th foot panct ‘pesod is overs and al the samples ae wen tothe dgial © ‘values stored in the computer memory 276 Bh ener which converts the digi sipml fom come! aalog To the cathod ny oscilloscope (CRO) © splay He SPECS analyzer is shown in Fig 427. requency Domain Signals In Different FOr e a iition Monitoring Techniques : niques ME Used 10 monitor the condition of 2 oo Variables Monitoring + ty operation variables monitoring medi, te peromans of matioe & served wth pads ot fasten work “+ Any deviation fom the inended fora ines 2 malic of de machine eeu ear Temperature Monitoring ION TO vier, : moni ATION mi fio and wr mtn ange baton Bech 7 ee shermocoues al prone * This monitoring technique uss dies Hs ort and themometes st —Vbraton Measirerens die fctonFeneen 0 Mo Vibration Montonng Tomo oy inthe lubricating oils grease, wp ic damage. h eng, the particles of material ean be found rity of the wear can be identified by colour ofthe particles, Fig 630: Vibration Monitoring Tecniguee 17 incre, ot Bd ering 1 4+ Time domain analysis wes the accleton-imehisery of te sigal The damages such as broken ee peat au Be Wc ely on te acceleration-time history of the casing of a pear box + For example Fig. 8.3 shows the aeceratontine sgn of ingle supe par box. ring is most commonly used for machine condit ition moniy re of mache ae ssn © Bevery mich lad eat of machine component can provide yeh a talance, misalignment, lack of oil, Wea, ex x0 im of vibration in ball beatings for oxi i. ed level of vibrations and additonal pas Acie om rr er ae a ee Tem ra) = (2) Time Domain Spectrum of a Good Gear Bor ‘Time Domain Spe : a Fig, 8.31 : Time Domain AnalyBy comparing frequency ee thet 04 When nna (© Frequency Spectrum Of Machine When its jn Bad Cendion ip 832 4113 Instrumentation Systems for Condition Monitoring : pending upon the degree of sophistication, fallowing tee typeof insnunension systems can be used for condition monitoring of machines ‘ondition Monitoring System [_Computer Based Condition Monitoring Sytem 4. Basic Condition Monitoring System : real condition monitoring sytem consist of mpl se i mise ‘eter, stroboscope and headset, as shown in Fig. 8.3. * The vibration meter measures the’ overall whraton lees (is cae y) over suitable frequency ranges: vibration levels an also be ated the condition of machine i ang ino til x6) Machine Elements or Components time to find how idly(© Anti Laborsany ie 835 Fi Mearig Sytem Monitoring Sytem : condition mont In computer nese [Pe 135) 3 minicom used fr analysand storage of dats fm sage pier 3 a + A FET specman smalyaet woud ghe an itcunon poner of feqexy ‘pesrum. Each reonded spcztum canbe conpaed ik nc SEES which sored carer in compa for impotent cescans +n exe any ofthe specu evel exceed eyend he emis pce ken, 2 contol sighs sem ote machine enced +The output result can also be printed which i aslsble in the memory bask ‘+ This monitoring system is very useful and economical for moniting the mater of machines spscirum can be compared with a reference speciun whit particular measurement point when machine was in er Fig. £36 : Computer Based Condion Nonitaring Sytem {444 Analysis of Results: von Ore he rel are ken fim viton monioene om ‘deity the causes of vibrations 50 as 10 take the = es ‘ tif measured data is very i Tei, nol f iin et fom man 9 SPOS * Following table gives the general guidelines fr identhinsror Acceleration Pick-Ups : (=) <1 + BERCISE « | Wythe measurement of wBaen is neces 7 How vibration measuring instruments are clasifed 2 |i. Explain the working principles of: © Viorometers Velocity pick-ups working of active type veloiy pieup ond pase Noe wlocty the working of accelerometer. 2 Phase bitteence 8, Pick-Up 0 Fraham tachometer (0 Sroboscope : ‘i of various types of woraton % What are vibration excites? Explain the wong 25 (ola ] es Trea a cent of ol used = A, mange dare Uji ' Explain the experimental methad fr determining * th viscous damper.