Ga In an obtuse-angled triangle, the square on the side opposite to the obtuse angle is equal to the sum of the squares on the sides containing the obtuse angle together with twice the rectangle contained by one of the sides, and the projection on it of the other. B a C Pp Fig. 1 Given In AABC, ZCis the obtuse angle. Let mBC = a, mAC =b and mAB = c. AD is the perpendicular from A to BC (produced) so that CD is the projection of AC on BC. Let mCD = p and mAD =h. _ To prove (m AB) = (m BC) + (mCA) +2(m BC): (mCD) or c? =a’ +b? +2ap or — (mAB) =(mBC +mCD) +(maD)* or (mAB) =(mBC) +(mCD)- 42(mBC).(mCD)+(m 4D)’ —>(i) Again in the right angled triangle AADC (mAC) =(mCD) +(m AD) or (mAC) -(mCDY =(m AD) —+Giy so that (i) becomes —y (= y (m 4B) =(mBC) +(mCD) Statements Reasons Ina right angled triangle A ADB FADE re ——\2 2 7 — 2 (m ae ) =(m BD) +(m AD ) | Pythagoras theorem mBD = mBC + mCD (xty) =x? +y? +229 Pythagoras theorem. Equal can be subtracted from the equal without changing the value. Putting the value of (mAD)° from (i) in (i.—)\ ~~ 42(mBC)-(mCD)+(m AC) -(meD)? (nab) =(mBC) +(macy Commutative property of addition of real numbers. = — —.2 The difference in two +2(m BC )-(mCD )+(mCD) -(mCD) equal numbers is zero. __ a, ee | (AB) =(mBC) +(m ACY +2(m BE )(mCD) =a +b +2ap |In any triangle, the square on the side opposite to an acute angle is equal to th squares on the sides containing that acute angle diminished twice the rectangle g Suny Othe one of those sides, and the projection on it of the other. Ontain, A ‘ay Given The given triangle is either acute as in figure (a) or obtuse as in figure (b). In the mZCis acute. AD is the perpendicular from A to CB (produced if necessary as in f so that CD is the projection of CA on CB. Let us denote mBC=a, m AC =b,mAB mCD= p, the projection and mAD =h, “To prove (wABY =(m BC) +(m AC) ~2(mBC)-(m CD) orc? =a’ +b? —2approof _ Statements MADB isa right-triangle | Also mBD + mCD = mBC oo... (mB) =(mBC-mCDY +(m4B) —> Again mBD +mBC =mCD dB) = (CD -m BC +(mAD)" — (In But the R.H.S of (i) and (ii) are the same so we can select any one of the above equations. Thus from (i), we have (m 4B) =(m BC) +(mCD) ~2(mBC)-(mCD)+(m AD) or (m 4B) =(m BC) +(mCD) +m 4D) -2(mBC)-(mCD)—> (amp But(mCD) +(m AD) =(m AC) —>0V) a (m 4B) = (mBC) +(mAC) ~2(m BC)-(m CD) ? +b? —2ap — Reasons ~ ADL BC (produced where —\ —)2 —\2 necessary) a(m 4B) =(m BD) +(m AD) Pythagoras theorem Segment addition postulate (fig. a) *s mBD = mBC -mCD Segment addition postulate (fig. b) Since mBD = mCD-mBC -:(mBC—mCb) =(mCD-mBC) Commutative property of addition of real numbers. By Pythagoras theorem. Using IV in III.(Apollonius Theorem) Inany triangle, the sum’ of the squares 01 third side together with twice the square on th (Apollonius' theorem) A A n any two sides is equal to twice the square .e median which bisects the ‘ti Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Given Inthe AABC, AE is the median drawn from the vertex Ato BC To prove : = | = — (mAB) + (mC) =2(mEB) +2(mEA) Construction From A, draw AD L BC (produced if necessary)proof Statements Reasons gince ABD and 4 ae are right triangles, (rab) = (mm AD) +(mBD) —+(1) we ep ay (AC) =(m AD) +(mDC) —>(2) —y ( =) — sterefore, (m AB) +(mAC) =2(m AD) alm BD) +(mDCY put mBD=m BE+m ED So that the last result becomes (dB) +(m4C) = (mADY (mBE+mED) +(mDC) =») Since mDC = mBC -mED and mDC=mED-mEC (mbG) = (mEC-mED) = (mED ~mEC) —>(4) so any one of these values can be put in place of (mDC)' and thus (3) becomes (naBY + (mAC)’ =2(mAD) + (mBE + mED)" + (mBC-mED) or(mAB)’ + (AC) =2(mAD) +(mBE)' +(mBD) +2(mBE)-(mED) +(mEC)’ + (mED)’ -2(mEC)- (mED) or (mAB) +(maC) =2(ma4D) +(nEDY + (mB) +(mBEY +(niEC) Construction Pythagoras theorem Pythagoras theorem Adding (1) and (2) Segments addition postulate From construction in figure (a) From construction in figure (b)| From algebra (ab) =(b-a)" Using (4) in (3) +: from algebra (a+b) =a? +8? +2ab and (a-by =a? +8? -2ab Using commutative property of addition for real numbers.42(mBE)-(mED)~2(mEC): (mED) or (mB) + (mC) =2(m 4D) 42 ED) +(mBE)' +(mBE) 42 mBE)-(mED) 2 (mBE): (mED) or (mB) + (mAC) = 2| (mab) +(nBD) | +2(mBE) —>(5) But (m4D)' +(mED) = (ma) —+(6) -.(mABY +(mAC) =2(mAE) +2(mBEY or(mAB) + (mC) =2(mEB) +2(mEA) Zo ¢ -: mBE = mEC as AE is the median. wx-x=0 WxeR AADE is a right-triangle. Using (6) in (5). ‘: mEB = mBE and mAE =mEAOne and only one circle Eiiiociany & —— le can pass through three non. ‘Given Band C are three non-collinear points, Join B to A and C. Draw perpendicular bisectors YD and oe YE of AB and BC respectively, which intersect at O. Join -collinear points, Oto A, Band C, Statements Reasons In AOAD<—> AOBD ZODA = ZODB Both are right angles. 4D=3D Dis the mid-point of AB. Be Common. OD= OD S.A.S postulate. .. AOAD = AOBD Corresponding sides of congruent ».0A=0B —>(i) Again in AOBE<—+ AOCE ZOEB = ZOEC a —(i) triangles. Both are right angles. Eis the midpoint of BC Common. S.A.S postulate. Corresponding sides of congruent triangles. From (i) and (ii), OA => mOA = mOB- = It means that the point O is equidistant from the three points A, B, C. Therefore a circle With centre O and radius mOA or mOB or mOC will pass through the points A, B and C. Since O is the only point which is equidistant from the Points A,B and C. Therefore one and only one Circle can pass through these three non-collinear Loints, Transitive property of congruence,A straight line, drawn from the centre of a eels to bistet a chord (which jg n dianieter) is perpendicular to the chord. ota | Given ca Acircle with centre at O, AB isa chord of the circle. Nis the mid point of 4B which is joined to O. _ To prove ON 1 AB "Construction Join O to A and B. Proof Statements Reasons In AOAN <—> AOBN OA= OB Radii of a given circle Given ON =ON Common ~. AOAN = AOBN SSS= SSS “21222 Corresponding angles of the congruent triangles But mZ1+mZ2=180° _—+(7) | Supplementary angles postulate “.mZl=mZ2=90° Hence ON | AB *smZ1=mZ2perpendicular from the centre of a circleona chord biseets it Given Acircle with centre atO, 4B is achord, ON LAB. “Toprove ‘AN = BN Construction Join O to A and B. Proof | Statements Reasons In AON <—> ABON “ ZONA= ZONB ’ 9 OA~ OB \ \A4ON = ABON’ Hence 4N = BN Right angles common Radii of the same circleiftwo chords ofa circle arecongr Given Acircle with centre O, AB and CD are two congruent chords of the circle. To prove “AB and CD are equidistant from the centre O. nt then (hey will be equidistant from the centre. Construction a Join O to A and C. Also draw perpendiculars OF and OF on the given chords AB and CD respectively. Proof B Statements Reasons Since OE 1 AB and OF LCD _ | Construction ». AE = EB and CF = DF | By the use of Theorem 9.3. Or m AE =mEB and mCF =mDF But mdB = mCD Given or mAE+mEB =mCF +mDF | Segment addition postulate mAE +mdE =mCF +mCF |i mEB = m4E and m DF =mCF ae Dividing bot sides by 2. m AE =mCF or AE = CF —() Now in AAOE<—> ACOF OA=OC AE =CF-—> (ii) ZAEO = ZCFO MOE ACOF -. OE = OF or mOE =mOF “AB and CD are equidistant from the Centre of the circle . Radii of the same circle From (i) proved above Right angles HS = HS Corresponding sides of the congruent triangles.Two chords ofa circle which are equidistant from the centre are congruent, Given i es Acircle with centre at 0, AB and CD are two chords of the circle. OF LAB, OF 1 CD and OE = OF. To prove “AB = CD. Construction Join O with A and C. Proof Statements Reasons ‘OE LAB and OF 1 CD Given ACFO ZAEO = ZCFO Both are right angles 0A=0C Radii of the same circle Given HS = HS Corresponding sides of congruent triangles or = mAE = mCF Double of equal lengths ..2mAE =2m CF — (ii) Also mAB = mAE + mEB Segment addition postulate m AB =m AE +m AE =2m AE —>(iii) | -- mEB = mAE Similarly mCD =2mCF = —>/(iv) | From (ii) Since 2m AE =2mCF Therefore mAB = mCD From (iii) and (iv) or AB = CD Hence the two chords are congruent.— __ ig drawn perpendicular to a radial gue! ial segment of a cirele ati e at its outer end point, itis tangent to the cirele at that point. Given le having centre O with a line AB which is 4 circ . jcular to the radial segment OC at its outer end C| serpendi a ie AB LOC. Joprove 4B isa tangent to the circle. Construction . — Take any point Don AB other than C. Join O to D. Proof Statements Reasons —_ ‘ OC 1 4B Given So the AOCD is a right triangle + mZOCD =90° «Zland 22 are acute ie. Z1+22=90° Thus mZOCD >mZ2 -+ZOCD is aright angle and 22 isan acute angle. } — | 0D > mOC @ Ina triangle, greater angle has greater But OC is the radial segment with C as its | Given outer end, -. D lies in the exterior of the circle. Hence 4B meets the circle at one and only One point which is C. Parra “AB is tangent to the circle. side opposite to it. Definition of tangent to a circle.cteand the radial segment joining the point of contact and the gg . re ach other. The tangent toa are perpendicular to ¢ Given — ; A circle with centre 0. AB is tangent to the circle at point C. OC is the radial segment which is obtained by joining O with the point of contact C of the tangent 4B ~To prove OC 1 AB Construction Take any point D on 4B except C. Join O and D. Proof Statements Reasons +: AB is tangent to the circle at the point C. Given So C is the only point common to the Definition of tangent to a circle. circle and the line AB . Disa point on 4B other than C Construction .. Dis an exterior point of the circle. Except C every point of 4B is outside the circle. It means, mOD > mOC Hence mOC_ is the shortest distance between the point O and the line 4B — + OC L AB By definition of shortest distance. _-The two tangents drawn te acircle froma point outside it, are equal in length. Given Acircle with centre O. A is any point outside the circle. AB and AC are drawn two tangents from point A. To prove mAB = mAC Construction Join O to A, B and C. Proof Statements Reasons In AAOB «> AAOC _. 40240 Common OB=0C Radial segments. LABOs ZACO = 90° Right angles because tangent to a circle is = perpendicular to the radial segment at the point of contact. HS =H.S Corresponding sides of two congruent os triangles.wo circles touch exte: iftv equal to the sum of their radii. Given Two circles wi with centres O and O! which are touching each other externally at the point A, OA and ‘OA are the radial segments of the circles. To prove mOO' =m 0A+m AO! Construction Draw a common tangent BC “at the point A which is the common point of contact of the given two circles. Proof Statements Reasons mZBAO = 90° @ +: A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radial segment at the point of Similarly contact. -- A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radial segment at the point of contact. *: mZBAO +mZBAO! = 90° + 90° = 180° Adding (i) and (ii). +: Their sum is 180°. mZBAO' =90° i) mZBAO and mZBAO' are supplementary angles with the commomnvertexA- "| Postulate of supplementary angles. +40 and AO’ are opposite line segments This makes O, A and O’, the three different} Consequence of being AO and AO’, Collinear points, the opposite line segments. segments addition postulate. “m00' = mOA+mAQ"1htWe |e theirradii. Given wo circles touch internally, the distance between their centres is the difference of qwo circles with centre © and O' touch each other internally at the point A such that OA and OA are radial segments of these circles. To prove mOO! =mOA-mO'A Construction Draw a common tangent BC at the point A which is the common point of contact of the two circles. Proof B Statements Reasons Since the circles touch each other at A therefore both OA and -O4 are perpendicular to ‘BC. mZBAO =mZBAOQ' =90° H — — ie. OA 1 BC atA. and OA LBC atA. “0, O' andAlie on the same straight line. mOA =m OO" +mO'A . [St m00" =mOA-mO'A +: A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn through the point of contact. Ata point on a line a unique perpendicular can be drawn on it. Segment addition postulate. From a law of equation.If two ares of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent then the corresponding chordsare equal. For one ci [Case ft Acircle with centre O AEB and CFD are congruent arcs ie. AEB= CFD. AB and CD are the corresponding chords of the given congruent arcs. Join O to A, B, Cand D respectively and name the central 41 and 22. Proof Statements Reasons In AOAB <> AOCD OAzO0C : Es Radii of the same circle. Radii of the same circle. Ae 72 ee of two congruent arcs. AOAB = AOCD ghee aR tb Corresponding sides of two congruent triangles.If two chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equal, then their corresponding ares (minor, major or semi-circular) are congruent. (case (BY For one circle Given Acircle with centre O having two chords AB and CD such that AB = CD. To prove AEB= CFD (These are minor arcs of the chords AB and CD respectively). and AFB = CED (These are major arcs of the chords AB and CD respectively). Statements Reasons In the AAOB <> ACOD aiz0C OB Radii of the same circle. To OD Radii of the same circle. AB=CD Given AAOB = ACOD S.S.S = S.S.S 2242: Corresponding angles of two congruent triangles. but Z1 and Z2 are central angles AEB= CFD Definition of equal or congruent arcs. Thus the corresponding minor arcs of two equal chords AB and CD ofa circle are congruent.Gin aD nd equal angles at the centre, at ont circles) subten Equal chords of a cirele (or of congr uent circles) ntres). the correspondin} Case [EY For one circle eee with centre 0. AB and CD are two chords of the circle (which are not diameters) such that AB = CD or mAB = mCD. Arcs subtend 21 and 22 at the centre. To prove 41222 Construction oie its ey We join O to A, B, C and D respectively so that mOA = mOB = mOC = mOD = radii of a circle. Proof Statements Reasons In the AOAB +> AOCD O4= OC Radii of the same circle. OB=OD Radii of the same circle. AB=CD Given AOAB = AOCD S.S.S = S.S.S 21222 Corresponding angles of congruent triangles,Given Two congruent circles with centres 0 and O' havi: WB=CD. To prove ing two equal chords AB and CD ie, These chords subtend equal angles at the centre ie. Z1= 22. Construction Join O with A and B, and O' with C and D, Proof Statements : Reasons In the AOAB < AO'CD Radii of two congruent circles. Radii of two congruent circles. Given AOAB = AO'CD S.S.S = S.S.S M1222 Corresponding angles of congruent triangles.Giitiin 49 If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle (or congruent circles) at the centre (corresponding centres) are equa! in measures, then the chords are equal in measures. For one circle Given Accircle with centre 0. AB and CD are two chords ofthe circle and Z1= 22. To prove “AB = CD | Proof Statements Reasons In the AOAB <> AOCD ; OA=OC Radii of the same circle. 0B = OD Radii of the same circle. 41222 Given AAOB = ACOD S.A.S Postulate AB =CD Corresponding sides of congruent triangles, Two congruent circles with centres O and O', “AB and CD are two chords of these circles such that they subtend equal angles at the centre ie. Z1= 22. r Statements Reasons In the AOAB + AO'CD 'D Radii of two congruent circles. oc Radii of two congruent circles. 41222 Given 4048 ‘OED S.AS Postulate AB=CD Corresponding sides of two congruent triangles. a‘phe measure of a central angle of a minor are of a circle, is double that of the angle subtended by the corresponding major arc, S P Given Acircle with centre O,- AB isa minor arc whose central angle is ZAOB. Pis any point on the major arc ADB/, ZAPB is the angle subtended by the arc at P. To prove —— mZAOB=2mZAPB | Case 1: When P is an arbitrary pgint of the major arc (General Case) figure (i). \ Case 2: When PQ is an extremity of the semi-circle containing the minor arc AB figure (ii). Construction \ i Draw PO’ to meet the circumference at Q (For both cases}. ; Proof. \ 7 Statements \ Reasons ~~ ~ z Z Case (i) \ wa In the AOAP > Y ae mOA = mOP_ Radii of the same circle. AOAP isan isosceles triangle Definition of an isosceles triangle. and = mZOAP =mZOPA ‘ If two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles which are opposite to them are also equal.Also mZAOQ =m ZOAP +mZOPA () @) mZAQQ = 2mZOPA Similarly mZBOQ= 2mZOPB mZAOQ+ mZBOQ = 2mZOPA+2mZOPB or mZAOB =2[mZOPA+mZOPB] or mZAOB = 2mZAPB Case (ii) All the statements and reasons are same up to obtaining the equations J and II. Subtracting I from II we get mZBOQ—mZAQQ = 2mZOPB -—2mZOPA mZBOQ—mZAOQ = 2[mZOPB -mZOPA] mZAOB = 2mZAPB +: The measure of. exterior angle of triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of opposite interior angles, - mZOAP =mZOPA (Proved above) ‘Adding I and II. Postulate of addition of angles. Postulate of subtraction of angles.The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. Given Acircle with centre O, AB is a diameter of the circle and ZACB is any angle in the semi-circle. eT To prove 2 ACB is aright angle ie. m ZACB = 90°. - Construction Join O toC. Proof Statements Reasons In AOAC, mOA = mOC Radii of the same circle Definition of an isosceles triangle. - -. AOAC is an isosceles triangle If two sides of a triangle are equal, the and mZOAC=mZOCA D angles which are opposite to them are Similarly in the AOCB also equal. mOB.= mOC Radii of a circle. mZOBC = mZOCB dy -:mZOAC + mZOBC =mZOCA+mZOCB | Adding (2) and (IN).+» The sum of three angles of a triangle is equal to 180°. +: mZOAC + mZOBC =mZ ACB Adding two equal numbers. mZOAC +mZOBC =mZACB_ (Ill) |¥ mZOCA+ mZOCB = mZACB 7 But mZOAC + mZOBC +mZACB = 180° Or mZACB +mZACB =180° => 2mZACB=180° s.mZACB= 90° or ACB is a right-angle. The angle inscribed in a semicircle is always a right angle (90°).The ment greater than a semi-circle is less than a right angle. Given __ A circle with centre O, AB is achord and EF is the diameter parallel to AB such that “AB lies below the D diameter EF . Thus the segment AECDFB is greater than the semi-circular region. ZADB is any angle in the segment. To prove ADB is less than a right angle ie. m ZADB < 90°. E Construction Join D with E and F such that ZEDF is in the semi-circle. Proof. The measure of an angle in a semi-circle is aright angle. *s mZEDG + mZGDH +mZ HDF = mZEDF mZEDF =90° «mZEDG + mZ GDH + mZHDF =90° -.mZGDH =90° —[mZEDG+m ZHDF] => mZGDH <90° or mZADB <90° ‘* ZGDH and ZADB are same.gle in a segment less than a sew Thea Given cle is greater than a right angle. A circle with centre O, “AB isachordand EF is the diameter parallel to AB such that AB lies above the c diameter EF .The segment ACDB is less than the semi- circular region. ZADB is any angle in the segment. A To prove ZADB is greater than a right angle ie. mZ ADB > 90°. Construction Join D to E and F. ZEDF is in the semi-circle. Proof Statements Reasons mZEDF =90° or mZGDH =90° mZADG + mZGDH + mZHDB = oy mZADG +90°+mZHDB => mZADB =90°+mZADG + mZHDB =>: mZADB > 90° The measure of an angle in a semi -circle is a right angle. -: ZEDF and ZGDH are same. Adding equal quantities on both sides of an equation. Postulate of addition of angles.The opposite angles of any quad Given A circle with centre at O and ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in the given circle. To prove mZBCD + mZBAD =180° and mZABC+mZADC=180° Construction Join O to B and D. Proof Statements Reasons mZ1=2 mZBCD mZ2=2mZBAD mZ1+mZ2=2mZBCD+2mZBAD (I) But mZ1+mZ2=360° .. (I) becomes 2[mZBCD + 2mZBAD] = 360° a *. mZBCD +m ZBAD= = or mZBCD+mZBAD =180° «. ZBCD and ZBAD are supplementary. Similarly we can prove that mZABC and mZADC are supplementary. The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is twice that which it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the circumference, The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is twice that which it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the circumference, Adding the above two results. +: circumference of a circle subtends an angle equal t o four right angles at the centre. Dividing both sides of an equation by 2. Definition of supplementary angles.