PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

LEARNING MODULE 01:

STRESS

MECH 324 – MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES

Prepared by:
AERO FACULTY

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Ref. no Page
Introduction 1,2 5
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY 1,2 5
STRESS 1,2 12

TIME COMMITMENT FOR THIS MODULE

READING MATERIALS TIME
Introduction 5 mins
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY 30 mins
STRESS 30 mins
ACTIVITY/PLATES
Learning Activity No.1 60 mins
Learning Activity No.2 60 mins

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
Russell C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 10th Edition, Prentice-Hall
1
,2018.
Singer, F. (1987) Strength of Materials (4th ed.) 2

TABLE OF REFERENCES FOR FIGURES

References No.
Russell C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 10th Edition, Prentice-Hall
1
,2018.
Singer, F. (1987) Strength of Materials (4th ed.) 2

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
CLO 1. Demonstrate an understanding
of fundamental concepts in statics of
rigid bodies thru numerical calculation
and problem-solving.
CLO 2. Appreciate the value of
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies as a
foundation to structural analysis thru
numerical calculation and problem-
solving.
CLO 3. Create model of physical
systems by drawing free body diagram.
CLO 4. Demonstrate mastery on
processes and procedures of
computing the stress, strain, torsion,
and shear and moment in beams of a
given figure by solving problems
analytically.
CLO 11. Produce a systematic and
accurate solution for every problem so
that it can be solve in a limited amount
of time.
CLO 12. Develop other important
engineering skills such as problem-
solving, critical thinking, and self-
learning.
As individuals of academic community. Students are expected to understand and
uphold requirements of intellectual and educational integrity. The college assumes as
a simple and minimal preferred of habits in academic matters that students be truthful
and that they publish for deposit solely the merchandise of their efforts.
Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]
MLO 1. Solve problems regarding stress by
relating and gauging the given
forces/quantities
MLO 2. Create a Free body diagram using
the information given before proceeding to
solving process
HONESTY CLAUSE
Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
TLO 1. Apply understanding on
introduction to the basic quantities,
idealizations of mechanics, and the
systems of units (SI and English) by
numerical calculation and
dimensional analysis.
TLO 2. Define the type of stress and
understand why its concept is necessary
for the study of deformation by computing
for the stress of a body subjected to
different types of loadings.
TLO 3. Understand the concept of
deformation by solving problems
TLO 4. Analyze stress and strain
relationship with the use of stress-strain
diagram
TLO 5. Determine the deformation of an
axially loaded member through
mathematical analysis.
TLO 6. Determine the effects of
application of torsional loading to circular
shafts and non-circular shafts.
TLO 7. Create a model of physical
systems by drawing a complete free body
diagram
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

Introduction

Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences associated with the state of rest or
movement of objects subjected to force action. This field can generally be divided
into three branches: rigid-body mechanics, deformable-body mechanics, and fluid
mechanics.

Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of

stress and strain in a solid body. Stress is associated with the strength of the material
from which the body is made, while strain is a measure of the deformation of the body.
A thorough understanding of the fundamentals of this subject is of vital importance for
the design of any machine or structure, because many of the formulas and rules of
design cited in engineering codes are based upon the principles of this subject.

Historical Development
The origin of mechanics of materials dates back to the beginning of the seventeenth century, when
Galileo Galilei performed experiments to study the effects of loads on rods and beams made of various
materials. However, it was not until the beginning of the nineteenth century when experimental
methods for testing materials were vastly improved. At that time many experimental and theoretical
studies in this subject were undertaken, primarily in France, by such notables as Saint-Venant, Poisson,
Lamé, and Navier. Through the years, after many fundamental problems had been solved, it became
necessary to use advanced mathematical and computer techniques to solve more complex problems.
As a result, mechanics of materials has expanded into other areas of mechanics, such as the theory of
elasticity and the theory of plasticity.

EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Given that statics play an important role in the creation and application mechanics of
material, it is very important to have a clear understanding of the basics of statics.
For this purpose, we are now going to review some of the primary static concepts
that will be used in the module.

Loads

A body can be subjected to both surface loads and body forces. Surface loads that
act on a small area of contact are reported by concentrated forces, while distributed
loadings act over a larger surface area of the body

Support Reactions

For bodies subjected to coplanar force systems, the supports most commonly
encountered are shown in Table 1–1. As a general rule, if the support prevents
translation in a given direction, then a force must be developed on the member in
that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple moment must be exerted on
the member. For example, the roller support only prevents translation perpendicular
or normal to the surface. Hence, the roller exerts a normal force F on the member at

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
its point of contact. Since the member can freely rotate about the roller, a couple
moment cannot be developed on the member.

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to prevent the body from
translating or having accelerated motion along a straight or curved path, and a
balance of moments, to prevent the body from rotating. These conditions are
expressed mathematically as the equations of equilibrium:

∑𝑭 = 𝟎

∑ 𝑴𝟎 = 𝟎

INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS

In mechanics of materials, statics is primarily used to determine the resultant

loadings that act within a body

The method of sections is used to determine the internal resultant loadings acting on
the surface of the sectioned body.

In general, these resultants consist of a normal force, shear force, torsional moment,
and bending moment.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

Normal force, N
This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed whenever the external
loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body.

Shear force, V
The shear force lies in the plane of the area, and it is developed when the external
loads tend to cause the two segments of the body to slide over one another.

Torsional moment or torque, T

This effect is developed when the external loads tend to twist one segment of the
body with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the area.

Bending moment, M
The bending moment is caused by the external loads that tend to bend the body
about an axis lying within the plane of the area.

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The most efficient way to understand the concepts of engineering mechanics is to

solve the problems. It is necessary to present the work in a logical and orderly
manner, as indicated by the following sequence of steps, to be efficient at this:
•
Read the issue carefully and try to fit the actual functional situation with the
analyzed theory.

• Tabulate the problem data and draw the appropriate diagrams to a wide
scale.

• Apply the values involved, usually in quantitative form. Be sure to be

dimensionally homogeneous when composing some equations.

• Solve the required equations and give no more than three significant figures
to the answer.

• Research the solution with analytical intuition and common sense to decide
whether it sounds logical or not.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The resultant internal loadings at a point located on the section of a body can be
obtained using the method of sections. This requires the following steps.

Support reactions

• When the body is sectioned, decide which segment of the body is to be considered.
If the segment has a support or connection to another body, then before the body is
sectioned, it will be necessary to determine the reactions acting on the chosen
segment. To do this, draw the free-body diagram of the entire body and then apply
the necessary equations of equilibrium to obtain these reactions.

Free-Body Diagram

• Keep all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, and forces in their
exact locations, before passing the section through the body at the point where the
resultant internal loadings are to be determined.

• Draw a free-body diagram of one of the “cut” segments and indicate the unknown
resultants N, V, M, and T at the section. These resultants are normally placed at the
point representing the geometric center or centroid of the sectioned area.

• If the member is subjected to a coplanar system of forces, only N, V, and M act at

the centroid.

• Establish the x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at the centroid and show the
resultant internal loadings acting along the axes.

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

• Moments should be summed at the section, about each of the coordinate axes
where the resultants act. Doing this eliminates the unknown forces N and V and
allows a direct solution for M and T.

• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative value for a resultant,
the directional sense of the resultant is opposite to that shown on the free-body
diagram.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
Example 1

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
Example 2

Before we proceed with our discussion, let’s check how well you have understood
the discussion so far. Answer the following problems following the procedure in
numerical calculation.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

LEARNING ACTIVITY NO. 1

Solve the following problem systematically and box the final answer with its
appropriate units. Write the question and the complete solution on the prescribed
format. Submit your scanned work on the provided link on Google Classroom

1. Determine the resultant internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at
point C in the beam.

2. Determine the resultant internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at
point C in the beam.

3. Determine the resultant internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at
point C in the beam.

4. Determine the resultant internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at
point C in the beam.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

STRESS
Stress describes the intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane (area)
passing through a point.

NORMAL STRESS or SIMPLE STRESS

Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the
resisting area or
σ = Force / Area

It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to
external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and
predict the elastic deformation of a body.

Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional

area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be
tensile stress and compressive stress develop when the material is being
compressed by two opposing forces.

Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area.

AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED

BAR

𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

Example No. 1

A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of
400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to
120 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 .

Solution

Example No. 2

A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is

supported at either end by a cable as
shown below. Calculate the smallest area
of each cable if the stress is not to exceed
90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Solution

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
Example No.3

The 80-kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown in Fig. 1–16a. If AB has a diameter of
10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal stress in each rod.

SHEAR STRESS
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to
tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the
area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
𝑽
𝝉=
𝑨
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes through the
centroid of the area A being sheared.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

Example No.4

What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear
strength is 350 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 .

SOLUTION

Example No. 5

Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm-diameter pin at A and the 30-mm-
diameter pin at B that support the beam in Fig. 1–21a.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

To ensure the safety of a structural member, it is necessary to restrict the applied
load to one that is less than the load the member (or element) can fully support

A design that is based on an allowable stress limit is called Allowable Stress

Design (ASD)

In any of these equations, the factor of safety must be greater than 1 in order to
avoid the potential for failure.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
Example No.6
The control arm is subjected to the loading shown in Fig. 1–25a. Determine to the
nearest 5 mm the required diameter of the steel pin at A and C if the factor of safety
for shear is F.S. = 1.5 and the failure shear stress for the steel is 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 82.5 MPa.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝑷𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
𝑨𝒃

Example No. 7

In Figure below assume that a 20-mm-

diameter rivet joins the plates that are each
110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120
MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the
minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.

SOLUTION

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS

LEARNING ACTIVITY NO. 2

Solve the following problem systematically and box the final answer with its
appropriate units. Write the question and the complete solution on the prescribed
format. Submit your scanned work on the provided link on Google Classroom

1. The uniform beam is supported by two rods AB and CD that have cross-sectional
areas of 10 𝑚𝑚2 and 15 𝑚𝑚2 , respectively. Determine the intensity w of the
distributed load so that the average normal stress in each rod does not exceed 300
kPa

2. As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength

of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the
maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can
be punched.

3. In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: STRESS
4. Determine the average normal stress in rod AB if the load has a mass of 50 kg. The diameter of
rod AB is 8 mm.

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