Canine retraction: A photoelastic study

Lou R. Baeten, D.D.S., MS.

San Antonio, Texas

0 rthodontists have always been aware of the need for root control
when a tooth is being moved through bone. I-3 However, of the early men, Case
seemed to understand best the mechanics of root control, and he devised sophis-
ticated appliances that attempted to shift coronally applied forces apically. He
also denounced the many orthodontists who held the belief that a mysterious
“developing force” rather than adequate mechanics would move the tooth roots
into proper alignment with their crowns.”
Physiologic implications of improper root control were drawn by Reitan” to
increased root resorption and by Cianelly and Goldman6 to diminished vascular
supply to the alveolar crest area. Sleichte? also linked tipping mechanics to
increased hyalinization of the periodontal membrane, while Hixon and associates8
believed it to lead to possible blunting of the alveolar crest.
In an effort to learn more concerning root control and force-distribution levels
in the periodontal membrane during orthodontic force application, much re-
search has been done with tooth-alveolar bone simulations or tooth models.
Early investigators considered the tooth in its alveolus as a stick in wet plaster
and attempted to draw meaningful conclusions pertaining to the human alveolus.g
Later Schwartz,1o followed by Synge,ll set up mathematical models to determine
a tooth’s axis of rotation. A mathematical model was also used by Burstone12 in
an attempt to determine the center of resistance of a single-rooted tooth with a
parabolic shape. This was followed by Jarabak and FizzelW mathematical ex-
planations of tooth movement, about which they stated : “The ability to describe
the mechanism of translation mathematically does not guarantee its feasibility.”
Physical tooth models became more sophisticated, as seen by Zak’s14 tooth model
utilizing photoelasticity for the first time in orthodontic research. Models of many
other types were constructed and studied, but they all provided a very poor
simulation of an actual human tooth in its alveolus with actual orthodontic ap-
pliances acting on it. IB-lR More recently, Davidian,lg with a computer model,
found the theoretical center of rotation of a, maxillary central incisor to be be-

Condensed from a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements toward a

Master of Science degree in orthodontics at Washington University, St. Louis, MO.

11
Fig. 1. Tooth model under polarized light illustrating representative stresses as viewed
on optical bench.

tween 49 and 54 per cent of the distance from the apex to the alveolar crest and
the center of resistance to he about sis tenths of the distance from the apex
to the alveolar crest.
A tooth model utilizing teeth of human size and shape set into a photoelastic
resin sensitive to forces produced by actual orthodontic mechanisms was thought
to offer the most accurate representation of an intraoral orthodontic situation
for a proper analysis of tooth-root control.
General discussion

Tooth-root control, whether it be for bodily tooth movement-translatory move-

ment or for “controlled tipping” about t,he apex, is best handled by the ratio of
applied moment to applied force or the moment-to-force ratioeZO A horizontal
force acting at the crown of a tooth will rotate or tip the tooth about its center
of rotation in the direction of the applied force. However, an additional force
couple” is needed to overcome the initial rotation and to shift the horizontal
force to the center of resistance, thereby giving bodily tooth movement. The
moment of a couple is equal t,o the product of one of the forces and the perpen-
dicular distance between them. It is, then, by control over this moment-to-force
ratio that effective crown and root movement takes place.‘l
Methods

Model design. The tooth model used in this study was designed SO as to best
complement segmented arch treatment mechanics in that they are theorized to
offer the orthodontist the most effective means of control over the moment-to-
force ratio.‘Zv Lo,22 The tooth model was constructed of teeth of anatomic size and
shape simulating a first-premolar-extraction situation in the maxillary right
quadrant. The teeth were set into a sensitive photoelastic resin to which forces
applied at the orthodontic brackets were transmitted by way of the tooth roots.

*A couple consists of two equal and oppositely directed parallel forces not in the same
straight line. A couple can produce only rotation.
Volume 67 Cawi~le retractiovl 13
Number 1

Fig. 2. Optical bench. a, light source; b, condenser; c, water cooler; d, condenser; e,

circular polarizer with one quarter wave plate; f, compensator; g, lens; h, frame load;
i, lens; i, analyzer; k, lens; I, lens, rn, screen.

These stresses, compression, and tension were made visible and measurable as
colored fringes of varying intensity with the aid of an optical design utilizing
polarized light (Fig. 1).
Photoelasticity is the property exhibited by some isotropic solids of becoming
doubly refracting when subjected to stress. The principle is based on the fact that
polarized light, passing through a transparent plastic under stress, will split into
two polarized beams, which travel in the planes of the principal stress. These
beams have different velocities, and the resulting phase difference shift is ob-
served by viewing the light through a polarizing filter. These resultant stresses
are viewed as colored fringes within the photoelastic resin. Photoelastic resins
can be cast, shaped, or cut into models and are of varying sensitivity. The resins
can also be calibrated as to the value to each fringe and, with proper instrumen-
tation, accurate stress measurements can be made at any point within a mode1.29
As noted earlier, photoelasticity is not new to orthodontic research, but more
recently it has been used in other fields of dental research. Photoelastic tech-
niques have been used in restorative and prosthetic dentistry in stress analysis
involved in tooth preparation, cavity design, and pulp morphology.23-27 Glickman
and associatesz8 have constructed an enlarged tooth model involving photoelastics
to show occlusal stresses that can be transmitted to the periodontium.
Optical design for model analysis. To conduct the necessary stress measure-
ments for this project, the optical bench” seen in Fig. 2 was used. Essentially,

*Designed by Dr. G. Mesmer, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Wash-

ington University, St. Louis, MO.
 o---o TECH. I F!OOqrn)

b--d TECH,3(RICKET

* TECH.4 (RICKETT

-20 -10 0 IO 20 30
gm/mm
Fig, 3. Tension and compression measurements with techniques 1 to 4.

it consisted of a light source, a polarizer, and a polarizer-analyzer with various

lenses interlaced between them. Quarter-wave plates were incorporated im-
mediately behind the polarizer and immediately in front of the polarizer-analyzer
in order to eliminate directional effects on the light and thereby make the re-
sultant fringes clear and easily assessed. The tooth model was placed in the frame
load between the polarizer and the analyzer, and as forces were engaged at the
orthodontic brackets, the resultant stresses at the tooth roots were shown as
colored fringes of varying magnitude. Ordinarily, these fringes would be photo-
graphed and then evalua.ted, but, because of the relatively low level of total bire-
fringence with actual orthodontic forces (less than two fringes), it was decided
to use a pointwise evaluation of the resultant stresses wit.11 a Babinet compensa-
tor” at 1 mm. intervals along the distal aspect of the maxillary canine root. The
compensator consisted of a movable double quartz crystal that was shifted until
the optical effect at each point along the canine root was neutralized or com-
pensated. Readings were taken in negative and positive compensator units-
positive being compression and negative being tension stress.

Results
A wide variety of segmented arch canine-retraction techniques were analyzed
in order that meaningful comparisons could be made as to canine root control.
The retraction mechanisms were activated as in the mouth, and horizontal force

*Gaertner Scientific Corporation, Chicago, Ill.

 Volunne
Number
67
1
Canine retraction 15

TECH.3
450aw
TECH.4 60’ ‘TECH.4 15“
A

D
TECH.5,6,7,8
55’ GABLED
\I00

C
Fig. 4. Retraction devices. A, 0.016 by 0.016 inch Ricketts canine retractor, with gabling
variations noted. 8, 0.016 by 0.016 inch Ricketts canine uprighter, with gabling varia-
tions noted. C, Burstone canine retraction assembly, type E, 0.022 inch, 6 mm. D, 0.021 by
0.025 inch arc on 46 mm. radius. E, 0.010 by 0.028 inch sectional ribbon with arch on
60 mm. radius (universal technique).

application was measured with a spring gauge. * Whenever friction between arch
wire and bracket was judged to be a factor in the resultant stress, mineral oil was
used as a lubricant. The relatively small initial stresses in the model were com-
pensated with the readings subtracted from the individual retraction technique
readings.
Technique 1 consisted of 200 Gm. of horizontal force applied with elastic
ligature from the distal aspect of the buccal molar tube to the mesial wing of
the 0.022 inch medium twin edgewise bracket. This technique attained a maxi-
mum compression of 30.7 Gm. per millimeter located 14.0 to 16.0 mm. incisally
from the apex. Maximum tension was 7.6 Gm. per millimeter at the root apex.
The center of rotation was located 5.3 mm. incisally from the apex. The com-
pression and tension measurements were plotted and graphed (Fig. 3).
Technique 2 consisted of the identical model and the same 200 Gm. horizontal
force with the addition of a 0.021 by 0.025 inch blue Elgiloyt straight sectional
arch wire. This technique reduced tension at the apex to 4.6 Gm. per millimeter
and shifted the center of rotation to a location approximately 1.8 mm. incisally
from the apex (Fig. 3).
Techniques 3 and 4 consisted of the canine retractor and brackets of the

*Hunter Force Indicator, Model L-500, Hunter Spring Co., Lansdale, Pa.
tRocky Mountain Dental Products Company, Denver, Colo.
 mm TENSION COMPRESSION
-16-
-14- a,
-.
-12- =7
-lO- b

i
6 _ o- - -0 TECH. 5 (RICKETTS)

4 _ - TECH.6 (RICKETTS)
2 _ *- * TECH.7 (RICKETTS)

o _ - TECH.8

I I
-20 -10 0 IO 20 30
gm/mm
Fig. 5. Tension and compression measurements with techniques 5 to 8.

Ricketts light progressive technique. For technique 3 the retractor was gabled 45
degrees and activated to 150 Gm. horizontal force (Fig. 4, 11). An additional 50
Gm. of horizontal force was applied with elastic ligature from the canine lingual
cleat to the molar lingual button. Maximum compression for this technique was
33.2 Gm. per millimeter located 14.6 mm. incisally from the canine apex. Maxi-
mum tension was 2.1 Gm. per millimeter at the apex. The center of rotation was
located approximatrlg 1.8 mm. incdsally from the apex. Technique -I consisted of
more extensive gable bends (Fig. 4, A) plus 250 (Gm. of horizontal force activa-
tion. This technique served to increase tension at the canine apex (Fig. 3).
Technique 5 consisted of a 0.016 by 0.016 inch preformed Ricketts
uprighter” (Fig. 1, B) engaged in the light progressive technique brackets. The
uprighter was gabled 55 degrees at the mesial arm and 10 degrees 5 mm. distal
to the helix (Fig. 4, n). Technique 6 involved the uprighter plus 130 (Im. of
horizontal force applied at the buceal surface. The latter technique was shown
to produce slight compression at the root apex, thereby giving some canine root
control (Fig. 5). Technique 7 teamed the uprighter with 230 (:m. horizontal
force and produced rotation about the apex. Technique .8 was identical to tech-
nique 7 with the exception that the uprighter was heat treated at 1,000’ F. for
10 minutes. This served to decrease the active moment, and produrd tension at
the canine root apex (Fig. 5).
Techniques 9, 10, and 11 involved Burstone retraction techniques. Technique 9

*Rocky Mountain Dental Products Co., Denver, Colo.

Volume 67 Canine retraction 17
NumiJerl

TENSION COMPRESSION
mm
I6 CF -*TECH. 9 (BURSTONE)

I4 -TECH.10 (BURSTONE)
‘* P -4TECH.I I (BURSTONE)
-lO-
a-

6-
4-
P
2- v0
O-

f I 1 I I
-20 -10 ) IO 20 30
gm/mm
fig. 6. Tension compression with techniques 9 to 11.

consisted of a Burstone canine-retraction assembly,* 0.021 by 0.025 inch posterior

arch segment, Type E, heat treated, and activated to produce translational move-
ment? (Fig. 4, C). Compression and tension values can be seen in Fig. 6. Tech-
niqucs 10 and II utilized a Burstone anterior retraction assembly* set to the
canine with a 130 degree moment displacement in the spring. The assembly was
activated 3 mm. for technique 10 and 5 mm. for technique 11. Results can be seen
and compared in Fig. 6.
Techniques 12 through 15 involved the model teeth banded once again with
preformed bands and prewelded attachments. Brackets on the canine and pre-
molar were of the 0.022 inch slot, medium, twin edgewise type. To the model was
applied a 0.021 b-v 0.0% inch sectional arch, 32 mm. in length, formed into an
arc with a 46 mm. radius. This radius was calculated mathematically so as to im-
part a distal component of force at the canine root apex when 200 Cm. of hori-
zontal force was applied to the bracket (Fig. 4, D). Technique 12 consisted of the
sectional arch engaged in the orthodontic brackets with no horizontal force appli-
cation. In an attempt to show the effect of friction on this technique, the tooth
crowns with the sectional arch engaged wcrc pulled apart and then released. Be-
cause of the high elasticity of the tooth model, this manipulation of the teeth
produced a compression in the arch wire due to friction between bracket and arch
wire (described as + friction). Values for these fringes are shown in Fig. 7.
Tcchniquc 13 consisted of the same sectional arch wire, with the same activa-

*Ormco Corporation, Glendora, Calif.

 TENSION COMPRESSION

-20 -10 0 IO 20 30
gm/mm
Fig. 7. Tension compression with techniques 12 to 15.

tion except that the tooth crowns were pushed together and then released, pro-
ducing tension in the arch wire due to friction (- friction). Fig. 7 shows the
stress values and their location.
Techniques 14 and 15 utilized the same sectional arch wire with the addition
of 200 grams of horizontal force applied with elastic ligature. Technique 14, with
added compression due to friction, produced no tension along the canine root
with 7.1 Gm. per millimeter compression at the apex (Fig. 7). Technique 15,
with added tension in the arch wire due to friction, produced 5.0 Gm. per milli-
meter compression at the canine apex (Fig. 7).
Techniques 16 and 17 involved the universal appliance. The retraction as-
sembly consisted of a 0.010 by 0.028 inch sectional ribbon formed into an arbi-
trary arc incisal-gingivally with a 60 mm. radius and a single retraction coil
delivering 150 Gm. of horizontal force (Fig. 4, E) , Technique 16 included the ad-
dition of compression in the arch wire because of friction and produced 4.6 Gm.
per millimeter compression at the root apex (Fig. 8). Technique 17 involved
added tension due to friction and produced 7.1 Gm. per millimeter compression
at the root apex (Fig. 8).

Segmented arch retraction techniques for retraction of canines in a simulated

first premolar extraction situation offered varying degrees of canine root control,
but translational or bodily tooth movement was found very difficult to attain.
Canine root control was based on the magnitude of compression and/or tension
in grams per millimeter produced by each technique along the distal aspect of
 Canine retraction 19

TENSION ZOMPRESSION
o---o TECH.16 (UNIVERSAL:
M TECH. 17 (UNIVERSAL’

6-
4-

2-
O-

1
I I I I I

-20 -10 0 IO 20 30
gm/mm
Fig. 8. Tension compression with techniques 16 and 17.

the maxillary canine root as measured by means of a photoelastic technique. A

uniform compression along the distal aspect of the entire canine root was judged
necessary in order to assume bodily tooth movement potential for the technique
in question. Compression, or at lea.st lack of tension, at the tooth apex was neces-
sary in order for a technique to be judged to offer root control.
In order to establish a base of reference, the first technique analyzed consisted
only of a horizontal force of 200 Gm. A high compression was noted at the
alveolar crest area, and a relatively high tension of 7.5 Gm. per millimeter was
produced at the canine apex. The center of rotation at the root surface was found
to be 5.3 mm. incisally from the apex or 37. per cent of the distance from the
apex to the alveolar crest. Davidian,‘” with a computer model, found the center
of rotation for the maxillary central incisor to be 49 to 54 per cent of the distance
from the apex to the alveolar crest. Clinical observation has led to the assumption
that a tooth free to tip will rotate around an axis near the junction of the apical
and middle thirds of the root. This would correspond closely to the center of
rotation noted in the present study. This serves to reinforce the feeling that the
model used in this study is an accurate approximation of the clinical situa-
tion.
To assess the accuracy of this technique as to calibration of both the resin and
the compensator, the total force produced at the canine root in technique 1 was
obtained by computing the area under the graph in Fig. 3. Total compression
was found to be 231.6 Gm., while total resistance or tension was 27.3 Gm. The
known force application being 200 Gm., the photoelastically measured coronal
force of 204.3 Gm. (231.6 Cm. minus 27.3 Cm.) was highly accurate on the basis
 AWI. J. Orthod.
January 19 7 5

of the fact that applied force at the tooth crown equals the force generatetl at
the alveolar crest area minus the resisting force in the apical region.“”
Limitations existed in the sectional arch model in that three-dimensional
stresses were measured photoelastically in two tlimensions. The stress readings,
in grams per millimeter, were of the consolidated resultant stresses and not
of the stresses generated at int,cr\-als around the curved root surface. The
model possessed initial stresses, especially at the first 3 mm. from the clinical
crown. These initial stresses, in t,hc area nearest the clinical crown, wcr~ in
different planes and made compensator readings difficult and sometimes impos-
sible to obtain.
To offer an additional base for comparison, technique 2 was devised with 200
Cm. of horizontal force and a 0.021 by 0.025 inch straight sectional arch wire.
The addition of this straight sectional wire shifted the center of rotation 3.5 mm.
apically and decreased tension at the apex by approximately 3.0 Cm. per milli-
meter, or 40 per cent (Fig. 3).
Ricketts canine retractors activated 200 Cm. with large moment activation
also shifted the center of rotation apically 3.5 mm., hardly justifying the elabo-
rate mechanism. With this technique, tension was still evidenced at the canine
apex, although the tension was considerably reduced relative to the straight
sectional arch. Increasing the horizontal activation to 250 Cm. slightly altered
the center of rotation and markedly increased tension at the root apex. Al-
though the Ricketts retractors showed some improvement over the initial tech-
niques, they were judged very inadequate as a means of providing canine root
control.
A Ricketts uprighter was applied t,o the model to determine the effect of a
root-torquing appliance on the canine root. This device reversed the rotation
seen with the pure horizontal force and produced a center of rotation located
more incisally, 6.5 mm. from the apex. With low orthodontic forces the Ricketts
uprighter did supply sufficient moment to give effective root control. Heat treat-
ing the blue Elgiloy sectional arch produced a negative effect in regard to active
moment and root control.
The Burstone retraction assemblies activated for bodily tooth movement
provided little canine root control. High stresses were produced at the alveolar
crest area, and only the anterior retraction assembly provided some degree of
root control, that being rotation of the canine about its apex (Fig. 6).
The previous devices having offered little in the way of root control, calcula-
tions were made for an arc that would produce a moment that would shift 200
Gm. of horizontal force from the bracket approximately 10 mm. to the mid-
point of the root or produce a moment of 2,000 (:m. per millimeter, Clinical
experimentation showed that an are sectional arch wire curved gingivally, of
sufficient magnitude, would present a residual arc when engaged at the brackets.
Therefore, ealcnlations were mado to arrive at an arc curvature value (arc
curvature equals l/arc radius, C =1/R which would produce a sufficient mo-
ment that was actually the difference between the initial and the residual arcs. For
0.021 by 0.025 inch blue Elgiloy wire, this was found to be l/75 mm. Following
these calculations, an arc was formed about a 46 mm. radius which, when en-
 Canine retradon 21

gaged, showed a residual arc on a 115 mm. radius. The l/69 mm. curvature (115
mm. minus 46 mm.) was judged sufficient for this study.
Since friction could not be ignored when such large moments were utilized,
the model teeth were manipulated in such a way as to show maximum friction.
Because of the greater tooth mobility afforded by the high elasticity of the model
resin, the model effect was greater than in the mouth. Although teeth in their
alveoli would offer less mobility, there is a similarity intraorally to chewing
forces and when the teeth become mobile during tooth movement. It was thought
that the exaggeration of this added compression and tension due to friction
would encompass a great deal of the intraoral friction.
Employing the sectional arch arc with 200 Gm. of horizontal force and added
compression due to friction, it was found that root control was good, with a rel-
atively uniform compression noted along the distal aspect of the canine root.
With tension in the arch wire due to friction, stress at the alveloar crest area
increased markedly, while compression at the root apex decreased. Within this
range of friction, canine root control was judged very acceptable. Friction dis-
played a marked effect on this type of canine retraction, but root control was
judged better for this technique than for any previous technique.
The universal technique, like other orthodontic philosophies, has no one re-
traction technique, but the one advocated by Yudelson31 was thought to be the
most widely accepted. With 150 Gm. of horizontal force and compression in the
arch wire due to friction, root control was adequate. With added tension due to
friction, canine root control was lessened but still apparent. It was also noted
that the ribbon arch provided less frictional involvement than the rectangular
arch wire sectionals.
As seen, pure translational or bodily tooth movement was not attained with
any of the techniques analyzed, and best root control was attained with the more
simple appliances. Further work needs to be done, with additional mechanical
techniques analyzed photoelastically to see if bodily tooth movement is in the
realm of an acceptable intraoral appliance.

Summary and conclusions

This study was initiated to investigate canine root control during retraction
into an extraction site with segmented arch retraction techniques. Seventeen
techniques were tested with a sectional arch model embedded in a photoelastic
resin. The teeth, of anatomic size and shape, were aligned to simulate a first-
premolar-extraction situation in the maxillary right quadrant. Canine root con-
trol was judged as relative compression and/or tension in grams per millimeter
measured with photoelastic techniques at 1 mm. intervals along the distal aspect
of the maxillary canine root. With the aid of polarized light, stresses were
viewed as colored fringes and were measured with a compensator. Compression
and tension values were plotted and graphed, so that easy comparisons could be
made.
A technique employing only a horizontal 200 Gm. force was analyzed to as-
certain the accuracy of the photoelastic resin calibration and to establish a base
of reference.
 Rick&s canine retractors provided littlc root ront,rol, while the J&c:kct,ts up-
righter together with 130 (:m. of horixontal t’orc~ pro\%lctl atlequat,e caontrol of
the canine root.
The Hurstonc canine-retracti assembly acti\,ilt<xcl t,o l)ro\-itle botlily tooth
movement produced poor canine root control while I hc J<urstonc antrrior-rc-
traction assembly set to the canillo J)l*otlu~tl c~ontrollccl tipping the canine ilhlt

apox.
A sectional arnh wire formed into an arc* about, a c~al(*ulated radius was an-
alpzcxt with 200 Gm. of horizontal forctr application N11(1 found to offer god
canine root control. h’riction was an influenring factor with this technique, but it
did not seriously negate the canine root caontrol.
Retraction on a ribbon sectional arch in a universal bracket provided ade-
quate root control with little friction involvement.
Analysis showed the more mec~hanieally complicated retraction techniques
to be the least effective. Although the Rickctts and Burstone devices offered a
long range of frictionless action, the)- could not provide the needed moment to
produce effective canine root control when 150 to 200 Gm. of horizontal force
was applied. The results of this study tend to show t,hat a strong moment of
simple design is the ideal applianec to transmit a horizontal force from the
crown to the root of a tooth. While this study found quantitatively varying de-
grees of canine root control to be possible, bodily tooth movement was not evi-
denced.
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 Cnwine retraction 23

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