Rio Summit 1992: Inception of Global

Climatic Concern
In the present times Climate Change has always been a hot topic from Greta
Thunberg being detained for protesting the demolition of the coal village of
Luetzerath to Global Leader signing Paris Agreement in order to substantially
reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase
in this century to 2 degrees Celsius while pursuing efforts to limit the increase
even further to 1.5 degrees. A lot of things happen when we are talking about
Climate Change there is politics, there is economics, there is industrialisation,
investment in Sustainable Development technology but what happened during
1992, during the inception of COP (Conference of Parties) most importantly
what happened in Rio Summit which the international Organisation and
National Government are committed to.

COP 27
Recently COP 27 was held in SHARM EL-SHEIKH in Egypt there are five key
takeaways from the conference
1. Establishing a dedicated fund for loss and damage - COP27 closed with a
breakthrough agreement to provide loss and damage funding for vulnerable
countries hit hard by floods, droughts, and other climate disasters. This
agreement was highly Lauded because for the first time, countries recognized
the need for finance to respond to loss and damage associated with the
catastrophic effects of climate change and agreed to the establishing of a fund
and the necessary funding arrangements.
2. Maintaining a clear intention to keep 1.5°C within reach - Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change says limiting warming to around 1.5°C requires global
greenhouse gas emissions to peak before 2025 at the latest and be reduced by
43% by 2030. That is seven short years from now.
3. Holding businesses and institutions to account- This new phase of
implementation also means a new focus on accountability when it comes to the
commitments made by sectors, businesses, and institutions
4. Mobilizing more financial support for developing countries – Finance is the
Heart of all the thing the world is doing to combat Climate Change, so it
becomes an important part while fighting Climate change. All countries
welcomed the recent pledges made to the Adaptation Fund (totalling USD
211.58 million), the Least Developed Countries Fund (totalling 70.6 million),
and the Special Climate Change Fund (totalling 35.0 million).
5. Making the pivot toward implementation - On the opening day of the
conference, UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell called for
aligning “every corner of human activity” with the 1.5°C goal, saying “Paris
gave us the agreement and Katowice and Glasgow gave us the plan, Sharm el-
Sheikh shifts us to implementation.”

UNFCCC
There have been many commitments which the countries have taken on
personal and community level, the (UNFCCC) The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change provide the countries the medium to
communicate about Climatic concerns and hold the Parties Accountably by
conducting yearly meeting and signing protocols, agreement in Favour of
protection of Climate. The UNFCCC was adopted during the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the
Earth Summit, which was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. The UNFCCC
was created to provide a framework for international cooperation to combat the
global problem of climate change. Its ultimate objective is to stabilize
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous human-induced interference with the climate system.

Stockholm Declaration
The Stockholm Declaration, concluded in 1972, put a hefty weight on
environmental. issues and marked the start of a dialogue between industrialized
and developing countries. on the link between economic growth, pollution of
the air, water, oceans, and the well-being of people around the world. Although
Stockholm Declaration was an important event in the history of Climate change
but it had various Short comings as well such as
1. Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms: The Stockholm Declaration was a
non-binding agreement, meaning that there were no specific enforcement
mechanisms or penalties for countries that failed to meet their
commitments. In order for an agreement to be fruitful it needs to have
legal backings
2. Inadequate Representation of Developing Countries: Developing
countries were largely marginalized in the negotiations leading up to the
Stockholm Conference, and as a result, the Stockholm Declaration was
seen by some as reflecting the priorities and interests of industrialized
 countries. There were many Political intention involved while the
Stockholm declaration was in play for example the United States and its
Allies did allow East Germany to be Part of the Stockholm Declaration in
order for an agreement to be conducive in Nature it should be unanimous
and should have good intention should be there.

Montreal Protocol
The historic multinational environmental accord known as the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer governs the
manufacturing and consumption of about 100 synthetic compounds known as
ozone depleting substances (ODS). The protocol was signed on September 16,
1987, in Montreal, Canada, and has been ratified by 198 countries as of 2023.

IPCC
IPCC is an important scientific body which played an important role in
scientific research of Climate Change it has played an important role in research
and providing reports to Conference of the parties to take decisions.