INTRODUCTION TO METHODS OF CONVERTING VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES TO ELECTRIC POWER, DIRECT CONVERSION METHODS, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES | a eee Bates Q.1. What do you mean by energy sources ? Ans. The sources from which we get energy to do work are known as energy sources. The food which we eat, gives us energy for our daily work is also a source of energy. Here by energy sources, we mean the sources which gives us mechanical or electrical energy to run machines. Energy sources can be mainly classified in two categories — (i) Primary energy sources (ii) Secondary energy sources. Q.2. Write primary and secondary energy sources. (R.GP.V., Dec. 2015) Or Write short note on — Primary and secondary energy sources. (R.GPM, Dec. 2005, June 2009) Ans. The energy sources, which provide a net supply of energy are called the primary or major energy sources. Some of the examples of primary energy sources are coal, oil, uranium, etc. The energy required to obtain these fuels is much less than that they can produce by combustion or nuclear reaction. These energy sources have higher yield ratio. The energy sources, which do not produce net energy are called secondary sources. Their energy yield ratio is very much less. Solar energy, wind energy, water energy, etc., are the examples of secondary sources. .3. Discuss the interconvertibility of primary and secondary energy sources. Ans, Various energy sources are convertible to each other, or one or more sources are responsible for formation of other sources. For example, geothermal energy is the main cause for formation of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. The solar energy, most inexhaustible source of energy is also responsible for other forms of energy such as wind motion4 Power Prant Engineering (ViISom) nd anvotion of water Waves re de fo solar encmpy, Hiomnss energy i rare lar energy as plats absorbs solar energy during phutvsyen’ and convert carbon available in CO, gas to organic matter, Le, biomass, ont cenengy is also an indirect form of solar energy, as ocean ac alaqerenestd of solar enengy- nm Q4 Waris chemical fuel? How are chemical fucts classified? ti with suitable example. (RGP “Ans. In the context of power plant engincering chemical fuel ma defined as any material which combines chemically with oxygen and libe heat energy which in turn ean be used 10 convert Water into steam, Mert the chemical fuels are hydrocarbons. Chemical fuels used in power ply may be classified as ~ i {{) Solid fuels (i) Liquid fuels (ii) Gaseous fuels, (i). Solid Fuels~ The most important solid fuel used in power pa {s coal. Coal is mainly formed asa result of geological d mete matter grew a long ago and then get buried deep below earth's surface due various geological activities. Below earth's surface, high soil pressure, hey ‘and movement of earth's crust decomposed these vegetable matters into lf various varieties. Various varieties of coal which are used in power plany include peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. Gi) Liquid Fuels ~ The most commonly used liquid fuels in powed| plants are derivatives of petroleum, which supposed to have been formed uring past geological ages from decayed marine life, both vegetable and anima Dead marine animals and vegetable matter accumulated for millions of yea * get decomposed into hydrocarbon oil, under intense pressure and heat caus. sedimentary rocks have an underlying body of water and pockets of pressuriz natural gas above. Petroleum also known as crude oil is seldom used as su eit et. are principally used astanspriaton and machinery fuels. The heave 4 bby the movement of the earth's crust. Oil deposits found mainly in voids of nuclear energy. A small quantity of radioactive material ean produce an enormous sl Its refined and distilled into a number of products. The lighter products of a large amount of heat energy. F ple. complete fission of 1 kg af U2, egy. For example. complete fission of 1 kg of U2, Q.5. Enumerate the major sources of energy. ‘Ans. Some major or primary sources of energy are discus () Coal ~ Coal has been the primary source of energy since the advent of industrialization. It is mainly composed of carbon, it also contains hydrogen, oxygen and varying amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and other elements in small quantities. Coal has low calorific value and its transportation cost is more. Further, tis highly pollutant and produces CO,, CO, H,S, SO, on combustion, That is why world is now switching over to oil as a major source of energy because itis simpler and cleaner to obtain useful energy from oil. (i) Oil ~ Sedimentary rocks containing plants and animals, which 10 to 20 erore years old are the source of mineral oil. Mineral oil is st 40% of the energy needs of are about ‘very unevenly distributed over the earth. Almo: the world are fulfited by oil. US.A., Mexico, U.S.S.R. and the West Asian region (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain) are the major oil producing countries of the world, (iii) Natural Gas ~ Natural gas is generally a mixture of lighter hydrocarbons with methane predominating, often with varying fractions of nitrogen and impurities such as hydrogen sulphide. Earlier it was less used due {o high transportation cost, but now its utilization rate have been reached to 190%, It is used as energy source and also as a raw material in petrochemical industry. It is also used for fertilizer plants. (iv) Nuclear Power ~ Energy released during a nuclear reaction is called amount of energy. Atoms in matter has high concentration of binding energy. \Controlled fission of heavier unstable atoms such as US, Th? and Pu> liberates i ‘venerates cnergy equivalent to that can be obtained by burning 4500 tonnes of coal ‘or 2200 tonnes of oil. The heat produced can be used in heat exchangers for the production of steam,which in tum can be used to drive turbogenerators. 0.6. Write short note on — Energy conversion. (R.GBM, June 2013, May 2018) ‘Ans. Energy is the capacity of doing work. It is most important and primary input for development. Alll living organisms need energy for their operations, which they derive from the environment, Man has required and used the energy ever since he came on the earth. Primitive man gets energy in the form of food by eating plants and animals. Later on he discovered fire and with the advancement various other energy sources, which he used for his domestic, industrial, transportation, agricultural and other needs.4 Power Plant Enginoering (VilSom,) i and motion of water waves are due fo solar energy. Biomass energy is alg, form of solar energy, as plants absorbs solar energy during photosynth! Q.$. Enumerate the major sources of energy. ‘and convert carbon available in CO, gas to organic matter, ie. biomass. Ocggl ns, Some major or primary sources of energy are discussed below ~ energy is also an indirect form of solar energy, as ocean acts as a large reserya ce oat as ben te pinay sure of energy sce he of solar energy. ‘advent of industrialization. It is mainly composed of carbon, it also contains 4. Whatis chemical fuel? How are chemical fuels classified ? Expiay hydrogen, oxygen and varyingamounts of nitrogen, sulphur and other elements with suitable example, (RGRV, Dec. 2044 in small quantities. ‘Ans, In the context of power plant engineering chemical fuel may y, Coal has low calorific value and its transportation cost is more. Further, defined as any material which combines chemically with oxygen and i itis highly pollutant and produces CO,, CO, H,S, SO, on combustion. That is ‘heat energy which in tum can be used to convert water into steam, Most | why world is now switching over to oll as a major source of energy because the chemical fuels are hydrocarbons. Chemical fuels used in power planyit is simpler and cleaner to obtain useful energy from oil way be clasefied as ~ (i) Oit— Sedimentary rocks containing plants and animals, which (i) Solid fuels (ii) Liquid fuels (ii) Gaseous fuels. are about 10 to 20 crore years old are the source of mineral oil. Mineral oil is (Solid Fuels~The most important solid fuel used in powerplay Very unevenly distributed over the earth. Almost 40% of the energy needs of is coal. Coal is mainly formed as a result of geological decomposition of vegetajg the World are fulfiled by oil ‘matter grew a long ago and then get buried deep below earth's surface due U.S.A, Mexico, U.S.S.R. and the West Asian region (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, various geological activities. Below earth's surface, high soil pressure, som Ian, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain) are the major oil producing countries of the world. and movernent of earth's crust decomposed these vegetable matters ino, ‘of various varieties. Various varieties of coal which are used in power p (ii) Natural Gas ~ Natural gas is generally a mixture of lighter include peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite, hydrocarbons with methane predominating, often with varying fractions of (ii) Liquid Fuels ~ The most commonly used liquid fuels in sow nitrogen and impurities such as hydrogen sulphide, Earlier it was less used due plants are derivatives of petroleum, which supposed to have been formed'® high transportation cost, but now its utilization rate have been reached to during past geological ages from decayed marine life, both vegetable and animal 90%. It is used as energy source and also as a raw material in petrochemical Dead marine animals and vegetable matter accumulated for millions of year industry. I is also used for fertilizer plats get decomposed into hydrocarbon oil, under intense pressure and heat ca (iv) Nuclear PowerEnergy eleased during nuclear reaction is called by the movement of the eath’s crust. Oil deposits found mainly in voids ofnuckear enengy. A small quantity of radioactive material can produce an enormous sedimentary rocks have an underlying body of wate and pockets of pressurized amount of energy: Atoms in mater has high concentration of binding energy. natural gas above, Petroleum also known as erude oils seldom used as such| Controlled fission of heavier unstable atoms suchas US, Th??¥and Pu liberates Itis refined and distilled into a number of products. The lighter products ofa large amount of heat energy. For example, complete fission of | kg of U™, | generates energy equivalent to that can be obtained by burning 4500 tonnes of coal distillation such as gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene, light diesel oil, heavy dic oil et. are principally used as transportation and machinery fuels. The havior 2200 tonnes of oil. The heat produced ean be used in hea exchangers forthe fractions are used as boiler fuels for steam production. production of steam,which in tum can be used to drive turbogenerators. (i) Gaseous Fuels—Gascous fuels maybe mainly classified asnaturdl Q.6, Write short note on ~ Energy conversion. ‘gas and aloe g88. Manufactured gases such as blast furnace gas, cok: (R.GPY., June 2013, May 2018) ‘oven gas and producer gas are only used for small power plant applications f I h -g2s and producer ga ly used for small power plant applications dig Ans, Energy is the capacity of doing work. It is most important and ly ‘er plants WAS primary input for development. All living organi: need et for their Sepposdlyfomedmilonsofyearsago from decaying vegeuble mater senalilenerngne ahsh ey donee How the coieeme Mig hanged nund wit troleum. The pressurized gas forces the oil to the surface when ae a a discov " ai wes done en ttn ses el esr eaten diate fom fond by eating plants and animals, Later on he discovered fire sydroce uch as ethane (upto 16%), naphthene, CO; and N>- his domestic, industrial, transportation, agricultural and other needs,6 Power Pian! Engineering (Vil-S0m) + of fos sls 8 mtechanien, ther ney ant cert i ater Out Fa yy most preferred fonn of energy duc Urnongy: ts avaiable iv amber loctnical, chemical, biological ent farms of enengys cleotieat enemy is the following advantages (0) Can be easily transport steal by means oF cables, i ransportation bosses are minimu Tone ea omnes | {ivy Can be easly cotealled and regulated 10 stil the requiremeny (9) Neat and clean form of ener (vi) Econorval in Use “Thus, various erergy sources 1 far their elicient use. Tis transformation of ee is called energy conversion : nods to convert various energy sources 7. What are the various met ns etc power " Clasif drect and indirect methods. (RGR, Dec, 29 Classify direct end indirect od to be converted 10 electrical ene gy from one form to angie (R.GPM, June 20} Or Classify the methods of converting various eneTs Ans, Various methods used to convert eneTEy 5 ccan be classified in two categories ~ {j)_ Indirect energy conversion methods @) Direct energy conversion methods. @ Indirect Energy Conversion Methods — In indirect methods coergy conversion, te thermal energy is firstconverted into mechanical ‘which is then used trun an electric generator to generate electricity. Co "used methods of indirect energy conversion are ~ (a) Thermal energy conversion systems using coal, diesel 5 to generate steam (b) Hydel energy conversion systems (©) Nuclear energy conversion systems (4) Ges turbine operated systems (©) Co-generation systems (O Solar thermal energy systems (2) Wind energy conversion systems (h) Geothermal energy conversion systems ® Biomass ontersion systems ean thermal energy conversion systems () Hydiogen fuel combustion turbine y sources. (RGPN, June 201 Or ofconverting energy into a chods of converting eneriy ino electric hem, sources into electric pow, Introduction 7 1) Direct Energy Conversion Methods ~ The efficiencies of all | nirect energy conversion systems lie in between 35 to 42%. A large number sf efforts are made to improve this efficiency by converting thermal energy tirectly into electrical energy. Such energy conversion methods are known a¥ iirect energy conversion methods. Commonly used methaxs of direct conversion of energy into electricity are (a) Thermoelectric conversion system (b) Thermionic conversion system (€) Photovoltaic power system (Solar cell) (4) Fuel cells or energy cells (e) Nuclear batteries (0) Magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) system (g) Electro gas dynamic generator (EGD). Q.8. What are the various methods of converting energy resources into letectric power ? Explain in brief the relative merits and limitations of each (R.GPV., Dec. 2009) Or Write short note on - Methods of conversion of various energy sources \o electric energy. (R.GPY,, June 2010, Dec. 2010) Ans, Various methods of generating electricity from energy sources are \tescribed below ~ (@) Thermal Power Plants — In ‘hermal power plants, coal is used {o generate steam, which in tum is used to generate electricity In these plants eal energy of coal is used to produce steam by heating water in a boiler. The team generated is passed through steam turbine, where part of its thermal nergy is converted into mechanical energy. The turbine, in tum drives an Iterator which converts mechanical energy of turbine into electrical power. Merits ~ (a) They can respond to rapidly changing loads without difficulty. (b) Fuel used is cheaper. (©) Less space is required in comparison with that for iydroelectric plants, (d) Cheaper Limitations — (a) Maintenance and operating costs are high. (b) A large quantity of water is required. (c) The plantefficiency decreases rapidly below about 75 percent initial cost as compared to diesel power stations. load,troduction 9 8 Power Plant Enginooring (VIl-Som) mn ortation cUst of eg ii mm Due to high tamspeornt Merits ~ it i i bathe ae world is nO" awitehing over to (a) Nuclear power plant needs less space as compared to other and its adverse effects om environments WE cog diesel engine as th conventional power plants of equal size. (b) Nuclear power plants are well suited to meet large power factors (80 10 90%). Sees cae Ameer station. The diesel burg own as adi as the working fluid _ demands. They give better performance at high load rime mover (turbine) is br {(¢) The operation of nuclear power plant is more reliable. jon acts Fete engin and pis of OHNE he cone in produce mechanical energy: This mechan (a) Nuclear power plants are not affected by adverse weather clctrical energy by using an aerate conditions. Merits = He and effi Limitations ~ : (a) Diesel pone plants are HF MO reliable cient tha (a) The capital cost of nuclear power station is very high. eee (b) These plants cannot be operated at varying load efficiently. ee (b) Design and installation are Very set ose (c) The disposal of fission products is a big problem. {e) Reauies les quantity of water Ea (o) Gas Turbine Power Plant ~ A generating station which employs veal capital cost is lesser than that of steam plant gas turbine as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy i called ee eee ernet fs turbine powerplant. In this plant, air is used as the working fuid. Te air (@)No problem of is compressed by the compressor and is led to the combustion chamber where ‘pate heat is added to air, thus raising its temperature. Heats added to the compressed 1 due to high cos of dese air cther by buming fuel in the chamber or by the use of air heaters. The hot and high pressure air fom the combustion chamber is then passed to the gas (a) High operating £03 fe Die is coast ited. They can Pe wed whe , ‘ turbine where it expands and does the mechanical work. The gas turbine loads are relatively sal drives the altemator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. {(¢) Ina diesel power plant, noise is serious problem. ne Tey eTBY (ay iydrotecrie Power Staion ~ A generating station whic (a) The work developed per kg of air is large compared with converts he pon energy of wale at hgh evel it letra eneray gies plan. called hydroelectric power station, This is generally located in high areas wher (b) Higher mechanical efficiency. (c) Lower installation and maintenance costs. dams can be built conveniently and large water resources can be obtain ‘The water head is created by constructing a dam across @ river or lake, Fr (d) The specific fuel consumption does not increase with time the damm, water is brought to a ater tine. The wer turbine drives th #” 625 turbine plant as rapidly as in diesel plans. ‘alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Limitations — {a) Poor part load efficieney. Merits and Limitations — Refer an lerits and Lit Refer Unit1V, Q.16 and Q.17 (b) Special metals andalloys are required for different components (iv) Nuclear Power Station ~ A generating station in which nucle ‘energy is converted into electrical energy is called nuclear power station. this station, heavy elements like Uranium (U5) or Thorium (Th?) are subjecte, blades. to nuclear fission inthe reactor. The heat energy is used tors steam ath 0.9. Name the principal pes of power plant. Explain one of them tempers an press The steam run hea bln which cone] 2°" NOE Me Bence pes of powerplant Esplin one Sf ec ‘steam energy into mechanical energy. The turbine drives the alternator whic Ans, Refer QS. ate y ‘converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Te bigadvantage of nucea 0 power station is that huge amount of electrical energy can be produced frog 2+! Give a comparison of various power plants, 4 relatively small amount of nuclear ful as compared to other conventionl Ans. Comparison of various power ae eel ees parson of various powerplants on the bass of different aspects of the plan (©) Special cooling methods are required for cooling the turbine is given in table 1.1RD Table 1.1 Comparison of Various Power Plants ° mt Ss] Asvecr Steam Power Plant | Diesel Power Plant | Hydro Power Plant | Nuclear Power Plant | ee a i Jants are best| 3 i) | Site Canbe located nearthe | These plants can be| These plants require | These pl ° Toad eentre but ather| insalledanywhere, | large ares, huge suited for areas distant ? factors such a quantity of water at | from colli dl availa ity and cost ot sufficient heads, along | where fuel costs ra é fuel, area and transpo- with good transpor-| high. They can be] 3 facon edits eee tation BeitiesUsvaly | loeated near the load] & be taken into installed far from the | centre 3 consideration. load centre. 2 Gi) | Initial cost Tnitial cost ls low as| The initial cost 1s | Initial costis very high | Highest initial costdue| % compared tohydro.and | minimum. as compared 10 | to high cost of nuclear| S nuclear power plans thermal power plants | reactors. and require- due to heavy cost of | ment of specialized transportation of the | personnels. plant and machinery. (Gii)| Operating cost | High as compared to | Highest as compared | Practically nil, as no | Low as comparedtto all i hydro powerplants and | to all other types of | fuel is required other types of power| nuclear power plants | power plans plants except hydro} but low as compared to power plant. diesel power plants [Guy] Avaiabilty | Source of fuelie.,coal | Source of fuel i.e.,| Source of power ie.,| Source of power is of fuel is available in limited | diesel isnotavalablein water is not depend-| unlimited since large amounts and likely to | plenty able,asitdepends upon | deposites of fissionable setexhausted. | the rainfall materials are available} (Cost of trans- | Very high especially | Higher than that of Nil, as no fuel s{ Very low, ay ama portation of | where coal mines are | hydro power plants and | required. quantity of fuel ‘3 Fie far away and has no | nuclear power plants required. railway lines. but lower than the steam power plants. (Wi) [Transmission | Low as compared to Transmission costs] Highest as Taree janddistsbation | hydro power plats. | nitanddistibutoncost| tragemision ines oe cost : is also very small, required, (vii)] Maintenance | THigher as compared to | Comparatively low as | Lowest as only few | Highest as skilled andl cost hydro and diesel power | lesser operating staff is | skilled engineers and | well trainé plants as large number | required. % ee a Very Tow. operatiny re | required of skilled personnel are required -_ required (vin) | Reliability Tess reliable. Tess reliable. ‘Simple, robust and | Mostreliable. 5 [Sea the more reliable. (ix) [Simplicity and | Pollutes atmosphere by | Simple and clean than | Most simple and clean, fing is qui effet on | fumes and restue ef| seampower parted : complicated as hae environment | pulverised fuels. nuclear power plants. active hazards are (x) [Field of appli-_ | Most economical near | Generally led to | M peated | li fost ec ir | Generally installed to | Most economic, when | Most suitable wl cation coal mines and by the] supply power in| water source is | neither water ‘or veal side of river or canal. | emergency. available at sufficient | as a source of power| — heads. is available, as in Raj-| 3 : asthan, (xi) [Averagelife | 20-25 years. More than steam| Lifelong, 20 years. power plant 812 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem.) Q.11. Compare nuclear plant with thermal and hydroelectric plang. (RGRY, May 29, eo | State the advantages and disadvantages of steam power station compared to hydroelectric power station and nuclear power station. ] (GRY, June 20) Ans, Refer Q.10. 0.12. Explain the need of energy conservation. ‘Ans. Major sources used for energy generation are fossil fuels, which depleting at a very rapid rate, With the continuously increasing demang energy, these resources will lst for only few decades. The total world ‘consumption which was 6.8 GTOE (Giga tonnes of oil equivalent) in 19 rises 115 GTOE by the 2000 A.D. Indi, nergy consumption increas ft a much rapid rate than in many parts of the world. Inspite of the pr made by us developing more than 100300 MW as compared t0 1710 MW j 1947, there is a shortage of 10% power and peak demand shortage is 2) Power shortages ofthis magnitude is not desirable and we have to bridge gap between power demand and supply. ] ‘One answer to this worrisome problem of limited supply of cnerg sources is energy conservation, Energy conservation means reduction ‘energy consumption without making any sacrifice of quantity and quality q production. Some of the measures by which energy can be conserved are q follows — (i) Increased exploitation of energy sources other than the fossil {iy Economy in using energy sources (iii) An optims! pattem for using and replenishing our encryy soure 0.13, Enumerate the various non-conventional sources of energy. (RGB, June 201 Ans, Some commonly used non-conventional or renewable sources energy are ~ (i) Sun (ii) Wind (i) Geothermal (iv) Biomass (¥) Ocean, e.g. wave, tidal and OTEC. O.14. What is renewable energy ? Explain with example. (GES. Say 2014 Or Explain renewable energy sources (RGPK, June 2013 Ams Energy obtained from sources which ate almost inexhaustable anh {get replenished by natural processes is called renewable energy and thes sources are called renewable energy sources. These sources are available # Introduction 13, cost (except of their conversion cost) and do not eause any kind of infironmental pollution. However, ther energy content is very low and cannot feplace our conventional energy sources ‘Commonly used renewable energy Feovees are soa wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean. These sources are discussed below in brief — ‘Sun's energy can be llised as thermal and photovoltaics. Sun can provide 17s billion MN. which is 20,000 times the world’s demand, however it ote rot be utilised completely. ‘Wind energy uses the tbe used for pumping the water or for alley areas are suitable for this purpose. Geothermal energy ullises the heat available inthe centre of the earth, It can be used for cooling by using heat in vapour absorption system. fEnengy from oceans can be used as wave, tidal oF ocean thermal energy. “about 13 AW pet metre height of the wave ean be generated, Ocean thermal ses the temperature difference between warm surface aan ter (at 28°C) and the cold deep sea water at $-7°C ata depth of 800- 1000 mn in topical areas. The total potential of seu is estimated as 50000 MW from ocean thermal energy conversion, 40000 MW from wave energy andl 10000 MW fromm tidal Biomass in the form of wood, agricultural waste, ee, is also a potent source of energy. These ean be burnt direelly 10 generate steam for use in Steam wrbine or they can be yasified to use as yas in LC, engines for agricultural pumping or power generation, Q.15. Enumerate the major sources of energy. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. (R Ans. For major sources of energy, refer Q.5. Differences between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy free of wind velocity available in certain parts. It can power generation, Coastal, hilly and energy conversion ull ,, Dec. 2008, June 2014) are given below ~ S.No] Renenuble Sources ‘Non-renewable Sources (i | These energy sources are virtally inexhaustible and can }and ca be replenished after their use by natural processes ‘These energy sources are exhaustible} otbe replenished once used, These are developed over a long period due w physical, chemical and biological actions below the earth] surface (iy | They are mostly by-products of solur energy,14 Power Plant Engineoring (Vil-Sem,) They areavailable in unlimited | They are available in a limited amount in nature, ainount. ‘They include solar, wind, water,| They include fossil fuels (e.g, egy geothermal, ocean and biomass oil and natural gas) and nuclear energy: power. 0.16. What is the need of using non-consentinal sources of energy 7 billions and its like Ans, World's current population is to doubled in next 35 years. To meet the eneey demand! ofthis ontnuoyy increasing population equies more and more est of fossil fuels. Fog in sources of €NCTEY> fuels which are sil the main. or hasted itera the end of this cen ccurent rate of mining, they will gee i or in beginning vibe nev century, Our stocks of ll and AlU) Bt Will sain or mts than 80 years ou coal stocks are also likely 10 be exhausieg see 200 years, Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) altogether ax x irement. If these resources trib 16% of the total energy requ canting af el 8 aio means, there will be no power for industries, transportation and even fog domestic uses. Hyde! powerisnotrelableandcansotbe obtained at al places, throughow the whole year clear energy installation is cosly and full of risks du radiation, “Thus, to mee this continuously increasing demand on-conventional sources of energy. of energy, we have 1) use alternative on 0.17. Discuss the potential and application of non-conventional energy sources in our country. (RGRY, Dec. 2004, 2008) ‘Ans, In India, where 88.53% of total energy production is from fossi fuel, there will be virtually no electricity if hese resources get exhausted, Ag ‘rainfall is not constant all over the places in India, therefore hydel energy is not} areliable source. ____ Thus, there isa need to use non-conventional energy sources to meet the increasing demand of country. ‘Sun has the greatest potential of all non-conventional energy sources, if} ‘we can use only 5% of total solar radiation, it can fulfill total world’s energy) requirement for 50 times. In India where sun shines at maximum potential for} ere Sate ae energy can be of great importance. As sun is| xf ¢ radiate at this constant rate for a few billion years, it can be| considered as inexhaustible source of energy. This solar energy canbe used for thermal power generation, f i sehr shear Enea, fer space esting or cooling, for cookng fod exhausting rapidly. With iy) Intrcduction 15 ic energy due to virtue of their motion, are ince of energy. If we can utilise this energy, it can fulfill our th potential ou ees In India where wigs blow a a ate of cn a uh kes it coy to se wind mills generate electricity. 5 kno otal reas of Saurasira, Western Rajasthan and Some parts of Hower ahs high speed of winds and can be sed for power generation cen tational force of heavenly bodies like sun and moon causes periodic vise of alin seawater levels, which s known as tides, These tides can be a wer generation by constructing 2 dam across the mouth of the st the posible sites for ida powerplants in India are suggested at Gulf of a iy Gulf of Kutch in GujratandSunderban are in West Bengal However, cath plant has been constructed so far in our country : vee tnermal energy or heat ofthe earth isthe thermal energy found within the rocks in earth's crust. Sources ofthis thermal energy are magn and radioactive decay processes ‘occur within the interior of the earth. A I MW Mgnt usng hot steam hasbeen installed by Geological Survey of India at Puga Valley in Ladakh. Winds which possesses kinet ‘Geothermal energy taken from hot water, natural steam or dry rocks may be used for electric power generation, space heating recreational sites, agricultural and industrial drying. “The organic matter produced by plants and their derivatives is called biomass, This biomass can be used for thermal energy generation. In India, ‘where agriculture is stil the main occupation of most ofthe villagers, biothermal nergy is a very important source of energy. Further, it is eco-friendly and does not cause any pollution, and gives manure as a byproduct which can be used for agriculture. ‘Thus, in our country where fossil fuels are in limited supply and likely to be exhausted very soon, use of non-conventional energy sources for power generation and other purposes has a very good potential. 0.18, What will be the trend of supply and demand of energy in mext ten years in Indian context ? What shall be the specific role of non- conventional sources of energy in meeting the demand trend ? (RGRY., Dec. 2009) Ans, Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of ‘any country. The prime challenge before our country is to provide the minimum energy services to allow the poor people to achieve a decent standard of living. ‘As per the projections made by BAU (business as usual) the total demand in India by 2020 will be 39,107 peta joules (934.0 mtoe) as compared to 9,727 peta joules (232.3 mtoe) in 1989 (corresponding figure for 1997-98 is 390 ‘mtoe).. Expert consultations agreed on energy demand projections (under BAU) for India as given in table 1.2.16 Power Pian’ Engineering (Vil-Som) ‘Table Lt Bature Demand for Commercial Energy In lndg Tn onder te mect the level of final energy demand projected in the py Scenario, the installed eapacityin power generation will need 1 inereagy nearly 388,000 MW in the year 2020. The coal and oil requirements correspondingly be 1,400 mtoe and 335 mtoe respectively. The future planning for power development should aim at opt exploitation ofthe abundant resources potentia available so thata proper ag fof hydro, thermal and nuclear capacity is achieved. The power planning India includes the setting up of super thermal projects in the control sod “These stations would be located atornear the pitheads and would have capac ranging between S00 o 2000 MW. Presently attention is mainly being focus, ‘mthe full uilisation of fossil and nuclear fuels fr the production of electric Role of Non-conventional Energy in Meeting the Demand Treng Refer QUT. 219. What is direct energy conversion system ? Explain in brie various direct energy conversion systems. (R.GRK, Dec. 2008, June 201 ‘Ans. For éirect energy conversion system, refer Q.7. ‘Some direct energy conversion systems which are in use now-a-da discussed below ~ (Thermoelectric Power Generation - A thermoelectric generat converts thermal energy into electrical energy through semiconductor ont. Thisiet conversion fen into lcs based on he Se ermoelecttic effect. A thermoelectric power generator is a form of hea cosine In his method tw dissimilar mets reoined together as lop at jmetion. Now there ia temperaturediference between thes to, juneto electric current will low round the loop. Heats taken up at the hot junctiog and partis converted into electric ene ar is discharged , ric energy, remaining heat is discharged a colder junction, Thy can generat power om few wats to several iowa but their efficiency is very low about 1-3%. i Thermionic Power Generati 7 i jeneration ~ A thermionic power gent sities the thernionic emission effect ic, the emission of clearer fd reated metal surface. It consists of two metal electrodes wit Introduction 47 led vessel, The electrode with the large work perature than the other. Electrons from the itcrode at higher temperature cmits and tavel to the electrode of lower ctepeature, Duct thiselectron lowavollage or «mis developed Perwecn ter etralesand a dret electric eurret flows in an external or load ici ie erminnie converter containing cesium ard operating at 1000°C has the efficiency of about 10%. (ii) Fuel Cells ~ Fuel cell sa cell(or combination of cells) which converts chemical energy of fuel dretly into electrical eneray, Fue ells fe sic in operation and work efficiently with a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, sri produces almost no objectionable emissions. A fuel el consists oF positive sid negative electrodes with an electrolyte between them. Fuel in suitable fom is provided atthe negative electrode and oxygen (often from ait) at the postivececrode. When the cell operates, the fuel gets oxidised andthe chemical Pesction provides the energy that is converted into electricity. Fuel cells have very high conversion efficiencies of about 70%. (x) MHD Power Generation A magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) generator converts heat energy of a conducting fluid, flowing in presence of ‘magnetic and electric field. An MHD generator works on principle of Faraday, which states, when an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field @ ‘Voltage is induced in it which produces an electric current. In MHD generator dn ionised gas is used as a conductor which passes through a magnetic field and generates electric current, which can be extracted by placing electrodes fata suitable position in the stream. The conversion efficiency of an MHD system is around 50%. (») Electro Gas Dynamic Generator ~ An electro gas dynamic ‘generator as shown in fig. 1.1, uses the potential energy ofa high pressure gas to camy electrons from a low poteatial electrode to a high potential electrode thus doing work against the electric field ‘The carona electrode at the entrance of the duct generates ‘electrons. Thus the entering gas which Calter may be either combustion gases Fleode produced by burning of fuel at high ¢ract temperature ort may be a pressurised Electrode reactor gas coolant becomes ionised. ‘These ionised gas particles are carried inthe duct with the neutral atoms and get neutralised by the collector electrode at the end of the insulated functions sealed into an evacuate function is maintained at higher tr Carona Electrode Fig, 1.1 Electro Gas Dynamic Generator18 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Som) Ahoct The cut oF EG is neary 10 80W per channel. Therefore, nun ‘of such channels are arranged in series OF parallel. 36: Dasras theve responsible for limiting the capac (0.20. Discuss the various fate TN RGR, Dec. 20 and usefulness of direct energy co” ie Ane direct energy conversion SYS orn hiss Ans, Bal power plants, their use is lim {ficiency as compared to conventions Saat : sie purses ol. TS because of theit low Output volt, } to some specific ps : id till yet which is as much relia and inearesine ie rious direct energy convers as turbine and alterna systems are discussed below ~ G@ Thermoelectric Generator the conventional jg ver low as compared 10 (3) Eficensy Ovals are required which can work effcie {b) Special mat od abet wisn bigh epee: si) Thermionic Conversion System — Dees iaiat ‘converters, the distribution of potenta the vacuum eee the anode and cathode is non-linear, This result in smaller current density and ess power output {b) These can only be used for Toc power requirement is less. Gil) MHD Generato the economics. Although their for conventional thermal power plant, a generator, duct, compressors, scrubbers, ‘AC. converters makes them non-feasible. se has been mak Limitations of var talised purpose where 1r~The major limitation with MHD generator ‘overall thermal efficiency is 60% against 40) ditional investment in magne seed recovery plant and D.C. SOLAR ENERGY. What is solar: energy, ? Give its significance. - Or Write short note on Solar energy. . (RGRV, May/June 2006, Dec. 2008, June 2014, Dec. 20! Ans. Solat energy is the energy produced and radiated by the sun, moj specifically, the sun's energy that reaches to the earth. Solar energy which the primary source of all kind of energy on the earth, originates in the a O21. 1 result of thermonuclear fusion reaction, Sun can be considered as & sphere containing helium gas, which is continuously producing hydro through fusion reactions and liberating a large amount of heat energy. Introduction 19 Sunis source of enormous energy. Solar power at the top of the atmosphere is 10" watts and that on earth's surface is 10" watts, while total power Fequtement of world is 10! watts. So, if we can use only $% ofthis ener. i ibe $0 times more than our requirement. Solar energy is received inthe form NFruliation and can be converted directly or indirectly into other forms of nergy such as heat and electricity. As sun 1s expected to be radiate at this Constant rate for a few billion years, it can be regarded as the most important fexhaustible source of energy. Solar energy keeps the temperature of earth above that in colder space, causes air currenis in atmosphere and water current in oceans, causes the water cycle and helps in photosynthesis in plant. itations of solar energy. 0.22. Give advantages and li “Ans, Advantages of Solar Energy ~ Some specific advantages of solar energy are as follows — (i). Solar energy is the most potential renewable source of energy. (ii) This is almost inexhaustible source of energy. i) This isthe pollution free source of energy. (iv) Itis the cheapest of all renewable sources. (v) In remote areas, where conventional energy is not available, solar energy can be quite useful Limitations of Solar Energy — Despite all the advantages, solar energy has certain limitations to its use for extensive applications, which are - (i). Theintermittentand variable manner in which solar energy arrives at earth’s surface (ii) Large area required to collect solar energy at a useful rate. (ii) ts non-availability on rainy days and in nights, requires an auxiliary back-up system, 0.23, What are solar energy collectors ? How do you classify them ? Ans, A solar energy collector is adevice used for collecting solar radiation ‘nd transfers the energy toa fluid passing in contact with it. tis an indispensible ‘component of solar energy conversion system, which converts solar radiations into more usable form, e.g. heat or electicity. Solar collector may be of following two types ~ (i) Non-concentrating or Mat plate type solar collector — (a) Liquid heating collector (b) Solar air heaters. (i) Concentrating or focusing type solar collector ~ They can be divided into two main categories ~ {a) Line focusing type (b) Point focusing type.rr 20 Power Plant Enginooring (Vil-Sem.) Some important focusing collectors are ~ (a) Parabotic trough collector (b) Mirror strip reflector (€) Fresnel lens collector : (4) Flat plate collector with adjustable misrors (e) Compound parabolic concentrator, 0.24. Discuss various types of solar collectors. Ans, A solar collector isa device for collecting solar radiation and trang the energy to a Muid passing in eontact with it. There are generally two, of solar collectors ~ f (i) Non-concentrating of fat i) Concentrating or focusing solar collector. (i) Non-concentrating or Fiat Plate Solar Collectors ~ Flat pig collectors are made in rectangular panels (fig. 1.2) of cross-sectional are to 2.9 m®, They are elatively imple to construct and ereet. Flatplatescaneollectand absorb both direct and scattered solar raditog thus they ate partially effete even on cloudy days when there is no ding radiation. plate solar collector Dintsed) Solar Radlation (Di “Transparent Cover Alt Space JH Absorber Insulation Heat Transport Fig. 1.2 Flat Plate Collector The solar rays pass through transparent covers and fall on absorbi surface of fat plate collectors. The absorbing suroee is made of cop luminiom, or tel cated wih het resistant black point or a thin aye of ick oxide (c.g, copper oxide on copper) to absorb the solar radiation energy Radiation energy is converted in edition energy is converted into het, and water owing through he ib Insulation is used to save | used to save loss of heat from the absorber and hi transporting fluid. The oar, Val *orting Ni, The insulting mater re betas or syofoam. emp at lasiied as fw temperate colestors because they can genes Hs fos than 9°; They ave collection efeny nly 30108 fi) Concentrating oF Focusing Sol or ew ete using Solar Collectors ~ Concentatin 2 Reusing eoletos ar modified Nat pate collectors in which a reflect troduced between the solar radiation and absorber. These collectort Introduction 24 tors can collect high intensity of reflectors or refrat e ries, which are ~ be divided into two general categor ) Point focusing collectors. sing optical systems of solar radiation. They can (a) Line focusing collectors (b (a) Line Focusing Collectors ~ In line focusing collector, the solar radiations coming from a direction ate collected over the area of the foflecting surface. These are concentrated at the focus (F) of parabola. Fig 1.3(a) showsa parabolic tough collector. tis made of polished aluminium, ‘ilvered glass or a thin film of highly aluminised plastic on a firm base. w Parab Retector (a) Parabolic Trough Collector (6) Cylindrical Parabolic Collector Fig. 13 Fig. 1.3 (b) showsa cylindrical parabolic collector. Itconsists of parabolic cylinder reflector to concentrate sua light onto a collecting pipe. The reflector js steered during day time to keep sun light focused on the collector. This type of concentrator produces much higher temperature than flat plate collectors. In cylindrical parabolic concentrators the absorber is placed along focus axis. (b) Point Focusing Collector ~ Point focusing collector has a dish collector which causes solar radiation to focus at a point. A dish collector ‘0f6.6 metre diameter has been made from about 200 curved mirror segments forming a paraboloidal surface. The absorber located at the focus isa cavity made of a zirconium coppet alloy with a black crome selective coating. The heat transport fluid flows into and out of Parabolid absorber cavity through pipes bonded to the Ps interior. The dish is movable in any direction Fig. 14 shows the point focusing collector. Q.25. Describe with the neat sketch, the working of a solar power plant. What are its salient features ? (RGPN., June 2016) ‘Ans, ln a solar thermal power production system as shown in fig. 1.5, solar energy is first collected by using a solar pond, a flat plate collector, Absorber Fig. 14Bs aan 22 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem,) focusing collector of heliostates (tumable mirrors). This energy is usey increase the internal energy or temperature ofa fluid, This heated Nuid , bbe used directly in any of the common cycles such as Rankine, or it may! used to heat another fluid by means of a heat exchanger, which in tum 4 bbe used in cycle to produce mechanical power, from which electricity <3} Fig. 15 Solar Thermal Power Generation Some salient features of solar power plants are given below — (i) Solarenergy canbe diretly converted into more useful electrical coy ii) Does not require any kind of fuel. (ii) Does not cause air pollution. {Las maintenance and running cos (8) Can be established near the load requirement zone. £0.26 Define and explain photovoltaic effet. va. Phstovlsi effect ean be defined 4s the generation 0 ckcamotve fe do absorption eons taaon cond Potosi effet can be deserved by apn junction in a sem endo, a ainsi sist: material such silicon having feu alan econ ich whith edn a chil bond and tte sm fe estos Ich mri dope ya ater aig eva tnditwleeone an nope semisnduser atheros etic nductor. If other side of the same piece is dopey ahs anette il eden) fens ig learns semicon. Ts eee expel of exe of fle isto move i ate. This ies of semiconductor wit one side 3 obiained by rating es fled 2 vn Junction, A pn juntion is usualy ing a p-type base material into a diffusion furnace containing Introduction 23 a gaseous ntype dopant such as phosphorous and allowing it to diffuse into the surface about 0.2 ym. 0.27. Describe any two methods of converting s ‘energy with neat diagrams. “Aus, Two methods of converting solar energy into el discussed below — ( Solar Thermal Power Production System - Refer Q25. (ii Solar Photovoltaic System — In this system, solar photovoltaic ails are used to convert solar energy directly into electricity by mie of photovoltaic effect Devices which workon the principle of photovoltaic effect are called solar cells. ‘The most common cont rolar energy into electrical (R.GRY,, June 2011) lectrical energy are figuration of a solar cell using p-n junction is shown in fig 6. When this junction absorbs photons from sunlight, elections spore flow towards p-side and holes of p towards n, to compensate theif s diffusion of holes and electrons creates an electric respective deficiencies. This Trou if electrical contacts are made on both sides and connected to an external eit the electrons will move through this circuit, This movement of electron generates electric current. Thisis the basi principle of photovoltaic conversion jon of solar energy into electrical energy. Conducoe ice, conversi Sunight = + Fig, 1.6 Solar Celt Power generation by photovoltaic cells seems very attractive as they need very little maintenance, their energy source is unlimited and they can be made from raw materials which are available in huge quantities.————e—— 24 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem.) Despite the above mentioned advantages photovoliie cells are no, commercial power generation, because ofthe following limitations (huyg (0) High ial cost. Soar eels produce very litle power high cost. Solar cell arrays cost * 200/W. ay (Gi) Cost of eletricity generation i also high from these cet, % 8 1015 per kilowatt hour. 4 (ii The solar cell output ism the day and weather. Thus, an additional to maintain a constant output | 2.28. Enlist the various solar house heating systems. What is the m.| difference between them ? (RGPY, June na “Ans. large number of tems have ben proposed fr space/house 4 using solar energy. All these systems canbe primarily divided into Wo catego (Passive Heating Systems ~ Passive heating systems can tl following types - (a) Direct gain type, in which space is heated direct absorbing solar radiation fom large numberof windows on south facing 029. Explain solar pumping. Introduction 25 -These systems use fans and pumps to circulate the air and often a sep2" rate heat absorbing fluid. ‘These systems operate without ‘pumps, blowers or other mec hanical devices, the air is circ- ulated through the building by natural convection. ‘They are more practical in Jocations where there is ample winter sunshine and an unobs- tructed southern exposure is possible. ‘There may be substantial tem= perature variation inthe course of the day. ‘They are less expensive and ‘easy to operate and handle. They can be employed to almost any} jot constant and it varies with the g location and type of building. power source tO be used in conjy, “The building aie temperature may be controlled more precisely. “They are more expensive and comp- ligated. (R.GRV., June 2012) in fig. 1.7, consists of a solar “Ans. A solat pumping system as shown {(b) Thermal storage wal, in which a large wall like ted ety bhi he ssa facing windows which bso n_calletr at ator arto You srator), «heat transport system radiation and sores heat collet hanger or boiler, a Rankine heat engin, a condenser and a pump. Gey dessclsomecnte vticea pecoescor ead | nee Sa solar pumping system is same as that of a sola with glass wal on sou side is tached tothe building, teomalpnersem Sofa pacer araysareintle a aly a) Rot serge ype in wbih heat s absorbed and Sa rovergy thus converted into the theemal energy. The hot water then ) nd ; Seine E watson in plasigshe Huckenedstelboreson behoueeed tohitns See acon Hoe ero eee yc wie woes cow iwmaphamealeces) coeicwes wee ge sina heat engine before passing othe (€) Convective loop, using » at plate collector. ce rsd by means OF Te tues wate “Fal rump oo co rts va, ilcmonen ane ie cin spa] Spee a (li) Active Heating Systems —. Prep tie He ating Stems ~ Active space heating ystems may [Sno] Passive m sve Heating Stems a Centon Pomp Brand ere : Active Heating Sytem © [in Bese satems ol radh inte sen = 7 di : cca re ation is collected by some. cx se sole ole f ; ie ionicivetinsine, Jccay eee at se So pumping systems ae quite useful for irrigation purposes because icture itself, J ors and this energy is ston eee nt gy is stored in some| (i) During summer, when pumping need is highest, the solar oF admitted direct tly imo buil- Lind ding through age, su ee : lage, south in ni levices to be used] radiation is also highest 8 f facing selene nih or in periods of bas wea] pumping sae capa Sine nee segs et es : 1 losses from the erops are also low. Gis eiaietyakneberive mall| 36 Power Plant Enginoering (Vil-Som) ins 0.30. *Direert-orindineety the sw HE comergy.” Justif’ the Matement. “Ans, Solar enongy is the enerRY P specifically, the sun's energy that fee enormous energy. Solar energy Fee converted directly oF indirectly int FE qlecincity, Solar enerey bere a svater cu eer curents aos ans Boe mater cyte and hes in photos ubesis nM 7 jar Energy ~ ver from Dircet Solar | Powe) By solar thea Powe production 8 solar photovoltaic cells: eee Energy ~ Wind, OTEC and Biomass sol Power from Indirect SAME TT y because water eycle, atmospher rect forms ee ir energy. These indire urce ofall sources (RGM, Dee. 20 and radiated by the sun, fhe carth. Stn #8 0 source Me im the form of taliation can Fone of energy SUCH aS heat a ve of earth above that in eo rent in oceans, caus ouced ches 00 yr fi system eee se are driven, by sOli sr circuion and Pm ee sabstantal sources oF Wan, TIDAL AND GE dyeto virueofitsmotion, whichis basica mass aud is basically a form of solar ener OTHERMAL ENERGY id wind energy options. Q.31. Write short note on ~ Solar anc (R.GBY, June 2010, Dec. 2010, Ans, Solar Energy ~ Refer Q.21. Wind Energy — Wind, which is air in motion is caused by two mai factors ~ (i Heating and cooling of the atmosphere which gener! ating is caused by the absorption of solar energy ¢} convection currents. H the atmosphere. | the earth’s surface and Introduction 27 (li) The rotation of earth with respect to atmosphere and its motion around the sun Due to virtue of motion, wind postestes kinetic energy, which is called a8 wind energy. The wind energy can be utilized to run wind mall which in tun Urives a generator and produces electricity, Wind mills can also be used for ‘water pumping. Wind encrgy is a very potential source of energy. It has been estimated that about 2% of solar radiation falling on earth’s surface is converted into kinetic energy of the atmosphere and nearly 30% of this kinetic enerszy occurs inthe lowest 1000 m of elevation. If we car utilize this energy, it can satisfy several times the energy requirements of a country. Wind energy is the renewable source of energy. Wind energy power systems are non-polluting, because it has no adverse effect on the environment. Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport. 0.32. What are the advantages of wind energy ? Ans, Advantages of wind energy are given below ~ (i) Wind energy is clean and pollution free source of energy. (i)_ltisan important renewable and inexhaustible source of energy, available at free of cost. (ii) The power generated by wind energy is cheaper when produced at small scale. (iv) There is no need of any kind of fuel. (v) The generation period is low and power generation stars from commissioning. (vi) Itean be made available in many off-shore, on-sbore and remote areas, thus helpful in supplying electrical power to remote and rural areas. 0.33. What are the drawbacks of wind energy ? _Ans, Wind energy has following drawbecks which restricts its use ~ (i) Wind energy is variable, unsteady, iregular, intermittent, erratic and sometimes dangerous t0o. (ii) Due to widely varying atmospheric conditions of operations it is quite complex to design, manufacture and install wind turbines. (ii) Due to its fluctuating nature, they need some sort of storage devices lke batteries, or alternative source of energy, in case of non-availability of winds, (iv) Large wind energy power generating systems cause considerable amount of noise pollution. (¥) Selection of suitable site is quite ditticult,28 Power Plant Engineering (Vi-Sem,) (vi) Wind farms canbe located 0” ch areas of favourable winds. Generally, suc ; snd energy be converted (0 elecrical ergy ? 0.34, How can wind energy eet vy i ue toits velocity, ie. kinetic eng, es electricity. The main component) 4 WECS) are shown in fig. 1.8 in by ly in vast open areas in locatiy, re far away from the load cenyt Ans, The power avail: ‘This kinetic energy of wind drives an electric generator an a wind energy conversion system diagram form. ed Drten Neca Fig. 1.8 Basic Components of @ WECS i energy of wind to rotary mechanical ene Acroturbines convert kine table coupl ‘A mechanical interface consisting of a step up gear and a su {transmit this rotary mechanical energy ton electric generator, which gene electricity. Acroturbines require a pitch control and yaw control for pro operation. Yaw control is fitted to rotate the turbine about vertical (or ya axis, so that the blades always face the wind. The physical embodiment such an aero-generator is shown in fig. 1.9. Wind turbine of rotor intercepts the flowing wind and uses its energy fun them, In order to have maximum wind stream swept area, rotor is orien in such a way that its swept area is perpendicular to the predominant wi directiors. The rotor and the contro! mechanism for changing the pitch orientation of blades are mounted in the windmill head which in turn is moun ‘on top of a supporting structure on suitable bearings. The supporting struct the entire mechanism from heavy wind loads during gusts and other gro related effects. by means of a step up gear transmission system. ‘may be areinforced concrete tower, or truss tower or simply a pole. ures The rotational energy of wind turbine is supplied to an electric generat Introduction 29 ‘B—Elecirleal, Generator, Contec and Tndleators (AtGround Level) Fig, 1.9 0.35. Describe the construction and working of a wind power plant with suitable diagrams. Write its merits and demerits, (RLGRV., June 2011) Ans. Refer Q34, Q.32 and Q.33. 0.36. Wr e a detailed note on wind energy and wind mills. (RGRY, Dec. 2016) Ans, Wind Energy ~ Refer Q31. Wind Mills ~ Refer Q.34. 0.37. Explain the working principle of a vertical axis wind mill with a neat sketch. (R.GRM, June 2008) Ans, Vertical axis wind mills are also known as cross-wind axis machines, Here the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the direction of the wind. It has been found that the vertical type of wind turbines, are lighter in weight and cheaper in cost. Vertical axis wind turbine captures wind in any direction. They have the advantage of utilising wind flows coming from any direction without a directional change in their axis of rotation. ‘This machine can be mounted directly on the ground thus eliminating tower structures and lifting of huge weight of the machine assembly in case {of horizontal axis wind mils,| 39, Power Pan Engineering (VI-S™) sical axis wovorng Fig. 110 shows a vertical aS called the “eatenary” oF Darricus mill invented by a French Engineer GJM. Darrow in 1972. This ype of wind mills are already in use in Canada, Darrius rotors have three symmetrical aerofoil blades curved into a shape of skipping rope and both ends of the blades are attached to 2 vertical shafi. Because the blades are spend tote shape ey would same when te 0" shiping tpeed, centrifugal ores cannot bend them further, (0.38, Sethe factors to Be considered while selecting the sie mill. ‘machine (RGRY, June “Ans Following four types of sites are considered suitable for ee wind ill (@) Plane landsites (i) Hilltopsites ) Seashore sites (iv) Off-shore shallow water sites, Before selecting 2 particular site for wind mill various techy environmental, social and economical factors are need to be considered, ‘of them are — (i) Wind farms shouldbe located away from cites and fores buildings and tees can resist the air movement. (i). Altitude of ground should be high, because higher ga experience strong winds, thus offer higher power output. (Gi) The wind velocities are high in flat open areas, thus these found to be more suitable, (iv) The power inthe wind is proportional tothe cube ofthe ‘velocity, thus site selected should have adequate‘and uniform average ‘velocity throughout the year () Since wind velocity does not remain constant, therefore ae wind velocity shouldbe caleulated by average hourly, daily, weekly and readings. Wind speeds of 4 mis to 30 mvs are useful for operating range. (i) Ground surface should be stable (vi there are small height etter oad be nance Psenk (viii)Site should be easily approachable fo ‘equipment structures, materials, aes, etc, eater Fi, 110 Vertical As Windy Sony (€) Soar cooking ——_—_—S_leses—(‘isSSSS Introduction 34 ite should be near to the consumer, which minimizes the 5 wo transmission losses. (x) Cost ofthe land forthe site should be favourable. 0.39, State the applications of solar and wind energy. Draw a neat sketch of solar flat plate collector. (RGPY, June 2015) ‘Ans. Applications of Solar Energy ~ Various applications of solar energy an'be grouped into following two categories ~ (i) Solarthermal applications (a) Solar space heating and cooling (b) Solar water heating for various domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. (€)Solardistllation (A) Solar furnace (8 Solar greenhouse (g) Solar pumping. (i) Solar electric applications (a) Solar thermal electric conversion (b) Solar photovoltaic conversion (©) Thermoelectric conversion. Besides direct applications of solar energy there ee some indirect applications lr solar energy in the form of wind energy, ocean energy and biomass energy ‘Applications of Wind Energy ~ The energy extracted from wind is niall in the form of rotary, translational, of oscillatory mechanical motion this mechanical motion can be used to pump fluids or can be converted to electricity, hea or fuel. Pumping water for agricultural purposes and generation lor electrcty ae the most common applications of wind energy. However, if required, wind energy can be converted to other forms of energy or it can be tored through the use of compressed Muids, pumped hydrosystems, water aver systems, batteries, flywheel, hot water, ee Solar Flat Plate Collector ~ Refer Q24 (i) (0.40. Define ~ Tidal energy, wind energy. (RGR, Dec. 2015) Ans, Tidal Energy — Heavenly bodies lke un and moon apply gravitational forces on solid earth and water in oceans, The effet ofthese forces becomes ipparent in motion of water. shows. periodic rise and fallin water levels, i ythms with the daily cycle of rising and setting of sun and moon. This riodie rise and fall of sea water level is called tide, The energy available in hese tides can be used to generate electric power by constructing 2 dam ross the mouth of the bay. Wind Energy ~ Refer Q3132 Power Plant Engineering (vii-Sem.) aigjerent dal power schemes. (RGB, Dee. ny M Q.st, Name the di 1 power generation schemes can be classified as _ “Ans. Various tidal (i) Single basin arrangement ‘ ingle ebb-yete system (0) Single tideeycle system (©) Double cycle system. Gi) Double basin arrangement. f 0.42. Explain principle of tidal power generation. } Jims, Tides produced in water due 10 gravitational forces of heave, bodies (like sum and moon) ca” be used to produce electric power, bodies ing a dam aross te mouth ofthe ast will have large gates iy! Sed low head hydraulic reversible ‘turbines installed in it, A tidal basin is a arc, which is separated from sea BY Means of dam, The difference ¢ formes tig obtained between the basin and S62, 76 basin will get fing ae igh tide and get emptied during ow tide, In both the cases ware passes through the sluice trubines and imparts a part of its kinetic energy y Pi uhe turbine connected (oa generator By USInB reversible turbine, generatg aan pe run continuously, both during high wide ‘and low tide. Principle of tia, H power generation is shown in fig. 1.11. i | Power Generation 1 energy is known as single basy Il the tide reaches its lowest level to obtain power continuoush Fig. LI Principle of Tida ‘The above arrangement of using tidal plant. It will continue to generate power ti after that it will shut down the turbine. Thus, \without interruption a two basin plant has to be used 0.43, What arethe advantages and limitations of tidal power generation! (RGPK, June 2016 ‘Ans, Advantages ~ (i) Tidal power is superior than the coventional hydropower. eat os tidal power plants pollution free because no fuel is require (Gi) Exploitation of tidal energy does not require large area of valuabh 3 ‘and because they are on bays. Introduction 33 | (iv) Ithas capacity to meet the peak power demand effectively when |g works in combination with thermal or hydro powerplant | (w) The tidal basins provide the facilities of fish farming. | (vi) The tidal power is independent from the rainfall condition. | Limitations - | (i) The supply of power is not continuous because the timing of | varying. tide is (i) These power plants can be constructed only if natural sites are available. ‘The capital cost of tidal power plant is large. {iv) The output power from the tidal power plant varies with lunar cele, whereas our daly poster requirement is dieetly related to solar eye, (v) Italso suffers with the problems of sedimentation and siltation ofthe basin. Q.44, Write short note on ~ Tidal energy. (R.GEN, June 2010, Dec. 2010, June 2011) Ans, Refer QAO and Q.42 wind and tidal power generation systems, (R.GPV., June 2013) ans. Wind Power Generation System ~ Refer Q.34, ‘Tidal Power Generation System ~ Refer Q42. Q.45. Explain in briefly (0.46, State the points to be considered while selecting a site for tidal power plant. “ns. Following are the important points for the selection of site for tidal power plant ~ for tidal power plant should be free from the (i) The site selected wave attack of sea (i) The tid throughout the year. The minimum average tid power production is 4.6 m or more. (ii) There should not be any ap) the proposed site. (iv) The site at which tidal have excessive sediment load. (v) The site should be such should be possible to create maximum storage volume. In add See PP should be well protected from storms as this factor affects the cost of embankment. jal range at the desired location should be adequate fe range required for economical preciable change in tidal pattern at power plant is to be located should not that with a minimum cost of barrage, it ition to this, the3 tle amount of this energy. | $4 Power Piant Engineering (VlI-Se™) (si) The Jd not create interruption to the shipping 4 te show ‘vise the cost of the plant wi try seeing te tie the cow othe Hn weg the silation “The siltation leads to reduction al ean ser prism that falls info the reservoir of 4 (sii) The fresh water PTT streams having outfall in the esta’ plant Gane to he surface igs created for storing the tidal prism, Then Dit away the valuable storass oon cre = 2a ffacsh water prism to tidal water Pst n important ing) eee cing te srconomic feasibility of pies scheme. The effective a aeererill be the power production with decreasing We Fatlo mention, above. —. ] 2.07 Wh ser na on = Ge TE 2070, ben ay) ans, Geothermal energy is ‘heat of the earth” and may be defineg sit, Geter wha tracks cori ena aan ee in these formations. Sources ofthis thermal energy are magne, el aan amperatures can be very high upto 4000°C. Geothermal energy can aac eeype tencwable source of energy as earth’s interior is and will contin in the process of cooling for the indefinite future. 1 0.48. Critically analyze the potential of geothermal energy. vice, tehas been estimated that for a depth of 3 kms, the total energy known geothermal fields is aproximately 8 * 107! Joules and for a total dep sree 10 ken it is about 4 * 107? Joules. Energy stored in hot springs j Shou 10% of the above quantities. Ifthe above energy is extracted from a 3 ky belt with 1% thermal energy recovery factor at a uniform rate for a period 30 years, it will generate thermal power of about 50 GW. With a the clectrie conversion efficiency of 20%, it will yield 10 GW of electric powe, ‘Although geothermal energy is a vast source of energy, it can be exploited only in particular areas i.e, hot spots. These hot spots are basically found i fegions of earthquake and voleanic activity. Approximately, only 10% of th ‘earth's surface provides access to heat inside the earth, Further, temperatu of steam coming out from earth should be at least 100°C for economic powe Beneration, The otal amount of energy available in outer 10 km of cart} crust exceeds greatly that can be obtained by combustion of coal, oil a natural gar, bt owing teal above mentoned probs we ot wnse anit troubles. a———_— vantages and disadvantages of geothermal enerey- mages of Geothermal Geothermal energy is the most versatile source cothermal energy is a renewable source that has practically no 5 highest energy density. luting compared to other conventional sources of enerEy. Imroduction 35 49. Write Ans. Ad @ Gi) Gi intermittency and b (iii) It is least pol (iv) Itis relatively inexpensive. () I delivers greater amount of net energy than the other conventional or non-conventional systems. (vi) Geothermal power plants have the highest annual load factor of 85-90% as compared to 45-50% for fossil fuel plants. (vii) The greatest advantage of geothermal energy is for multiple uses from a single resource. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy — (Geothermal hot spots are sparsely distributed and usually some distance away from the areas needing energy. (ii) Overall efficiency for power prod compared to 35-40% for fossil fuel plants. (iii) The minimum temperature of steam required for efficient production of electricity is about 100°C. Therefore, many reservoirs of water Gan be used only for direct heating. (iv) Though geothermal energy, as a whole is of energy, buta single bore will have a limited life of abot amenability juction is low about 15% ‘an inexhaustible source jut 10 years in economic terms. (v) Withdrawl of large amounts of steam or water from a single reservoir may cause surface subsidence (or settlement). (vi) The steam and hot water coming out of the earth’s crust may contain HS, CO3, NH; and radon gas. These gases can pollute environment severely. (ii) Drilling operations at geothermal sites are quite noisy. 0.50. Explain geothermal energy resources. (R.GRK., May/June 2006, June 2012) Ans, Various sources of geothermal energy can be classified into following four types — (i) Hydrothermal fluids (iii) Hot dry rocks (HDR) (iv) Magma. (@. Hydrothermal Fluids — Hydrothermal fluids consist of hot water, steam and associated gases, and minerals. They arises when underground Gi) Geopressured brines{38 Power Pal Engin (V-Sem) tr acs oth ess mp fi ema py, capped by layer of soi inperios rock Wer trapped in ge is hese by the conduction heat of magma found below tye suring hot springs ovens. Poducton well may also be dle ‘exceeding 3 km in order to bring these fluids on the surface. (i). GepresuredBrnes Hot sie water eer fy depth of 3 to 6 km and at @ pressure above the normal hydrostatic re ae referred a geopressued bres. The temperature ofthese brine foal beinberveen 90-200. These georessued brine aso consi a spa! ammount of dsaled methane gs, which canbe extracted om bg sinple and coool avi separation echigu (iti) Hot Dry Rocks (HDR) ~ Water-ree, impermeable rocks a ‘temperature and at practical drilling depth are termed as hot dry rocks. al hot dry rock resources are generally found near the areas of recent vo) activity. Temperature ofthese rocks may vary in between 150-2908. nergy is also called as pevohermal energy, and can be utlised by se Water at high pressure through fracture of these rock by deep wel. (x) Magna Copley or aily mae rock wih emp in between 650-1200°C, make up the magma. Tey canbe found at mode depths, especially inthe areas of recent voleani activity They are restric ‘oa telaively few locations. Further, their high temperature also makes energy extraction dificult 051. Dicstheprincofhamesing te gather eng for uposes Nam the aussi Ida where esses ee ae Ans Thetere two ebodsf gertngektic pve ctr neg. Init etd, he beste of tema utes van tea oii wih paste oe Tse pra beth aerasatieesk ny Hetero tothe cans sure up sues at ssl here a bven 45 SSP Byenbeng clot eee though tem is temperature cn be ise. Insecond meta, geal wat adi the turbidity Seam is tani te ‘wae spuats are wel povided sept frm seam. gobo poet planus se shown inf. L12. Diy stem ppedout i wel ico ad stam s usd to opera 8 1 the poner sa iste nui 1 ear Inteducton 37 ed back to the sm coming ot fom turbine is condensed and ine! (aquifers). Hydrothermal Mids appear on the earth surface fear sels The ste Fig, 12 Geothermal PowerPlant Sites in Indi for Geothermal Energy ~The various sites for geohemal are follows Nat sen ily ter pie (i) Not India preamrian province (i) Cambay Graben province (iv) Esstndian Archaeanproviace (6) Noni Eastern Himalayn geothermal sub province (vi) Nag-Lasai geothermal province (vi) Damodar valley Graben province (si) Mahanadisalley Graben province (ix) Narmada Topi Graben province (4). Godavary valley Graben province (xi) West nat geothermal province (i) Andaman Nicobar geothermal province. (ois Opps and sending waly 0.52 Dicuss in Brief use of geothermal energy for industrial and ste heating. Ans, Geothermal energy available at most ofthe places i ofow quality, hich cannot be used for running 2 turbine to generate electric power. Ftc ydrothermal is valble at ow and moderate temperature can be used etic iva for space hating and water heating incol climates. Hot hydeothermal ids can also be used for agricultural applications such as for soil and separator to remove abrasive prices. This sean pasar eae heating of geehouses nd for crop yng, In industes hydrothermal run the turbines, which in tur dive electric generat, Piss us canbe used for drying applications in food, chemical and textile cy nds,ae jnoering (Wi-Somn) 38 Power Plant Engineering Imroduction 29 DSTI BIOGAS AND HYBRID ENERGY Sysyoy (p. Physical Methods — Various physical methods of biomass BIOTHERMAL BIOGAS SNES SYSTEM) «2 Onc dscunned Solow es eons (a) Pelletization — In pelletization waste wood is pulverized, ‘assed in a dic at high iomperature and pressure: It is shape 0.53. Whar do you mean by biomass ? Name dUlferent pes of biyn\ died ne oe compact acharac Of enetaa oiler oe nes eel oe Be acer sesreao my fo pellets © OTS Con power plunts: Pelletiation tecaees he este corte so pian absorb solar energy by photosynthesis. incorporating oq Seve aie 710% andl increases its calorific valor, Co ee ee err inci tissues, and convert Ht inter asl st aieest ne eS iocaas raat meen ee eT tenuis organic matter is known as biomass and i basically a EN yy compression and squeezing out moisture and breaking down the Solar energy. Biomass is a renewable source of energy. It includes alll they MMi of the wood and bark. Biomass is compressed under a die at high hotels an rbiomas ibs, algae, agricultural and forest rere Seure. Natural lignin prosent in the wood ‘ant growth, residuesand wastes, herbs, algae, ai resigg Cre and pre ighin present in the wood binds the wood Pedeadabie onzanicefflvents from industries like sugar, meat packing pig] MPAs ciner to form a solid shape, ‘The moisture content of a briquette slaughter house, breweries, distillaries, ete. » partsiegs low as 4%, thus burning a wood briquettes is far more efficient. Biomass can be classified into following three types — jon () Traditional biomass includes wood and agricultural waste, | fomass briquettes. thus can repla Biomass fermented to produce liquid fuelse.g., ethanol and metha giher industrial applications. Biomass anaerobically digested to yield biogas. (©) Expel .ed, soyabeans 0.54. How energy can be generated using biomass ? rapeseed: 50>" p teumning green firewood which contains as much as 65% moisture. © coal or oil in steam power plants ar Agro Products — Certain agro products such a ‘dnuit, Coconut copra, jojoba nuts, olive retucalypius leaves to form concentrated vegetable oils (RGR, June 204 es these oils have high viscosity and combustion deposits, thus the: or However, ‘upgraded by a chemical meted known ua transceste How the biomass can be utilized for power production ? Sea ae ae ioa en inc ners iene Tat at eto ee GRNs Dec. 201 reely the solid biomass to ashes by high temperature oxidation. ‘The fins. The simplest way of getting energy from biomass is to allow th me incineration and combustion are synonymous, but the process of Cee cc heat ee eae Ba Tee eeetned can be appropriate ‘Cbustion is applicable to all fuels, i.e. solid, liquid and gaseous. Incineration oe ane To see ere thie prablees fallen ween got Provide substitute fore special process where the dry Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is incinerated om p» 1g two ways can be used to genen (Teuce the volume of solid refuse (90%) and to produce heat, steam ant G@)_ Sugar or glucose present in biomass can be fermented to ao bbe used to run engines to drive electric penoraton, ; © generate electricity or to provide heat for industrial purposes, space heat ii) Anaerobic digestion of bi ich cooker ak iomass yields biogas, which contab shout 8476 of methane, a high quality fel, Biogas solely ee with anced (iy) Thermochemical Methods — In thermochemical conversion in LC: engines for power generation, methods, the biomass is decomposed at various combinations of pressure and 55. Site the various piney temperatures. There are two thermochemical methods — leorat anaes Principal routes of biomass energy comversia “MPerures. T™ newmochem ions newest Fee (GEIR Jane son (a) Pyrolysis — In pyrolysis, biomass is heated in absence of into more optimized oon santo" technologies which can eonven biome zea of Partially combusted in a limited oxyyen supply. Organic materials Oe: it rubber and plastics which cannot be processed by other methods, can be iy oe method G Incineration (direct combustiae Mt" PY PYOlysis. The products of pyrolysis are — method (iv) Biochemical method, () A hydrocarbon, rich in gas mixture (H,, CO, CO,, CI, ther to ng or and N,).Intoducton 41 40. Power Pant Engineering (VILSem) 4s imiains onthe ext o whic biomas canbe used sa (2) Ancilikeligidavatrsobbe phn i acid, acetone, methanol anda non-aqueous phase conning ol agg 1 power. rain fe ieee (3) A carbon rich solid residue (chareoal) w culture is still the main occupation of most of the st nde, ba a important source of energy. The simplest way of (1) Gasieaion- Gaston hightemperature i : amas st bum the dry biomass (wood, cow dung, (ig hh ne ds ced ty ee a iene whic is mre ea an OS ait es dito methane! (by pays) bog (by bam to pra proses et and steam, owed in engine] ca Ot fio eneatn ia sy ih turbine o generate eleccity. Be dio) plassium, which ba goed fez vale (Bei Medici caning pinch 2) rn poe ‘aed the biomass is converted tigi and gaseous fusing metabolic a, in ra areas, biogas canbe used fr cooking, i, 1 significance. bal npins To imports pees ae — se Edgerton of etic. The scan Deused (0) Ethanol Fermentation ~ In etaol fermentation jit 2 nove sanity conditions anda econtol envionmenal hexose sugar (spars containing si carbon atoms per molecule ie, ,¥ ¢ hal ‘are decomposed into an aqueous solution by the action of an enzyme, fou is biogas ? Nome various materials from which Biogas can Poti biogas? yeas, in the absence of ai, "abso give its applications. CigHl 04) + p09 2C Hy 0g |r cominsryoosd we si (a high calorific value ful), , (an inert gas) an th ee NO il as se ngs slike The eof (0) Anaceobe Digestion (Anaerobic Fermentation) ~ 7 8 CO'E enrllyS0 keal’’, which canbe further improved by ‘process conver the cate dung, human wastes and other organic waste ee EY content BY ping it through a Fine son It bola a igh iste ota Bigs (nag) hough th decomposing SSC and quai ata pessue of about 350 bye? tear of ean fsb Cuneta gM eam nic wastes ke cle dng, han ay be line dided betel xz CO, a flied as plas, alga, weeds, bagasse, et, and s ual wases such a plans, alae, weed, bogase, Ts, et Fr yates containing cellulosic materials sch a dstilares, Desig tbo car Bobi CH ond A dass, ppe ils, er surf is ace can and coment coking fu. Itcan aso be sed Inthis method biomass to be digested is convened toa And placed inn sight cone lng wih anaerobic bce fo ees ing pases. tung small motors and for providing power fo cottage ys. sll eount of hat is gener by these reas, wich hls sas, Bigs can also be used soley or with diesel in LC, engines for maintaining the reaction ‘tf pwer Bigs produced fom sewage conlns 4% methane, (0.56, How biomas con be used solve our energy problem 7 sabe sed economically to un engines to drive eecric penerators Ans. Buss an be considera anothe fom of sexy. Oued Qt How arias plants classified? Explain them briefly theft incidest solr energy reaching the eat’ sure wich 17300 (RGBK, June 2013) Te ereat cy NO TW sre bypass ed gu pnts can be clsifed in wo manips - 3 toa volume of bins tat ieee is midis i mectg ena toe Sn an TO) babe nts biomass every jar. If his biomass an be ued tis leer cu 028th Tipe -A bach ype biogas pant, uplyng os afer completly sal our ney problems hasbeen eine aligns ¢ueP hig and continue todo so ar about 40-50 dys. Once the rodod anny cn sats) tol cog demand fe ware | HUE Ge it needs o be empied and recharged To maintain a an since biomasscanbere-gownitisa penal Blouse Servolo anunber ‘of digesters are used in series, These plants are netsiv and donot suit the conditions in Indian ru areas.Power Plant Englnooring (Vil-Som.) Gi) Continuous Type — wa continuous type biog ster, Which needs to be charged rewilarly. the atl y and is stopped only for mai lenanee and removal ofa, Py shu 42 ounce Ground single di biogas produced is stored either in the plant or in a separate gas hap hesed as perthe requirements, Often. thin ry layer irae n), whieh prevents the escape of yas t of the slurry (known as s slurry, This seum is broken by slowly string the slurry, it also hep digestion process because of better mixing. These types of plant. popular in India and China. Plants awe Continuous type biogas plants can be further classified as— | (a) Floating gas holder type (b) Fixed dome digester type. TM (a) Floating Gas Holder (Constant Pressure) Type ng FE Plants ~ In these type of plants, the gas holder is separated from the age F220" a lrious models of heating gas holder type biogas plants are in se, expensive steel x padi Vilage on nant be biogas plans are in use-A fami ger plat ne Pf masonry construction. Thus, they are less costly. The Gas ripe ged dome rook OF Titd underground, and thus the temperature remains Geely higher than the amblent temperature in winter. A Fig. 1.15 Digester with Floating Gas Holder and Water Seal (Pakistan) Ee polder (Nepal) ; KVIC (Khadi Vilage developed in India is Oui PO consi shown in fig. 1.13. eset and Genter with separate gas holder is shown in fi it has an inverted erin mild steel drum which . works om gor holder — The digetter ie an oi ae underground masonry. construction “witha partition wall. The | Provision ofa partition Fig. 1.16 Fixed Dome Digester with Separate Gas Holder | wall provides optimum > conditions for growth | of acid formers and | methane formers ge ‘ i requirement of these “W& 413 Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plan S@asement tank, The gas production rate of these plants is less as compared bacteria are different. (VIC Digester) fang gas holder type design because of absence of partition wall in the Some other types of ating ges holder type biogas plants are shown anl Ei Smamber. The dome structure of this digester is weak for inner discussed below ~ ‘own an) euures, Therefore, dome structure should be designed and constructed Fig. 1.14 shows a digester suitable for high water-table. Here the digestet| Meee wtstand Bas pressure which may be as high as 100 em of water. diameter below the gas holder is increased so thatthe otal depth can beraageeg | MAH May also fal in case of leakages or cracks. you classify biogas plants ? What are various types of (RGRK, June 2012) marl sepregtion a ih ry sete «Hoan a oy |g Hom io nts? Explain any one with neat sketch. whi . with water seal as shown in fig. 1.15" is used. g) S Ans. Refer Q.58,eT Introduction 45 1g solar energy as second components have following ym.) va powor rt Erginatg (aS y sources | 60, Write an essay On renewable energy me on “Poli 2 rmerisanddemerl® 4 59, 9.33,0.39, i co) amoatly empyoyin Fer Qt O21 Q2% QI 032, 223 + 2-40, gy} Savantozes — . Ath 7 , sy) {i)_ Increased reliability due to use of two or more power sources. 1d Q.53. roved economic ri i inable a9 an san ty hybrid energy stems? (LG 2 be . wo, nee .d economics as hybrid is built among sustainable and swable energies. om 4 rene907 > Lower initial cost. (iv) Design flexibility. (v) Less emission. 0.61, What do you (GRY, : * Nowy pisadvantages of Hybrid Energy Systems ~ | Individual energy components need separate set up. They need Explain hybrid enerey system. _npbrid system of energy conversion, @ rite short note on — Hybrids) (RGPK, June 2010, De, tobe placed ree that they do not —— ‘an obstacle. zs snewable energy componen wind energy n “Ans, A hybrid enerey 59% : ay geia environment. For example, solar energy will become ineffective in ease sources used together 10 Photovoltaic Generator setmy sky and it also become ineffective inthe evening or night hour sowrte increased ste x | (ii) Hybrid energy systemis highly dependent on the region and capacity. efficiency as well as greater | isnot possible o utilize every type of renewable technology everywhere. | (0.63. Define the fuel cell. State its classification. (R.GPV., June 2018) Cell - Fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts t Ans, Fuel directly into electrical energy. A fuel cell is similar to other balance in energy supply. Out Engine-driven chemical enerey the respect that it consists of positive and negative electrodes of these two sources one is essentially a non-conventional Genera source, while other may be | ee cea ee cay an electrolyte between them. Fuel in a suitable form is supplied to the ‘gen, to the anode. When the cell operates, fuel gets oxidised | cathode and oxy! 7 I reaction provides the energy which can be converted into and the chemical electricity. Classification of Fuel Cells ~ Fuel cells can be classified in following conventional or non-conven- tional. Non-conventional sources of energy are often not very reliable, for example solar photo-voltaic cell may not provide power on rainy days Battery Bank and wind energy conversion meng fe abe only in Bled LSP deel Bote Speen (a) Low temperature fuel cell (25-100°C) a) Low temperature : (b) Medium temperature fuel cell (100-S00°C) coastal areas. Hybrid energy systems also use a battery bank for storage to increase ty lb. A hybrid energy system using solar phtotovoltac cell and a da -. cea ammie Tit (d) Very high temperature fuel cell (above 100°C). o commonly used hybrid energy systems in India are — (i) Solar photovoltaic (SPV) + Wind ener rr say conversion system (WEE (ii) SPV + WECS + Diesel generator set (ii) SPV + Biogas generator Gv) SPV + Diesel generator set | ways. (i) Based on Operating Temperature — (ii) Based on the Electrolyte Used ~ (a) Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) (b) Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) (c) Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) : fuel ©) (W) Solar ther 2 (d) Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCF 0.62 Sate the i clas (e) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). ‘advantages and limitations of hybrid energy system (iii) Based on the Nature of Electrolyte — ANS Advantages of Hybrid Ey (R.GPY, June 20b (a) Aqueous electrolyte type (b) Non-aqueous electrolyte type nergy Systems — Hybrid energy systet (c) Molten electrolyte type (A) Solid electrolyte type. oNev 46 Power Plant Engineering (Vi-Sem.) (iv) Based on the Type of the Fuel Used ~ (a) Fuel cels, using gaseous fuels, eg. hydrogen ang oy, ‘ hydrocarbons (6) Fuel cells, using liquid fuels, eg. alcohols, hydropin, higher hydrocarbons 2 () Fuel cells using solid fuels, e.g. metals, etc. | Besides above mentioned criteria, uel cells canalso be classified acco ny to the specific application, for which they are used, e.g. fuel cells for. applications, for defence applications, for vehi le propulsion and for commer applications. 1.64. What are the different types of hydrogen fuel cells ? ae GRY, June 29, ay Ans, Refer Q.63 | 0.65. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the working principle HO; fuel cel. (GRY, June 20), | 200 ne “Explain fuel cells, (RGRV, June 2012, Now. 2019 or ‘Write a short note on ‘fuel cells’ with diagram. (R.GRV., Dec. 2017, Or Write short note on ~ Fuel cells... Ans, For definition of fuel cell, refer Q.63, The most commonly used fuel cell is a Hy-O, fuel cell in which hydrogen (pure or impure) is used as the active material at cathode, and ‘oxygen (from the air) is used at anode, These active mat being kept in cell are supplied from outside. Fuel cell using hydrogen as ¢ 1 Out Hn lek Electrode Fig. 118A Hydrox (H-0,) Cell (R.GRY, May/June 2006, June 2007, 2010, Dec. am) ils instead of | fuel is called hydrox cell is shown in fig. 1.18. A fuel cell has a solid | Introduction 47 which serves as a current controller and also provides, je conduct” rode. The electrodes are generally made from porous eat Cae a orous electrodes have a large number of sites, Wor carbon. Ti ad electrode are in contact, and chemical reactions electrolyte We reactions are usually very slow and a catalyst is He INS ie de to expedite them. The best catalysts are finely ett im the C1 mn like metal deposited or incorporated with the jatinum oF Prial, however nickel (for H,) and silver (for O,) can aii electrode at tric current is drawn from the cell by connecting ect ved ie jetode terminals ee used for power generation in automobiles and for special cells are roe! ses. lil fuel cell is different from a battery ? 9.66. How (R.GPY., Dec. 2016, May 2018) el cell and battery are electrochemical energy conversion ns Both fae nical enersy directly into electrical energy. The basic ic coon ve two is that the battery stores electrical charges and ween gases ‘tneeds to be recharged, while in fuel cells there is no need of + er sober difference between fuel cells and battery is that ina battery ine. rls are contained inside its body, while in a fuel cell, they are se le. e ni = the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cells ? ae advantages of the fuel cells are as follows — }) The fuel cells take small time to come into operation. {Te operation of ful cell is noiseless, {i The fuel cellsneed small area as compared to conventional power Ans. a) There i no need for large volumes of cooling water, (0) Fuel cells can be installed near the load centres, thus reducing dea tansmission requirements and accompanying losses consequently ‘axidenbly higher efficiencies are possible. (vi) Fuel cells have few mechanical components hence need less satecance (si) Atmospheric pollution is small ifthe primary energy source is ‘ydogen as the waste product is water only. Tremain disadvantages of the fuel cells are as follows ~ () Theinitial costs of fuel cells are generally high, (i) These have small service life,| | Introduction 49 48 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem.) nd ¢ are for hot an scripts fe { Ste he eer the thermoelectric circuit ¥ THERMOELECTRIC MODULES, MHD CONVERTER HE 8 te erin used to generate A ee er : cous ‘thet hermoclectric power generator aa ct is shown in fig. 1.20. als A and B are joined at kept cold. An RGPRK, 2.68. What is thermoelectric effect ? June 20 Ans, In 1821, the German physicist TJ. Seebeck dit electric circuit made of two dissimilar metals (as shown in fig. 1.19), a poten the difference sets in ifthe junctions mia enol end age or emf. is then generated eed of these two metals are held st cect pele ends. Asa TesULOF this AACE pe, 1.29 Arrangement for different temperatures. This seen win te iret for load connects Pheonaeiata effect is known as Seebeck co ise ends. The current will continue to emceencanee 208, Geeta cis suppliod at hot ens and removed a cold ends paeetecee re 1 foes me and electric power oulput are increased by inereasing the potential difference developed The vollttarence between the hot and cold ends. A thermoclectric and difference between the cat orm of heat engine, Heat i taken up alan upper temperature temperatures of the junctions net ction) and part is converted into electrical energy, remaining. of the dissimilar metals is Fig. 1.19 Thermocouple Fee nesca lower temperature (ic. the cold ends), Thermoelectric given by penis dscharse gre prevent with power outputs ranging from a few watts to : nemo ot | EEE" parent apptization i the use of radioactive decay heat ere a = Thermoelectric power or Seebeck coefficient. mate power if Space The thermoelectric power is usually measured in volts per degree. GE price short notes — Loe. Discuss the working principle and applications of thermoelectric () Tidal power (i) Wind power modute. ‘A (RGRY, June 2017, {uy Thermoelectric power. “eaten. tas a GRY, Dec. 2014) Explain thermoelectric modules. (RGRY., Now. 2019) efer oi * | Tidal Power ~ Refer Q.40 and Q.42. Ans. Working Pri le — Refer Q.68. Ans (0 - e 2 i) Wind Power — Refer Q.31 Applications — Thermoelectric generators are mainly employed in the P areas outside the regular elecsic power distbuton system, Tey ae ideally |__ i) Thermoelectric Power ~ Refer Q.70, 072 Give merits and demerits of thermoelectric power generation. Suited for remote and harsh environments. They can be used for high-tech applications associated with aerospace, military, telecommunications and for je a ad 7 ae ‘rs Merits nd demerits of thermoelectric power generation are given below — remotely controlled unmanned vehicles. 0.70. Discuss in brief about a thermoelectric power generator Ans. A thermoelectric generator converts heat energy (or thermal eneryy) directly into electrical energy through semiconductor or conductor This work, on the principle of Seebeck thermoelectric effect, according to which porcaenal difference developed in a junction of two dissimilar metals held at after ar temperatures is given by di ers {). Arangement is simple. Eletieal energy can be produced directly from the heat of shen {@) The source of heat is immaterial and any fuel ean be used (3) Kean be used where regular electric power distribution systems erred in space applications. 0) Scientists envision the probability of developing peak load power Ss vit capacities of the order oF 100 MW. nn Pes ony aar Ea Integrating equation (), we get B,-E,= a (1, -T50 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem.) Demerits — —E—r—_ Introduction 51 be connected in series oF parallel for different ¢ units ean be cont Kk load (i) Efficiency is very low of the order of 1 10 39 Gi) TH apacities- con eager ell i OO (ii) Special materials are required which can work voles ee devices Tay Oe Oe No also able to withstand high temperature service. Mien, He Gv Tpercial PONE SEMEN TT PMID generation with w neat : in co ineiple of working Of jersenatlon with Q.73. Write short note on ~ Thermionic converter. et “explain une principle of (R.GEM, Dee, 2017) Seat aeedonlc ouvedet toners ieee et e or then a rey directly i _ 7 LGRM, Dee. 2018) energy by lilizing the thermionic emission effect ie. the emissonng ce OO ay peatshetch MED converter, (R from heated metal surfaces. In a thermionic converter two mew — peseFiBE OF RGRV., June 2012, Now 2019) with different work functions (energy required to extract am lege sant converters (GEN metal) are sealed into an evacuated vessel. The electrode with the lane EA" nverters. function is maintained at higher temperature than the ome with aoe port Mo oe oer Z 004, Dee. 2004, May/June 2006, war union sprit GP June 2010, Dec, 2010, Now. 2019) wo electrodes are held in fe sairect conversion of kinetic energy of Now o! @ container filled with ionized vont sa method oF diceet Conn tra conducting Muid is allowed cesium vapour. On heating one a SD 3 ener, I aa mo Gm St a clovated lectrode, electrons are tthe Paty electeic field. The enerato that Wsoval te the colder ae ce Int et el liextly into eleetrienl energy withow thus becomes positivel ne existe BEETAIOE ee nis which stato charges wile caideeeenes Free genera wok a the Cas ak votaue becomes negative, A voltage a eee eamuctor maves across a magnetic Hel i ius develops beevorn ane ties Tebea an clectis Comin electric current”. In MIID converter the wolic Pesca oes betwess ° ia oe fluid which is electrically conduc rect electric sen are eeplaced DY fie, 1.22 consists of the following ‘current will flow in an external Fig. 1.21 Thermionic Converter MHD converter as shown in fig. 1,22 consists ¢ ircuit connecting them as shown in fig. 1.21. fens ~ 1 combustion chamber. The emission of electrons fivin houer electrod ity pressurised combustion chamber. Holter electrode 13 inhibited by a 5 Gj) A high intensity ; d duct. introduced in the vessel. yets vaporized and ionized at high temperatures, this Fms 4 mixture of positive ions and electrons. These positive ions help io decrease the space charge, thus increase the output voltage. - @.74. Give advantages of thermionic conversion system. Ans. Thermionic conversion system has folk thermoelectnc generation system (Efficiency of the thermionic of 8% but researchers expect to produce uni of 30° lowing advantages over conversion system is of the order ts Working at thermal efficiencies Gi) This device is being designed for space high temperature operation is advantageous. Itcan be to boats, power tools and imation pumping Power applications where used fOr supplying power {@) An aerodynamically shape! (j) An electrode system. (x) A powerful magnet. Geteraet Chasse Fig. 1.22 MHD Generator- 82. Power Plant Engineering (VIl-Sem.) Gas is produced by the combustion of fuel with pressurised arto ay, 1 high temperature of about 2000°C. It is then expanded through the duct to an exhaust temperature of about 1000°C. While this expansion on at high temperatures, electric power is produced across electrodes. The from the exhaust gases of the MHD cycle is used and recovered efficieny, a conventional steam plant, and so this can also produce additional po,” MHD generators can be designed for a power output of 1000 MW, wig? overall efficiency of 60%. Having no moving parts, these systems have jy Telibilty As these generators are non-polluing, they are systems for funy ibe an open cycle and closed cycle MHD power gene 276 Desemieen res (RGPY, Dec. 2008, June 294, Or Describe with neat sketch open loop and closed loop MID converig (RGRK, June 20, ‘Ans. MHD power generator can be of following two types ~ (i) Open cycle MHD generator i). Closed cycle MHD generator. (i) Open Cycle MHD Generator ~ The working medium in § ‘open cycle MHD system is the product of combustion of fossil fucls like cg petroleum or natural gas. They are sceded with potassium salts, The tempcraty at inlet is nearly 2500°C. Fig. 1.23 shows a schematic diagram of an open MHD gencration eyek Fig. 1.23 Schematic Diagram of an Open MHD Generator The fuel used may be ol through an oil tank or gasified coa! throught coal gasification plant. The fuel is burat in the combustor. The hot gst with necessary seed pass through MHD, seth neces fe , produce electric power at th Introduction 53 sq exhaust 8s ass through thea preheater and to the steam boiler, to the seed recovery apparatus. The recovery seed is stacked. Make-up then @ fjso fed to the combustor. The preheated air i fed to the combustor a next process: steam, generated by the steam generator, feeds tothe steam turbine qjch drives the generator (© produce electric power. wich Oi Closed Cycle MHD Generator ~ There are wo types of closed ve MHD generator systems = 2 (a) Seeded inert gas system (b) Liquid metal system, fig, 1.24 shows a Tiquid metal system. In this system, a iquid metal is |. The liquid potassium coming out of breaker reactor at ph temperature iS passed through a nozzle to increase its velocity before passing io MED gs nerator. The liquid potassium coming out of MHD generator Papessed through a heat exchanger oF boiler, Its remaining heat is used to run SPepine and then punyped back to the reactor There are lot oF eperatonal and 2tpstrvetional dificulties in the system, Condenser MILD Geneeator: romp Ma Peed Water Meat exchanger Generator Fig, 1.24 0.77. Explain the working of open cycle MHD generator. (RGPY., Dec, 2016) Ans. Refer Q.16. 0.78. Discuss the working principle and applications of MID (Magnet Hydro Dynamic) converter (GPM, June 2017, May 2018) Ans, Working Principle ~ Refer Q.75.$2 Power Piant Engineering (Vil-Sem) Applications ~ Till now MHD systems are not much in commerg, ‘use, Besides commercial electrical power generation they have potentig be used as the conversion system in a nuclear electrical system for Space crafts. MHD converters can also be used for ship propulsion, air borg ‘applications, hypersonic wind tunnel experiments and many other defengs applications. 79. What are the limitations of a MHD converter ? Ans. Commercial use of a MHD converter is limited due t0 following drawbacks ~ {) There will be high friction losses and heat transfer losses. The friction loss may be as high as 12% of the input. i) The MHD system operates at very high temperatures to obtain hhigh electrical conductivity. But the electrodes must be at relatively low temperatures and hence the gas in the vicinity of the electrodes is cooler. This increases the resistivity of the gas near the electrodes and hence there will be 2 Very large voltage drop across the eas film. (Gi) The MHD systems need very lange magnets and thisisa major expense, {iv)Coal, when used as a fuel, poses the problem of molten ash which may short circuit the electrodes. Hence oil or natural gas are considered to be much better fuels for this system. This restriction on the use of fuel makes the operation more expensive. i, FOSSIL FUEL STEAM STATIONS | 7c PRINCIPLES OF SITING AND STATION DESIGN, | ON FECT OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON STATIONAND “ EQUIPMENT DESIGN : 1. Explain in brief functioning of @ thermal power plane. ins. Apower plant which converts the heat enerzy of coal into eletrical sayiscalled thermal power plant. The coal is suppliedto the boiler through rFandling plant. Coal is burnt in a furnace to produce heat. This heat mas the water into steam in boiler. The steam is expanded in turbine to fe mechanical power and rotate it. Alternator, connected with turbine rolates with it and generates electrical power. ‘The steam coming out of the steam turbine is condensed in the condenser. -hecondensate is supplied back to the boiler again with the help of feed pump. conve! also 0.2. Enlist various equipments of a thermal power plant. ‘Ans. The main equipments of a thermal power plant are boiler, steam tuibine and alternator, Besides these a thermal power station also consists, tarious auxiliary equipments forefficient and safe working which are as follows ~ (i) Coalhandting plant (ii). Pulverising plant (ii) Ashhandling plant (iv) Condenser (v) Feed water heater (vi) Superheater and reheater (vil) Economiser (viii) Air preheater (ix). Protection and control equipments. 0.3, What are the various steps involved in the design of a steam power plant ? ‘Ans. The steps involved in the design of a thermal power plant are as follows ~ (i) Selection of site (i) Estimation of plant capacity. Gii) Selection of boilers and their auxili58 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem,) jr usiliries: Gv) Selection of turbines and thei aun (¥) Selection of electrical generator \ (vi) Design of fuel handling system. (xi) Selection of condensers ii) Design of cooling syste ; (Gx). Design and coro of instruments. (i) Design of general layout of power P steam and water. \ Peace é 1 power plant, indicating varioy, Qu. Sketch and describe te steam Pi (R.GRY, June 201 parts of plants. raventional thermal powe, “Ans. Fig, 2.1 shows the general layout of 260 plant Con storage Task ve {PUTER Fig. 2 oe The total working of a : circu ttl working ofa thermal powerplant can be divided into fo @_ Coal and ash circuit i ) ci (ii) Air and gas circuit ii) Feed water and steam flow circuit (iv) Cooling water circuit ceo Fossil Fuel Steam ‘Stations 57 jy Coal and Ash Cireuit ~ Coal from - peu preluced inthe furnace due to comb see ft the fumes peat water and produce steam. After the buming Epa eae ai : al, a mc, wih collected on the lower grates. Ash handling systemic wad © ay ‘Air and Gas Circuit — Air i i) Ait jas Circuit — Air in combusti by: see foreed draught or induced Ges Fa eee bales is fe Mefore supplying 10 the combustion chamber. The Sina ae eA and dUst particles. The exhaust gases are passed ae a Peete exhaust Heat of he gases is given tthe ai Nin ieee sed through the dust collector to remove dust before exheusting the to the atmosphere. Air and gas circuit in thermal power plan incre Be efficiency of plant. Tenses (iii) Feed Water and Steam Flow Circuit ~ The be: je sais seo est the vate and produces eee im he boiler is fed tothe steam turbine to develop mechanical power to drive i gator The steam coming outof steam turbines condensed inthe condenser 2g then fed to the boiler again with the help of pump. The condensate is patted in the feed-heaters using the steam tapped from different points ofthe turbine. The steam and water is passed through the different components of fower plants. Some of the seam and waters lost during this process. A fed Pover pump supplies feed water from extemal source to the boiler ‘The feed water supplied from external source is passed through the pustying plant to reduce the dissolved salts. This purification process avoids the scaling on the boiler tubes. This results in increase in life of the boiler. (iv) Cooling Water Circuit — To condense the steam, cooling water circuit is necessary. The cooling water is taken either from lake, river or sea, ‘The cooling water is taken from the upper side of the river, its passed through the condenser and heated water is discharged to the lower part of the river. ‘This system is also known as open system. If suficient cooling wate is not available, then the water coming out from the condenser is cooled either in cooling pond or cooling tower. During the condensing process some of water is evaporated, To compensate the evaporation loss, the water is supplied continuously to the system. If the cooling water, coming out of the condenser is cooled again and supplied to the condenser, then the.system is called closed system. Open system is economical than closed system. Open system is only useful if the water is available all the time in the river. 5. Draw flow sheet ofa typical 220 MW capacity team turbine driven and coal fired thermal power plant. (R.GPY, Dec. 2016) Ans, Refer Q.4.\ - ‘58 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem.) Plan design and layout of steam power pl, 0.6, Write short note on~ (RGPH, Jane 2010, Dec. 9 Ans, Refer Q3 and QA. 0.7. Diseuss basic principles of sing and station design Jor then one (RGR, June 25 thermal power play, Or iting and design of @ Explain the principles of siting (RGR, June 29, ‘ “Ans, Principles of Siting ofa Thermal Power Plant ~ For selecting site fora thermal powerplant there are generally three choices ~ (i). Atthe load centre, {i Atornea the coal mine, Gi) On an estuary sit to which the coal can be delivered by se, Selection of a suitable site depends upon the following factors — (Availabilty of Land ~ The average land requirement for, thermal power plant is about 3 t0 5 acres per MW capacity, The total ly requirement consis for coal storag ash dspos,staff colony, market lity and space for plant machinery. As cost of the land affects the capital cosy the plant, therefore it should be economical. Further, the land selected fq |, thal power plant should have a good bearing capacity, (0 withstand i dead oad of the plant and forces on foundation due to the machine operating i (Gi) Availability of Coal ~ A thermal power plant of 400 My in capacity requires $000-6000 tonnes of coal per day. Thus a thermal pow plant should be situated near coal mines or at sites where huge quantities ‘coal can be transported economically, either by railways or Sea routes. | (Gi) Availabilty of Water ~ Atermal power plant needs large quant | of water for condenser, ash disposal, feed water to the boiler and drinking | ‘water for the working staff. A plant of 60 MW capacity requires 20-30 thouce tonnes of water per hour, additional 500-600 tonnes of water per hour & | reef eotng wer ae use. lage quai of water i ao eid for ash disposal. The availabilty of drinking water is also equally important | Itis, therefore, necessary to locate the power plant near the water source hich will be able to supply the required quantity of water forthe whole ye (iv) Ash Disposal Faeilies—In a large power plant, ash percent is 20 t0 40% of the coal burt, Tis large amount of ash creates big problea The ash handling problem is more serious than coal handling because it coms ‘ut in hot condition and is highly corrosive. The disposal of large quantities of ash isa big problem. The ash cane disposed off to river, ea or lake economically. Thus, plant should be near® these facies. Fossil Fuel Steam Stations 59 (oy babour Availabilty ~ Cheap and enough labour sould be ornare si (op Transportation Facles-isalvaysesentato havea ray arte at 209 tansporation of ey mache nd na ie Sic ofthe Plant ~ For small capacity plans supply of fel and ansible. The ol csieatoninicheas be nina sso it sla shuld bs load ert nd cee the cost of transport large capacity plants, ;porting enormous quantities of igor are considerably bigh Therefor, mt mast oe eed nea co nes provided the required quantity of water shouldbe valle as ‘ealy 2s possible (vi) Public Problems ~ The thermal powerplant should be far vy om te tow 0 avoid the msn from smoke, Ayah nd et Setuged fom the power plan Principlesof Design ofa Thermal Pover Pant—Theesenalreqzemens cake design ofa thermal power plant are — (i) Reliability (i) Minimum inital cost (iy Minimum operating and maintenance cost (iv) Minimum transmission losses. ‘These design requirements canbe fulfilled by considering the following sexe principles ~ (Simplicity of Design ~ The design of « powerplant should ove the features of simplicity, compactness and commercial efficiency. A Simple design of lan sults in relatively ss intial os reliability and does what is expected from it (ii) Subdivision of Plan and Apparatus ~ Subdivision of plant in aller unis results continuous supply of energy. Further, it promotes safety inopeaton and facilitates easy msineranee of various sections of the pan By subdividing the total capacity of plant into two or four unt, els in heir maintenance and reduces operating costs, as during the reduced load periods, some ofthe units may be stopped. (ii) Labour Saving Equipment ~Usingautomatc equipments helps toreduce human labour and it makes the contol of plant very easy. However, _utomatic equipments should be reliable and ter costshould also be reasonable. (iv) Extensibility ~ Plant shouldbe designed in such a way tha it iy «an be expanded to meet fulure requirements, without impairing is thermal ficiency and interfering wih is exsting operation. (0). Organization ~ Organizations the structure trough which the functions of management are applied, it explains the responsibilities and al foEnginooring (Vil-Sem) each individual bears echnicalities of the PI 60 Power Plant relationship which complexities and t ‘much important. toanother, With the rapid increase. rant, organization has become y, _ ‘actors which should be considered while designin, 3.8. List the le | : Porat (GPM, June 206 | ‘Ans. Refer QT. (0.9. Whar are the various factors whicl are essential for site selectig, \ of a steam power plant? (RGR, Dec. 2017, } Ans. Refer Q7- | matic tion and equipm 10, What are the effects of elimatic factors ‘on stal a oe a mi (R.GRM, May 2014 \ . ; Explain the effect of climatic factors om thermal station and equipmer | design. (R.GRV, Dec. 2015 or rite short note on ~ Effects of climatic factors steam power Plax design. (R.GPM, June 2019 Or Write short note on ~ Egjects of climate factors 0m Seow LO er plag (R.GRM, Dec. 2016 design and equipment design. ‘Ans. While designing a thermal power surrounding environment should also have 10 no need to make drastic changes in specifications. F considered, While designing a thermal power station ~ (i) In areas having high temperature Propet for ventilation and cooling arrangement. (ii) Proper allowance should be msi materials etc., due to high temperatures. (iii) Vacuum is reduced due to hotter, condenser cooling wate, Which results in rise of back pressure from 2.54 em of Hg 10 + 3 cmef Hg. For every 2°C rise in vacuum temperature plant output aad efficiency 254 cmofHg w4Se reduces by 1% Thus for a rise in back pressure from of He, there is 2 loss of 3% in ouput and efficiency of the plant (iv) Standard rating of electrical equipments are generally veo station climate factors of the be considered, so that there j ‘ollowing points should ty care should be take Je for reduced life of insulating an altitude of 1000 m. For each additions} 100 m the permissible tempers Iumit for most of the machines is reduced by 1%. For transformers this liso mendes san the cooling arrangement. Fe °Ssi!Fusl Stoam Stations 61 F STEAM CYCLE AND Ma "TURBINE AND BOILER Se INS, PLANT DESIGN AND Lavo? pi. Sate bref about choice of steam eee for py for plant, ®.GPW,, De , Dec. 2 + plant iagiadess Various steam cycles used for thermal powe ii) Reheat cycle (i) Rankine eycle {i Regenerative eyele iv) Reheat enerative ¥) Reheatregenerative (x) Topping eyele (vi) Binary vapour lg ganking eele the simplest steam eycle se for thera po oonsists of steam ge nerator, a prime mover to obtain the morn Lia weno 19 sondense the steam Ho wae a 8 pa oomping rpicicncy of s Rankine eyele is very lows ee Sen er las ung ee 8 (70 dg ab a SPC pepcinnnme cry ea vin ich some slam is withdeava fom sped the bor an then ain supplied to thei, pressure higher than 84,36 ky/em?, reheat eyel jahregenerative eycle is ase invariably pion, reheat eye eombiqed High presure topping eyele is mainly used forthe impo ment of the peat rate of existing stations Binary vapour eycles using two Huds with a heat transfer ink between them have efficiencies much higher than thse ofthe usual steam eee, 0.12. Draw 4 Rankine eyele on pv and Ts diagrams, and explain sorious processes. ‘Ans. Rankine cycle is the theoret penkine cycle on the p-V and T-s diagrams is shown in fig,2.2(a)a ceycle used for thermal power plants. A l(b), respectively (b) Fs Diagram (a) p-v Diagram Fig, 2.2 Rankine CyclePee Engineering (ViI-Sem) sesces of the Rankine eyele are explained belo jous processes © . The various f ve 3-4 — The water from the hot well which j, ' Proce saute T; is pumped isentropically into the ft Tae Fereased slightly curing this process, rhe heat i supplied by the bot, 62, Power Plant Fossil Fual Steam Stations 63 jected during the cycle, feat rejecte e ! Qz~ hy ~ hy = T; (5, ~ sy) sp is the temperature of heat rejection a i Cycle efficiency. id ter pressure p an jemperature of water is al et (ii). Processes 4-5 and S-1~ where 8 4-5 and 5-1. 4c Tr(s1~s4) "emo steam during the processe’ a0 cs, Talia os the supply of hea oiler pressure p,. The points 4 and S are gy, my i reached re oye ei of water, during this Healing prog’ rence for a zien T,,, the cycle efficiency will increase with the reduction pov diagram as increase wer, there is practical limit on reduction of T,, as it seers cheat to the waler at constant presse ,, 7, However oo mit it cannot be negligible. 5-1 stn the oa on a ba than the ean einen ndings, ie minimum pressure to oe ices 12 The process I-2 represents theisentopic exp whith “SATS tne T, Thus, considering the ambien conditions contene i acme mover, During this expansion, extemal work is devey contesPmetticiency isa function of the T,,, only. The eyele efficiency will sesitne pressure of steam falls from py 10 P, and its temperature will bey he 2% i the increase in the mean temperature of heat addition i "w) Process 2-3 — Process 2-3 represents the condensation of et it. What is the need of reheating of steam in a multistage turbine ? ut from the prime mover in the condenser. During Wie Cor ly ‘9 improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle inlet pre carci Constant and there is only change of phase from sg Ans. To im! y ine cycle inlet pressure and Hee tripe conden, iemperature ofthe steam need to be increased, With the increase in inlet pressure ster as dhe latent heat is carried by the circulating water in the con al Le Pea expansion ratio in the turbine also increases and the steam becomes is ition and what is its i" \d of expansion. Which is not desired be e .. What is mean temperature of heat addition am se wetat the end ¢ sired betallse the ieee on corte offictency ? (RGPN May 3 a ve content of the steam causes corrosion of the turbine blades and "A Rankine cycle with superheated steam at the start of expansi eased losses. This reduces the nozzle and blade efficiency. To overcome oe re tn this cycle, hea is added reversibly at @ COnstant prey 252 problems, steam is extracted at a suitable point and reheated with the area under the curve 4-1 is equal t ‘mean temperature of heat addition. fo the area under the curve 5-6 is cal It is denoted by Tp, QS. Draw the arrangement of thermal system using reheat cycle. Also | explain the effect of reheating on the efficiency and output of the system. | Ans. Reheating of steam is done to prevent corrosion of turbine blades | duc to moisture present in steam at the end of expansion, Reheating of steam. | may be done either by using two independent turbine units as shown in | fig. 2.4 (@) or alternatively using a tandem set as shown in fig. 2.4 (b). In reheat cycle, the steam is extracted from a suitable point in the turbine and is reheated with the help of the flue gases in the boiler furnace. Reheating | increases the dryness fraction of steam passing through the lower stages of | the turbine. The dryness fraction of steam coming out of turbine should not Fig, 2.3 Mean Temperature of Heat Addition | nll below 0.88. The effect of reheat cycle is that the specific steam consumption Heat addition during the cycle, decreases and thermal efficiency increases. The increase in thermal efficiency Q,= hy -h,=T,, G,-s, due to reheat depends upon the ratio of reheat pressure to original pressure of eos hires | steam. The reheat pressure is kept within 20% of the initial pressure of the | steam. If the reheat is used at low pressure then the efficiency of the reheat | cycle is to reduce the specific steam consumption and consequently reduce | the size of the boiler and auxiliaries for the same output. Thus, mean temperature of heat addition will be given by4 Power Piant Engineoring (ViI-Sem) Feed Pum @ ) Fig. 2.4 Arrangement for Reheat Cycle Fig, 2.5 shows the T-s diagram for reheat cycle. Fig, 2.5 Fs Diagram for Reheat Cycle 0.16, Explain regenerative feed heating cycle with schemsi ‘arrangement and Ts diagram. Ans. The thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle is less than that of & Carnot cycle because the average temperature at which heat is added to Rankine cycle is less than that of the Camot cycle. The efficiency of Rank {Gzcle can be improved by increasing the temperature of the feed water to oiler. This can be achieved by regenerative feed heating, Fossil Fuel Stanm Stations 65 Pump (o) Schematle Arrangement Fig. 2.6 Regenerative Cycle (6) Fs Diagram in regenerative feed heating the steam is used to heat fed water. This i aby bleeding a part of steam from turbine at certain stages of expansion py for heating feed water in the separate feed heaters. This arrangement and us von in fig. 2.6 (a) does not reduce the dryness fraction of the remaining sssomesing trough the turbine. Fig, 26 (b) shows the regenerative syle on 117, What is a steam: turbine ? Classify various types of turbines used in thermal power plants. ns. Asteam turbine is a device, which converts the heat energy of the gam into mechanical energy. The steam turbine is directly coupled withthe ‘erator to generate the electrical power, In this turbine steam passes through Srozle, expands and attains a high velocity, thus heat energy of steam at high sure is converted into kinetic energy. “according to the method of converting heat energy of steam to kinetic ceergy, turbines can be of following two types ~ (i) Impulse Turbine ~ In an impulse turbine, the steam expands i the stationary nozzles and attains a higher velocity. There are a number ofstationary and moving blades. The steam jet strikes on the blades, fixed on the rotor periphery. In impulse turbine, complete expansion of steam tukes place in the nozzle and steam pressure remains constant, The pressure ‘onthe two sides of the blades is the same. The blades have symmetrical profile (ii) Reaction Turbine— In this turbine, partial expansion takes place inthe nozzle, Further expansion takes place as the steam flows over the rotor bles. Reaction turbine has fixed and moving blades. The pressure is gradually reduced in the blades as the steam passes through them.the furnas nis iE “* region is completely surrounded by water-cooled surface. Fossil Fuel Steam Stations 67 iy fired boilers are Lancashire boiler, simple vertical boiler, et | interne ally Tired boiler is Babcock and Wilcox boiler the exe pculation of Water ~ Circulation of water in the boilers may iv) ie Graral or forced cither Par" circulation type boilers, the circulation of water in the boiler 66 Power Plant Engineering (VIl-Sem.) ‘Steam turbines may also be classified as follows — (i) According to the direction of steam flow (a) Axial flow turbine (b) Radial flow turbine. (i) According to exhaust condition of steam pect at (a) Condensing turbine | 7 at py natural convection cuents produced by the application of (b) Non-condensing turbine. | ake ancashires ‘Locomotive, Babcock and Wilcox boilers, etc. employ natural iii) According to pressure of steam ion of Water i saa elton 4 eirculation type boilers, mechanical pumps are used to increase . in the boiler. Forced circulation is mainly employed in high circulation where rapid steam generation is required at high pressure. (a) High pressure turbine (b) Medium pressure turbine ter (©) Low pressure turbine. | peat Sensor, Loetier and Velox boilers employ forced circulation. i ‘position of Shell ~ According to the position of the axis of the 7 if 01 int ? ) 7 215, Hew do on desl OPS 000% haar He, May 2) gel the (ors are classified as horizontal and vertical boilers. In horizontal F ‘ shell the Pot rthe shell is horizontal and in vertical boilers, axis ofthe shell is ‘Ans, Boilers may be classified mainly on the basis of following criey BOHM! “Some horizontal boilers are Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler, () Nature of Use — According to the nature of use, the boileny nd Wilcox boiler, ete. and the vertical boiler is Cochran boiler. be either stationary or mobile. Stationary boilers are used for steam poy °°" 7) Number of Tubes - According to the number of tubes, the ity power plants, etc. Mobile or portable boi, |... are classified as single tube or multi-tubes. Single tube boilers have bale ingle fire tube or water tube as ina simple vertical boiler. n multitube only asin or more fire tubes or water tubes are used. Locomotive boiler, ‘and Wilcox boiler are multi-tube boilers. | power plant, usually high pressure water tube boilers are used plants, central station uti include locomotive type and other small units for temporary use at sites jus, in the small coalfield pits. Examples of stationary boilers are simple very. ot boiler, Lancashire boiler, Babcock and Wileox boiler, etc. Examples of pong HE (or mobile boilers are Locomotive boiler, boilers on road rollers, etc. ee acid (i) Contents in Tubes ~ The steam boilers, according 194 «ugh 3s La-Mont, Benson, LoefMer. contents in he tube maybe csifed the Fire whe oes and th ws "fg, pena some of the Boilers commonly used in thermal power “Also draw a neat sketch of conventional pulverised coal fired boiler. plants. “Ans. In thermal power plants, ususally high pressure, water tube boilers are used, which are discussed below ~ two large tubes with furnace arranged in front portion of it, and both the tute () La-Memt Boller — Thisis » modem bigh presse, valet Mabe surrounded by water in a big tube of waters in the case of Lancashire boil olet working on forced circulation. The circulation is mainiaincd! by a (©) Water Tube Boilers ~ In water tube boilers, the comes ®e0tfueal pump, driven by a steam turbine, using steam from the boiler. of the tubes is water and heat is supplied to outside surface, The tube: The feed water from the hot well is supplied to the boiler through the normally surrounded by hot gases. Examples of this catego! pepe esonomiser. Most of the sensible heat is added to the water during its passage incr tot uber om cael Me Bab commit the be Laeton of Furnace ~ According to the location of fanaa gh fen tueel Pump circulates the water equal to 8 10 10 times the weight the boiler ae caidas exemaly fied or imteroally red. The ene, pet evaporated. This water is eiculated through the evaporator tubes extemal combustion boiler when combustion tok re boileri and the part of the water evaporated is separated in the separate drum. The es place outsidet large quantity of water circulated prevents the tubes from being overheated. region of boiling water. The boile e boiler is said to be internal combust combustion boiler The steam separated in the boiler is further passed through the superheater 4nd finally supplied to the prime mover. To secure a uniform flow of feed (a) Fire Tube Boilers — In fire tube boilers, water surroux, the tube throngh which the hot products of combustion from the furnss pass. There may be one large tube surrounded by water as in Cornish boilers68 Power Plant Engineering (VIlSem.) water through each ofthe parallel boiler circuits, choke sited ati to each circuit. 7 This boiter is generally used to generate 45 t0 50 tonnes of sup | steam at a pressure of 120 atm and temperature of $00°C. ty (ii) Loeffler Boiler ~ This is a water tube boiler using circulation. In this boiler, the feed water from the economiser is fore with the superheated steam (coming out from the superheatcr) inthe eye 8 drum. The steam thus become saturated, it is then drawn by a steam cig ‘pump and after passing through the walls of combustion chamber it ene the superheater. Fiom the superheater about 35% steam passes to the iS ‘and remaining 65% is used to evaporate feed water in evaporating drum, This method prevents the deposition of salt and sediments on the jy surfaces of water tubes, thus boiler can carry higher salt concentration any other type. (iii) Bencon Boiler ~ In La-Mont boilers bubbles are formed on {nner surfaces of heating tubes, which offers high thermal resistance thang water film. These bubbles thus reduce the heat flow and steam genera Exhaust Gases {I i Hor Gasesto cold Ai ‘i Cantarton a bere 4 Trower yl Water tom AleFreteter at Wal =| Toner ape 2 Suerte { Supertened Steam toa suring Prime ntover A | Eom Fig, 2.7 Plverised Coal Fed Boer ee | sesmallees having low load small capacity steam turbin Fossil Fuol Stoam Stations 69 apne, Besnboierbuse. Benson bers hgh presse, (ter asng forced crcultin, In this boiler, water enters 0 1 vs superheated steam atthe other end. The feed pump an ero opera psu. abovecrical pressure 008 gine wal water directly transforms into steam without boiling a) ard water passes through the economise othe water his POUT e furnace. Here radiant surface evaporator raises its of ine trical temperate. I then enters the convective re 1 ee supethated 0 sme degree, Finally it passthrough epoca ad ONY get superheated tothe desied degre. ees pole a there is large drum, The average operating 1s i ey of sch oilers are 250 kar and 135 tones pr hou and es pulverised coal, whichis fired vertically through i oil WS Fen oi 7 shows the sketch ofa conventional pulverised ea spot eye v0 pen el ant trends in turbines and boiler sizes of thermal ive down recet qae. tite do (RGPY., Nov. 2019) poerolan Or criteria for selection of turbine and boiler size ofa thermal piseuss the (R.GRM, Dec. 2005) lai ein of Steam Turbine - The selection of a steam turbine for per plaat depends upon te following factors ~ My opacity ofthe plant (i) Plant los factor and capacity Factor {ay Thermal efficiency (iv) Reliability {resin of plant withreferencetoaaibiliyo water orcondenste ‘coast of the plant usually may vary ‘rom SO MW to 3000 MW. ecb sed canbe a singe lw or double bw and tandem compound. ersaple in plants of capacity 100 MV turbines wih 3 ylinders are used, Fee plats of capacity more than 200 MW thers could be 4 eylinders ‘base of central power station, condensing steam turbines are used. in be used Nowadays thee is a tendency of using high pressure steam starting ‘fom [60 kglcm?. For achieving higher pressure and efficiency, turbines with sdetand regenerative cycles are used. Sekection of Boiler (Steam Generator) ~ Capacity ofa steam generator fa plat will be equal to maximum heat input required by turbine plus 10 er overlod, Oly water tube boilers are used for power plants. The working pressure ‘td operating capacity of boilers is also increased reaching upto 375 kg/m? ‘1X00 oaeshe respectively. i | f70. Power Piant Engineering (Vil-Sem) | Factors which have to be considered, while selecting oiey Gi) Type of the Hoad. (ii) Type of the fuel t0 be bums (ii) Space available for boiler installation (is) Cost of the fol (9) Desirability of using heat recovery equipments suc, prcheater, eoonomiser, superbeater (3) Contos acest nse the ad 0B picked up guy Type of fuel used affects the design and efficiency of the plant. Coy 2 will use these fuels. Boilers should be equipped with the heat reclaiming equipments sug ‘ecanomise, air preheater. These equipments can increase boiler effi boier have higher eflceney du wo nereased hydrogen 1088s in pul facts, Plants near coal fields obviously use coal, while plants near oi ys Fosall Fun! Staor Stations 71 Mel ge eat transfer ates wo level is more stable due to less heat capacity of the res (nee gives better response. her sf adaptable to Toad fluctuations because of great ease of Ur mplicity and Pexibillty : 2 Te problem of erosion and corrosion ae minimized A gr thermal ficiency. yells - Demy Higher capital cost higher seam temperatures and pressures are always desirable (0) fated diet availability of materia ee ses the factors affecting the selection of high pressure ana 0 eres fora steam powcr plant (RGR, June 2003) 7$%4 to 90%. The method of fuel firing also affects eflicien mperath perso fs ice Ay ah ‘main factors which affect the selection of high pressure an. pulvensing fuel firing has higher efficiency 0.21. Write the recent trends in boiler size and steam conditions, te (RGR, June 24, ised? ' Ans. Selection of Boiler ~ Refer Q20. | the following advantages — (i) Thermodynamic efficiency is increased by using high temperatury (ii) A cycle using high superhest increases efficiency of only a pe ‘ofthe cycle while steam at higher temperature improves the efficiency of whole eyele. Higher pressures themselves are not advantageous but they are necessn for high temperature steam generation 0.22. What do you mean by supercritical steam thermal, : J termal power plant! Discuss the merits and demerits of such power plans. (RGPY., Dec. 200h Ans. The most receat method to produce economical th omical thermal power by use of supercritical steam eyee. Supercritical stam plats opetote wie sain stam above the “critical” pressure for water where shave the same density and no Jonger al y Het exit as Separate phase Benerally used when higher efficiency is desired el In supereriical steam generating plan, the retical boilers are hich re designed between working ranges of agar st Oot are set and 6O'C. The supercritical boiler consists of tay dn toe 10 300 at 60 distinct sections such as| Prebcse and sapetener Pesca, Daa aboke $00 MW capacity plants Hand SSE sreused for unt si | | - Q Selection of Steam Conditions ~ The recent trend in selection of sey ‘conditions in thermal power plants are higher pressure and temperature duey ns Tr fe fora steam plant are ~ the capital cost of the plant, thers rPemalisable, price of coal and the load factor of the station, pressure and high femperature steam results in higher efficene High pegses the plan's capital cost as aditionalequipmentsare need ve high temperature and pressure. Fig, 2.8 and 2.9 show the variatic and estimated cost of plant with increasing pressure anc pital coat i feliciency i ey oo 100 120 Seam Preure-kyiem? Steam Temperature,"C—— Fig. 28 Effects of Increased Fig, 2.9 Effects of Increased ‘Seam Pressure Temperature As we can see with increasing steam pressure estimated cost increases ‘oaiavously, while efficiency become constant after a certain point, thus it {sth diminishing returns. But with the increase in temperature efficiency {irs continuously, thus it is desirable to have highest temperature, As Soke temperature requires high pressure there! wires high pressure therefore, the Sar igh pr fore, we have to choose | || | 72 Power Plant Engineering (Vil-Sem.) Further, the fimit of hi the imi of high tempera ete i ature to Which a boi tel ‘he metallurgical properties ofthe eile ae Mth me where fuel costs are excessive and Taal ‘s snall sin nor efiseny dt high es mean tempo ofrcatvely greene, While consibingo rallies cost the pie facts, some other fst Whi Ten bile fi oe ile fixing the high press i han 10 be cong ‘ile iinet gh pres andiph emperor seaman Tos and anges, simplicity of operation, space vac hy i y ra 0.24. Enlist varie i preset Ents rious methods of generating high temperature ang Ans. High pressure and hi ] anUserees igh temperature ‘steam can be generated Re aes of water inside the Boiler ree mt ir c paneer aoa ‘of small tubes in order to increase the sur Gi) Treating the feed wat ‘water thoroughly bef (iv) Use of multiple tubes circuits. oy Before se (¥) Use of pressurised combustion. (Wi) Use of superheaters. 0.25. What the iF is pond are the two types of economisers used in thermal pox Ans. Following tw« a ing two types of economisers are used in thermal poke (© Plain Tube Type Econom I “conomiser ~The Lancashire boiler working under natural dug Te ae generally usedé cast iron to resist corrosive ation of fue gases. NY ae pues wi a mene Surface Tube Type Ezonomiser Extended suri surfaces increases beat smaller space. For pressure upto 50 bar eas ira fae} a us requle for pressure above 50 bar ste] tubes with castro fre woes te used at polasnitrg iron fiaed sleeves shrunk 0.26. Whats an economiser ? Give ad ; vantages of wi ina thermlpamer plant Also explain, ya superna 8 an economist power plant. ater is used in a thermal jomisers ~ Economiser is a water by utilizing the heat of flue gases, pled ‘0 heat up the feel the chimney. An economiser as shown in fig. 2.10 coe St4arzed throug! Of small diameter thin walled tubes which ae plaog go 04 large numb! Peleus enter the tubes uhrough one header ang ye 0 Wo heade® eden The flow of fue gases ouside he tubes yaar MOUGh the othe 'Y counter flow, »

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5814)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (844)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (609)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1717)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (348)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1866)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4770)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (807)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4203)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1898)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2522)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• Computer Science

  

  Document3 pages

  Computer Science

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• Power Plant Engineering Topics

  

  Document1 page

  Power Plant Engineering Topics

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• Power Plant Engineering Part 2

  

  Document59 pages

  Power Plant Engineering Part 2

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• TERM II SST

  

  Document4 pages

  TERM II SST

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• Turbo Machinery 5-6 Experiment. PDF

  

  Document17 pages

  Turbo Machinery 5-6 Experiment. PDF

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• Industrial Notes

  

  Document14 pages

  Industrial Notes

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• SocialScience-SQP Term2

  

  Document6 pages

  SocialScience-SQP Term2

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet
• Assinment of ME-601 A Solid Mechanics

  

  Document4 pages

  Assinment of ME-601 A Solid Mechanics

  HEMANT PATEL

  No ratings yet