Goa University

403206 Taleigao Plateau 403206

,
Tel: 8669609021/065
Fax: +91-832-2452889
Goa, India
State Public University since 1985
Recognized by UGC u/s 12-B
(Accredited by NAAC with A Grade) Email: arpg@unigoa.ac.in
Website: www.unigoa.ac.in

GU/Acad –PG/BoS -NEP/2022/339/22 Date: 19.08.2022

CIRCULAR

The University has notified Ordinance OA-35 governing the Master of Sciences in
Zoology Programme offered at the School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa
University Campus for implementation from the Academic year 2022-2023 onwards.

The approved Semester I and II Syllabus of the Master of Sciences in Zoology

Programme is attached.

The Dean/ Vice-Deans of the School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology is

requested to take note of the above and bring the contents of the Circular to the notice of all
concerned. Digitally signed by
DONALD AGNELO
ERASMO RODRIGUES
Date: 2022.08.19
'15:00:37 +05'30

(Donald A. E. Rodrigues)
Joint Registrar – Academic

To,
1. The Dean, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University.
2. The Vice-Deans, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University.

Copy to:
1. The Chairperson, Board of Studies in Zoology.
2. The Programme Director, M.Sc. Zoology, Goa University.
3. The Controller of Examinations, Goa University.
4. The Assistant Registrar, PG Examinations, Goa University.
5. Directorate of Internal Quality Assurance, Goa University for uploading the Syllabus
on the University website.
Course Code: ZOPC-406 Course Title: Field work -I
Number of Credits: 1
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite for Basic knowledge of Animal systematics

the course:
Objectives: To do a field survey
Contents:
Field work faunistic survey around 1 km radius of his/ her residence
during dawn every weekend for at least 2 months (8 weeks) using 15 x 2 lab
Transect or Quadrangle method of two different fauna. hours

One/ two day visit to sanctuary in Goa. * In unavoidable

circumstances overnight field work will be replaced by extending the
time period (from 8 weeks to 10 weeks of weekend faunistic survey).

*Evaluation of the field work component will be based on weekly

field notes and final compiled field report during SEA.

Pedagogy: Practicals, mini projects, group activities, presentations.

Learning To know the fauna surrounding one’s own house.
outcome:
References/ As mentioned under course DSCCZO1.
Reading:

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Course Code: ZOTE-401 Course Title: Advances in Genetics (Theory)
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic working knowledge of classical genetics.

for the
Course:

Objectives: This course develops concepts of animal and human Genetics and its
use in the diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Content:

Module 1
Basic principles of genetics, human genetic make-up, 15
genes as submicroscopic factors controlling human hours
traits, packing of DNA/chromatin into chromosomes,
nucleosomes and histones. Review on test cross, back
cross, Polytene and Lampbrush chromosomes, human
chromosome structure, sex determination in man, sex
chromatin, Lyon hypothesis, human karyotype, banding
techniques, chromosome identification and
nomenclature (ISCN). Principles of inheritance in man
(autosomal / sex linked / dominant / recessive /
mitochondrial inheritance); human pedigree analysis,
human genetic disorders, chromosomal (structural and
numerical; autosomal or X linked) and biochemical
(congenital diseases / inborn errors of metabolism) with
examples, Eugenics, euphenics and euthenics; genetic
counseling.

Module 2
Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders, cytogenetic, 15
biochemical and ultrasonography techniques, hours
amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling,
cordocentesis, biochemical markers for prenatal
diagnosis, triple test for Down’s syndrome.
Dermatoglyphics and its application in the diagnosis of
human genetic disorders, principles of FISH, RFLP &
DNA fingerprinting and their uses in human genetics.
Genetic models: mouse as a model mammal for genetic

21
 studies, other animal models for human diseases.

Module 3
Cancer genetics: Introduction and cellular aspects; types 15
of cancers, protooncogenes; oncogenes; viruses and hours
cancer; oncoproteins; tumor suppressor genes; inherited
cancer genes (familial cancers); cell cycle dysregulation
in cancer, chromosomal instability; roles of p21, p53,
ATM, BRCA1/2 in preventing cancer, tests for detection
of cancer, treatment of cancer: radiotherapy,
chemotherapy, hyperthermia, targeted drug therapy,
immunotherapy
Mapping genomes: a) Genetic mapping – DNA markers
- RFLPs, SSLPs, SNPs b) Physical mapping -
Restriction mapping, fluorescence in situ hybridization
(FISH), radiation hybrid mapping and sequence tagged
site mapping, gene mapping in Drosophila using two
point and three point test crosses with an emphasis on
interference and coefficient of coincidence.

Pedagogy In class /Online lectures, Assignments, Group activities, Presentations

Learning Outcomes 1. Knowledge of genetic variability in human population

2. Advanced Knowledge of animal and human genetics
3. Knowledge of modern methods for clinical genetic diagnosis
4. Knowledge of the genetic basis of common types of hereditary
diseases

Reading / Reference 1. Turnpenny P, Ellard S. (2020) Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics

and Genomics (16th edition), Elsevier

2. Strachan T, Read A. (2018) Human Molecular Genetics (5th edition),

Garland Science

3. Kothari ML, Mehta LA and Roychoudhury SS. (2009) Essentials of

Human Genetics, Oxford University Press, India

4. Pierce BA. (2020)Genetics: A Conceptual Approach (7th edition). W.

H. Freeman and Company

5. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, and Walter P.

(2014) Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th edition). Taylor & Francis
Group, New York, USA
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Course Code: ZOPE-401 Course Title: Advances in Genetics (Practicals)
Number of Credits: 1
Effective from AY: 2022 -23
Prerequisite Basic working knowledge of classical genetics.
for the
Course:

Objectives: This course develops concepts of Animal and Human Genetics and its use
in the diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Content:

1. Preparation of metaphase plates and karyotyping

15 x 2 hours
2. Dermatoglyphics analysis of human handprint
3. Pedigree analysis of X-linked and autosomal
recessive, dominant characteristics
4. G banding of chromosomes
5. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
6. Linkage mapping by two point and three point
cross

Pedagogy
Laboratory-based learning

Learning Outcomes 1. Knowledge of genetic variability in human population

2. Knowledge of human genetics
3. Knowledge of modern methods for clinical genetic diagnosis
4. Knowledge of the genetic basis of common types of hereditary diseases

Reading / Reference 1. Turnpenny P, Ellard S. (2020) Emery’s Elements of Medical

Genetics and Genomics (16th edition), Elsevier
2. Strachan T, Read A. (2018) Human Molecular Genetics (5th
edition), Garland Science
3. Kothari ML, Mehta LA and Roychoudhury SS. (2009) Essentials
of Human Genetics, Oxford University Press, India
4. Pierce BA. (2020)Genetics: A Conceptual Approach (7th
edition). W. H. Freeman and Company
5. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, and Walter P.
(2014) Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th edition). Taylor &
Francis Group, New York, USA

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 1.

Course Code: ZOTE-402 Course Title: Animal Behaviour (Theory)

Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of animal science and behaviour.

for the
Course:

Objectives: This course develops concepts in the behaviour of animals such as

underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms of behaviour as well as
its
importance in the animal kingdom

Content: Module 1
Introduction to animal behaviour (ethology): social
behaviour: parental care-types, parent offspring 15 hours
conflict, sexual strategies, mating types and
courtship, aggression and territory.

Communication in animals: auditory, echolocation,

infra and ultra sounds, tactile, visual, pheromones-
vertebrates and invertebrates, language of honey
bees-circle and waggle dance.

Feeding strategies: heterotrophs, parasitic,

saprophytes, commensalism, mutualism, coprophagy
and hematophagy.

Module 2
Learning and imprinting, habituation, conditioning. 15 hours
trial and error, neural mechanism of learning in
animals.

Socio-biology: Introduction, WO Wilson, Richard

Dawkins, WD Hamilton, Units of socio-biology.
Hamilton's theory and Altruism, cooperation,
reciprocation and Eusociality. Contributions to

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 sociobiology: Jane Goodall and Dian Fossy;
Properties, advantages of a social group, social
organization in primates.

Module 3
15 hours
Migration and navigation of animals: Introduction,
types and causes of migration in fishes and birds,
advantages of migration. Methods of studying
migration and navigation.

Human ethology: Introduction, ethological concepts

and human behavior, concepts of sign stimulus and
imprinting, kinship and human social system, human
beings and territorial behavior, human aggressive
behavior.

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials/assignments/self-study/Field study

Learning 1. Understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying

Outcome: behavior.
2. Gain insight on the different types of behaviour used for
survival in the animal kingdom

References / 1. Alcock, J. (2013). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary

Reading Approach. United States: OxfordUniversity Press,
Incorporated.
2. Mathur, r. (2009, 2010, 2014). Animal
behaviour. India: Rastogi publications.
3. Bonner, J. T. (2018). The Evolution of Culture in
Animals. United States: Princeton University Press.
4. Ehrman, L., Parsons, P. A. (1976). The genetics of
behavior. United States: Sinauer Associates.
5. Halliday, T. (1980). Sexual Strategy. United
Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

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Course Code: ZOPE-402 Course Title: Animal Behaviour (Practicals)
Number of Credits: 1
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of animal science and behaviour.

for the
Course:

Objectives: This course develops concepts in the behaviour of animals such as

underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms of behaviour as well as
its
importance in the animal kingdom.

Content: 1. Territorial behavior in insects / mammals / birds

15 x 2
etc. hours
2. Foraging behavior in birds / butterfly
3. Parasitism in birds / butterfly / frogs
4. Parental behavior in mammals / birds
5. Human aggressive behaviour

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials/assignments/self-study/Field study

Learning 1. Understand the mechanisms underlying behavior.

Outcome: 2. To gain an insight on the different types of behaviors used for
survival in the animal kingdom

References / 1. Alcock, J, Animal Behavior, Sunderland Sinauer Associates

Reading 2. Bonner JT, Evolution of Culture in Animals, Princeton Univ Press.
New Jersey
3. Ehrman L and Parsons PA, The Genetics of Behavior, Sinauer
Associates, Massachusetts.
4. Halliday T, Sexual Strategies, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Lythgoe, JN, The Ecology of Vision, Clarendon press, Oxford
McFarland D, Animal Behavior, ELBS Longman Publ. London
5. Animal Behavior by. Reena Mathur, Rastogi Publication,
Meerut-New Delhi.

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Course Code: ZOTE-403 Course Title: Ichthyology (Theory)
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of fish anatomy, physiology, and endocrinology

for the
Course:

Objectives: • To understand the various aspects of fish biology concerning its

anatomical and physiological systems.
• To understand the potentiality of the subject in India, with emphasis
in Goa.

Content: Module1
Fish diversity: natural history, evolution, and 7 hours
biogeographical distribution. Fish classification
(selected orders) and diversity of freshwater and
marine fishes of India concerning the Western
coastline. Meristic and morphometric studies; truss
morphometry.

Swimming modes and buoyancy in fishes. Functional

anatomy of fish muscles: body waves, energetics. 4 hours
Physiological aspects of dynamic and static lift.

Mechanism of gas exchange in air breathing organs

and air bladder. Circulatory system: aquatic and 4 hours
aerial respiration, cardiovascular physiology and
osmoregulation.

Module 2
Food and feeding biology: natural fish food. 5 hours
Components of balanced food, feed evaluation ratio,
feeding mechanism. Types of feeding. Structural
modifications to feeding habits. Digestive enzymes
and glands. Gut content analysis.

Concept of growth: growth curve, biotic and abiotic

factors affecting growth, role of minerals, vitamins, 4 hours
and hormones in the regulation of growth, influence
of nutrients in growth stimulation. Principles and
method of age determination.

Reproductive system: sexual maturity, development

of gametes in male and female. Fecundity and
27
 embryonic development. 6 hours
Fish diseases, immune response to pathogens. Effect
of abiotic, biotic, and xenobiotic stresses on the fish
immune system.

Module 3
Behaviour: feeding, schooling, migration, courtship,
and parental care. Adaptations and symbiotic 10 hours
associations. Sensory adaptations and coordination:
lateral line system, acoustic system, photoreception,
electro-receptors. Bioluminescence, chromatophores,
and sense organs in shellfish. Endocrine glands and
neuroendocrine coordination.
Pelagic and demersal fisheries of Indian coasts.
The relevance of the fish and fishery sector in Goa
with respect to research, society, and economy. 5 hours

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials/assignments/ small projects/self-study/presentations.

Learning Outcome: Knowledge in the broad area of ichthyology (fish biology), with special
reference to evolutionary relationships, adaptive morphological attributes,
biogeography, ecology, and physiology.

References 1. Selvamani B.R and Mahadevan R.K. (2008) Freshwater fish farming
/Reading (Campus Books International)
2. Pauly, D., P. Tyedmers, R. Froese, and L. Y. Liu. (2001). Fishing
down and farming up the food web. Conservation Biology in Practice
2 (4):25
3. Cury, P. and D. Pauly (2000). Patterns and propensities in reproduction
and growth of fishes. Ecological Research 15: 101-106.
4. Stergiou K.I. (2005). Fish Base: The modern tool of ichthyology,
fisheries biology and marine ecology. Proc. 12th Panhellenic Cong.
Ichthyology. 12: 92-95.
5. Jennings S., M.J. Kaiser and J.D. Reynolds J.D. (2001). Marine
fisheries ecology. Blackwell Science, London, 432 p.
6. Pauly D, Christensen V, Guénette S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila UR, Walters
CJ, Watson R, Zeller D (2002) Towards sustainability in world
fisheries. Nature 418:689–695.
7. Jhingran V, (1982) Fish and Fisheries of India 2nd Ed (Hind
Publication)
8. Kumar S and Thembre M (1996). Anatomy and Physiology of Fishes
(Vikas Publishing House)
9. Pillay T. V. S. (1990) Aquaculture – Principles and Practices (Fishing

28
 News Books Oxford
10. Bal D, and Rao K. P.(1984) Marine Fisheries of India, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishers.
11. Dutta Munshi, J (2006), Fundamentals of Freshwater Biology,
Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.
12. Kurian, C and Sebastian VO (2002), Prawn and
Prawn Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Corp., Delhi.

29
Course Code: ZOPE-403 Course Title: Ichthyology (Practicals)
Number of Credits: 1
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of Fish biology.

for the
Course:

Objectives: In-depth knowledge of the practical aspect concerning the detailed study
of anatomical features and physiological systems in various fishes.

Content: 1. Study of Goan fish fauna, sampling of fish and

shellfish, quantitative meristic and morphometrics 15 x 2
(Using FAO keys) hours
2. Comparative studies of gills, scales (Determination
of age), pharyngeal teeth, and the brain of fishes.
3. Study of feeding habits based on the relative
comparison of the gut length of the fishes.
4. Observation of the reproductive system in fish
(male and female) and determination of maturity
stages in fish.
5. Crude protein analysis of fish muscle by Lowry’s
method.
6. Histological studies of any two endocrine glands in
fish.
7. Study of embryonic developmental stages in
fish/crustaceans

Pedagogy: Mini projects/ tutorials/Group discussions/Field visits.

Learning Outcome: Students will become familiar with principles of ecology and behavior of
fishes. Students will become familiar with fish anatomy. Students are
expected to show mastery in the laboratory and field-based activities,
with an emphasis on anatomy and identification of fish species, and
understanding the socio-economic development through Fisheries.

References/ Reading 1. Paul.J .B. 2002. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries (Vol.1).
Blackwell Publishing.
2. Selvamani B.R and Mahadevan R.K. (2008) Freshwater fish
farming (Campus Books International)
3. Pauly, D., P. Tyedmers, R. Froese, and L. Y. Liu. (2001). Fishing
down and farming up the food web. Conservation Biology in
Practice 2 (4):25

30
4. The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology by
Gene Helfman, Bruce B. Collette, Douglas E. Facey, and Brian
W. Bowen. ISBN: 978-1-4051-2494-2 736 pages, May 2009,
Wiley-Blackwell
5. Bond's Biology of Fishes.2008. 3rd edition by Michael Barton
(ISBN:0120798751)
6. Cailliet, G., M. Love, A. Ebeling 1986 Fishes, a field and
laboratory manual on their structure, identification and natural
history. Waveland Press, Ill.

31
Course Code: ZOTC-407 Course Title: Anatomy of Vertebrates
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge on vertebrate anatomy, taxonomy and systematics is a

for the prerequisite for this course.
Course:

Objectives: 1. To develop knowledge about fundamental anatomical principles

among vertebrates.
2. To understand the adaptive changes
anatomical structures have undergone in the course of
evolution.

Content: Module 1
Detailed comparative analysis of vertebrate brain,
spinal cord and sense organs. 15 hours
Basic plan of vertebra construction. Axial and
Appendicular skeleton of vertebrates and their
modification.
Classification of vertebrate musculature. Axial and
appendicular musculature of vertebrates.

Module 2
Digestive system of vertebrates with special analysis 5 hours
of herbivore, carnivore and omnivore stomach.
Excretory system of Tetrapods, Mammalian kidney
in detail, specialized excretory structures such as
5 hours
rectal glands (elasmobranchs) and salt glands
(reptiles and Birds).

Testes and Vasadeferens in anaminiotes and

5 hours
amniotes. Ovary and oviduct of anaminiotes and
amniotes.

32
 Module 3
Respiratory structure of fishes, Types of Tetrapod 8 hours
lungs (Alveolar, Faveolar, Parabronchial and
Broncho- alveolar).
Circulatory systems of Vertebrates, Vertebrate portal
systems, Lymphatic system in Tetrapods. 7 hours

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials/ online teaching mode/self-study

Learning 1. Understand the basic concepts associated with each system of

Outcome: the body.
2. Identify structures that are in place in the body systems to perform
the
functions according to the habits or habitats of the animals.

References 1. Kardong K (2011), Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function

/Reading: and Evolution, Sixth edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
2. Kent CG and Carr R (2000), Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates,
Ninth Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
3. Liem KF and Franklin W (2001), Functional Anatomy of the
Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition, Harcourt
College Publishers, California.
4. Moyces C and Schulte P (2013), Principles of Animal Physiology,
Second Edition, Pearson International Edition, USA.
5. Prosser CL (1991), Comparative Animal Physiology, Part A,
Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition,
John Wiley & Sons Publication, Oxford.
6. Schmidt-Rhaesa A (2007), The Evolution of Organ Systems, First
Edition Oxford University Press.
7. Withers PC (1992), Comparative Animal Physiology, First Edition,
Fort Worth: Saunders College Publication.
8. Wolff RG (1994), Functional Chordate Anatomy, First
Edition, Amazon Publication, UK.

33
Course Code: ZOTC-408 Course Title: Animal Biochemistry
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Elementary knowledge on structural biochemistry of Protein, Carbohydrate

for the and Lipids.
Course:

Objectives: 1. To understand the biochemical integrity of various metabolic

pathways.
2. To understand metabolic pathways, their regulation, and application in
diagnostic and maintenance of human well-being state.

Content: Module 1
Water as biological solvent; Ionization of water and 15 hours
buffering in biological systems.
Enzyme Kinetics and enzyme inhibition; Catalytic and
Regulatory strategies of Enzymes, Allosteric proteins and
enzymes and its importance
Concept of metabolism; Concept of free energy; Coupled
reaction; Review of ATP and ATPase.
Role and mechanism of action of NAD+/NADP+, FAD,
lipoic acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, tetrahydrofolate,
biotin, pyridoxal phosphate, B12 coenzymes and metal
ions with specific examples, ascorbic acid, thiamine,
pantothenic acid and folic acid.

Module 2
Review on Regulation of Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis, 15 hours
Glycogenolysis & Glycogenesis. TCA cycle; Electron
transport system; Oxidative phosphorylation
Integration of fatty acid synthesis & β Oxidation of fatty
acid; Importance of cholesterol and lipoprotein in health
management Synthesis of steroid hormones; Eicosanoids :
types, outline of biosynthesis and their physiological
importance. Biological Membranes and transport: Lipid
bilayer, membrane dynamics, solute transport across
membranes.

34
 Module 3
Nomenclature and classification of amino acids; Protein 15 hours
and peptide chains; Primary-, Secondary-, Tertiary and
Quaternary structures of protein; Separation and
Purification of proteins. Protein turn-over and amino acid
catabolism; Nitrogen excretory pathways; Oxidation of
amino acids; Biosynthesis of amino acids in animal.
Biochemistry of Electrophoretic separation techniques;
Structures of Membrane receptors (Lipoproteins and
glycoproteins); G Protein coupled receptors, receptor
tyrosine kinase, adaptor proteins and gated ion channels.

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials /online teaching mode/self-study.

Learnin 1. Understanding the various metabolic pathways

g 2. Understanding the regulation of various metabolic pathways.
Outcom 3. Understanding the integrative metabolism and life processes.
e:
4. Understanding the application of metabolism in maintenance of human
well being state.

References 1. Devlin TM (2010), Text book of Biochemistry with Clinical

/Reading: Correlations, Willey, Oxford.
2. Murray RK, Granner D, Mayes P and Rodwell VW (2000), Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill, Companies, USA.
3. Blanco A and Blanco G (2017), Medical Biochemistry, Academic press.
4. Berg J, Tymoczko J and Stryer L (2002), Biochemistry, W H Freeman
and Company, New York.
5. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2010), Lehninger’s Principles of
Biochemistry, Freeman WH and Co, USA.
6. Pelley J (2012), Elsevier's Integrated Biochemistry, Elsevier Publication,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands

35
Course Code: ZOTC-409 Course Title: Molecular aspects of Developmental
Number of Credits: 3 Biology
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite for the Elementary knowledge of embryology.

Course:

Objectives: To understand the overall chronology of the development and

the role of various morphogens (protein/mRNA) in specification and
determination of various organs and body axis formation.

Content: Module 1
Mammalian Gametogenesis : ultra structure
7 hours
of sperm and egg; Molecular events in mammalian
fertilization (capacitation, prevention of
polyspermy, genetic fusion , activation of egg
metabolism).
5 hours
Cleavage in mammals, difference between
somatic mitosis and cleavage, regulation of
cleavage.

Gastrulation (epiboly and emboly). Development of 3 hours

extra embryonic membrane.

Module 2
Mechanism of cell cellular differentiation; Stages 8 hours
of Commitment (differentiation, specification and
determination; cellular communication: paracrine
factors and signal transduction cascades
(Jak-Stat pathway, smooth and patched protein
pathway, wnt signaling pathway, smad pathway) .
Developmental dynamics of cell speciation:
Specification of body axes in sea urchin-, 7 hours
insect-, fish-, avian- and mammalian embryo.

36
 Module 3
Induction and competence; cascade of 5 hours
induction during the formation of lens;
epithelium- mesenchyme interaction during formation
of feathers in bird.

The central nervous system and the epidermis: Primary

and Secondary neurulation; Differentiation of the 4 hours
Neural Tube.

Embryonic field; Pattern formation in vertebrate limbs,

generation of the proximal – distal, anterior – posterior, 3 hours
dorso - ventral axis of the limb.

Regeneration ability of animals; Role of Interstitial

cells in Regeneration in Hydra. Molecular mechanism 3 hours
of regeneration of limb in Salamander.

Pedagogy: Lectures/tutorials/online teaching mode/self-study.

Learning Outcome: 1. Understanding the basic concept of animal development

2. Understanding the cyto-differentiation and cellular
communication during the process of development.
3. Boosting the concepts and knowledge on regulation of gene
expression and their interaction.

37
References 1. Barresi MJF and Gilbert SF (2019), Developmental Biology,
12th edition, Oxford University Press, UK.
/Reading:
2. Carlson BM (2003), Pattern’s Foundation of Embryology, Mc
Graw Hill Inc., USA.
3. Gilbert SF (2003), Developmental Biology, 5th edition, Sinauer
4.Gilbert SF (2006), Developmental Biology,8th edition,Sinauer
Associates Inc., Sunderland, USA.
4. Gilbert SF (2013), Developmental Biology, 10th edition,
Sina
uer Associates Inc., Sunderland, USA.
5. Moody SA (2015), Principles of Developmental Genetics,
Academic Press., New York.
6. Slack JMW (2012), Essential Developmental
Biology,Willey Publication, USA
7. Wolpert L, Tickle C and Arias AM (2019), Principles of
Development, Oxford University Press.

38
Course Code: ZOTC-410 Course Title: Ecology and Biodiversity
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge on Taxonomy, Biodiversity, Environment and Ecology.

for the
Course:

Objectives: This course will help the learner to understand the concept and components of
ecology and its importance, population, community structures along with
interactions. Overall the course develops an in-depth understanding of the whole
ecosystem ecology and the various related concepts. Additionally, this course also
deals with emerging field of molecular ecology, conservation genetics and the
environmental
aspects highlighting the changing environment and global effects.

Content: Module 1
Introduction: Historical overview of ecology, ecology and
evolution, Ecological structure: Levels of organization, species
abundance and composition, Biodiversity 15
Ecological interactions: Positive interactions, Negative interactions, hours
Study of behavior and behavioral ecology
Ecological energetics: Food chains, Food webs and Trophic levels,
Primary production, Nutrient cycles

Module 2
Population ecology: population parameters and demographic 15
hours
techniques, Population growth and regulation, Population studies
and applications
Community ecology: Community nature and parameters,
community changes and ecological succession, Community
organization
Distribution and abundance: Biogeography: analysis of geographic
distributions, reasons of existence and co-existence of organisms in
niches
Management of threatened species: threat to species, In-situ
conservation, Ex-situ conservation.

39
 Module 3 15
Human ecology: Introduction and impacts, Human population hours
growth and food requirements, sustainable development
Ecology of change: oil spills, plastic and biodiversity, impacts of
climate change, Biodiversity Act 2004 (BMC, PBR).
Applied ecology: optimum yield problem, biological control,
ecotoxicology and pollution management, restoration ecology.

Pedagogy: Lectures/tutorials/online teaching mode /self-study.

Learnin 1. Essential in depth understanding of the concepts and components of ecology.

g 2. Students will learn ecosystem structure and function along with the
Outcom interactions involved at various levels.
e:
3. Vision to understand the ecosystem ecology along with sufficient knowledge
of energy flow and exchange.
4. Information about molecular ecology and conservation genetics.
5. Sensitization towards the environment with respect to the global scenario
and the related problems, impact, along with methods to tackle the
problems.

References 1. Andel JV and Aronson J (2012), Restoration Ecology: The New

/Readin Frontier, Second edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
g: 2. Baker AJ (2000), Molecular Ecology, In Molecular Methods in Ecology
(ed. AJ Baker), Blackwell Publishing.
3. Chapman JL and Reiss MJ (1999), Ecology: Principles and
Applications, Cambridge University Press.
4. Conklin AR (2004), Field Sampling: Principles and Practices in
Environmental Analysis, CRC Press.
5. Fahey TJ and Knapp AK (2007), Principles and Standards for
Measuring Primary Production, Oxford University Press, UK.
6. Grant WE and Swannack TM (2008), Ecological Modeling, Blackwell.
7. Odum EP and Barrett GW (2004), Basic Ecology: Fundamentals of
Ecology, Fifth Edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
8. Perrow MR and Davy AJ (2002), Handbook of Ecological Restoration
Vol 2 Restoration in Practice, Cambridge University Press.
9. Sutherland WJ (2006), Ecological Census techniques a handbook,
Cambridge University Press.
10. Wilkinson DM (2007), Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth system
Approach, Oxford University Press, UK.

40
11. Heatwole, H., Taylor, J. (1987). Ecology of Reptiles. Cocos (Keeling)
Islands: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
12. Snakes: Ecology and Behavior. (1993). United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill.

41
Course Code: ZOPC-411 Course Title: Laboratory Course-II
Number of Credits: 4
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic working knowledge of Animal Anatomy, Biochemistry, Embryology and

for the Ecology
Course:

Objectives: 1. To provideLaboratory hands on training in various aspects of

developmental biology, anatomy, biochemistry and ecology.

Content: Anatomy of Chordates 11 x 2

1. Preparation of the skeleton using a Chicken. lab
hours
2. Exposure of axial muscle of fish.
3. Digestive system of fish.
4. Reproductive system of fish.
5. Afferent and Efferent branchial system of fishes.
6. Brain of Chicken

*Dead fish collected from the market and chicken from the
slaughterhouse

Biochemistry 11 x 2
1. Preparation of biological buffers and standard reagents lab
2. Calibration of pH meter using standard buffers hours
3. Extraction and Estimation of major biomolecules in different
tissues of fish. Total Protein & free amino acids / glycogen &
glucose/ triglycerides & cholesterol.
4. Determination of Km and Vmax of Na+ -K + - ATPase/
Acetylcholinesterase.
5. Fractionation of Lipid moieties through TLC (demo).
6. Titration of an acid with conjugated base.

42
 Developmental Biology 11 x 2
1. Identification of developmental stages of chick embryo using lab
HH classification. hours
2. In vitro culture of chick embryo.
3. Effect of proline / retinoic acid in early development of chick
embryo ( In vivo as well as in vitro).
4. Effect pesticides on the ossification process of chick embryo
by dual staining method.

Ecology 12 x 2
1. Study of Pond, Grassland, and Forest Ecosystem lab
2. Habitat Preferences of Stream Invertebrates hours
3. Abundance and Distribution of Birds/Butterflies/Snakes etc
4. Landscape Ecology
5. Communities: Measuring Diversity
6. Basic concepts of cartography

Pedagogy: Practicals/ Mini projects/ Group Activities.

Learnin Hands-on training on certain areas based on courses on DSCCZO7, 208, 209 &
g 210.
Outcom
e:

References As mentioned under individual course DSCCZO7, 208, 209 & 210.
/Reading:

43
Course Code: ZOPC-412 Course Title: Field work-II
Number of Credits: 1
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of Animal systematics

for the
Course:

Objectives: To do a field survey

Content: Field Work faunistic survey around 1 km radius of his/ her 15 x 2

residence during dawn every weekend for at least 2 months (8 hours
weeks) using Transect or Quadrangle method of two different
fauna.

Visit to a National Park / Sanctuary, Universities and Research

Institutions outside Goa (within 1000 km from Goa ) for 5 -6 days
including Journey period. *In unavoidable circumstances
overnight field work will be replaced by extending the time period
(from 8 weeks to 10 weeks of weekend faunistic survey).

*Evaluation of the field work component will be based on weekly

field notes and final compiled field report as a component of the
SEA.

Pedagogy: Practicals, Mini projects, Group activities, presentations

Learning To know the fauna surrounding one’s own house.

outcome:

References/ As mentioned under course DSCCZO1

Reading:

44
Course Code: ZOTE-404 Course Title: Environmental Physiology (Theory)
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

for the
Course:

Objectives: 1. To learn the meaning of adaptation.

2. To understand how the various physiological processes adjusted during the
fluctuation of the various environmental parameters

Content: Module 1
Nature and levels of adaptation; mechanism of adaptation; 5 hours
cellular metabolism, regulation and homeostasis; concept of
stress and strain in animals.

Thermal adaptation: biochemical and physiological effects of 10 hours

temperature; Regulation of heat gain and heat loss, Dubois
temperature balance; role of nervous system and endocrine
system in thermal biology; homeoviscous adaptation of
membrane.

Module 2
Salinity adaptation: biochemical and physiological effects of 15 hours
salinity; regulation and movements of water and solute;
osmoregulatory organs and their excretory products; Role of
membranes in osmoregulation.
Strategies and mechanism in physiological adaptation with
reference to marine life, estuarine life, freshwater life and
terrestrial life.

Module 3 15 hours
Physiological and morphological adaptation of the animals living
in extreme environments.

Circadian rhythm: biological clock; analysis of circadian

rhythmicity; ultradian and infradian rhythm; behavioural and
autonomous rhythm; endogenous mechanism of rhythm.

Pedagogy: Practicals, Mini projects, Group activities, presentations

45
Learning 1. Understanding the concept of adaptation.
outcome: 2. Understanding the life processes at various environmental conditions.
3. Understanding the concept of biological rhythm.

References/ 1. Russel G Foster and Leon Kretzman, (2017); Circadian rhythm, A very
Reading: short Introduction, Oxford University Press, UK
2. Roberto Refinetti , ( 2016) ; Circadian Physiology , CRC Press, USA.
3. Hochachka PW and Somero GN; Biochemical Adaptation, Oxford
University Press, UK.
4. Nielsen S, (1997); Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Wilimer P, Stone G and Johston IA, (2004); Environmental Physiology. of
Animals, Wiley Blackwell Publishing Co, USA

46
Course Code: ZOPE-404 Course Title: Environmental Physiology (Practicals)
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

for the
Course:

Objectives: Laboratory training based on skilled based courses on Physiology.

Content: 1. Effect of thermal stress on the excretory rates in bivalves/fish.

2. Effect of salinity stress on the respiratory rates of 15 x 2
bivalves/fish. hours
3. Effect of salinity acclimation in the osmo-regulatory processes
of mud crab / fish / bivalves.
4. Effect of thermal stress on the carbohydrate metabolism of
bivalve/fish.
5. Effect of salinity stress on the membrane fluidity of gill
epithelial cells of mud crab /bivalve/fish.

Pedagogy Practicals, Mini projects, Group activities

Learning Hands-on training in environmental physiology experiments

outcome

References/ 1. Russel G Foster and Leon Kretzman, (2017); Circadian rhythm, A very short
Reading Introduction, Oxford University Press, UK
2. Roberto Refinetti , ( 2016) ; Circadian Physiology , RC Press, USA.
3. Hochachka PW and Somero GN; Biochemical Adaptation, Oxford
University Press, UK.
4. Nielsen S, (1997); Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Wilimer P, Stone G and Johston IA, (2004); Environmental Physiology. of
Animals, Wiley Blackwell Publishing Co, USA

47
Course Code: ZOTE-405 Course Title: Animal Cell Biology (Theory)
Number of Credits: 3
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic understanding of different components and functions of the cell.

for the
Course:

Objectives: 1. To develop advanced concepts of structural and functional properties of cell

and their components.
2. To understand dynamic functions associated with cell membrane and
organelles.

f5rContent: Module 1
Cell membrane: Plasma membrane dynamics involved in 7 hours
membrane fluidity (paracrystalline state, liquid-disordered state
and liquid-ordered state), transbilayer movements, lateral
movements, membrane rafts, caveolins, cell-cell interaction,
membrane fusions.

Importance of freeze-fracture microscopy and fluorophore 4 hours

photobleaching experiments to decipher membrane structure and
dynamism.

Nuclear transport: passive transport and selective energy 4 hours

dependant transport, karyopherins (importins and exportins),
NLS and NES

Module 2
Structural component of Endomembrane system, main vesicular 4 hours
transport pathways (inward transport: Endocytotic pathway and
outward transport: Secretory pathway) of endomembrane
systems and transport proteins involved.

Structural and functional polarization of Golgi apparatus, two 6 hours

models for cis to trans-Golgi progression (Cisternal Maturation
Model and Vesicular transport model, three pathways of protein
sorting at trans-Golgi network.

Lysosomes, signal-mediated diversion to regulated secretion, 2 hours

constitutive secretory pathways. LAMP and LIMP of lysosomes
and their significance.

Synthesis, structure, and functions of ribosome and its subunits

2 hours
in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Concept of LUCA in relation to

48
 ribosomes. (Additional: mention of Mitochondrial Eve and Y-
chromosome Adam concept).

Comparison of organelle composition of protein secreting and 1 hour

steroid-secreting cells.

Module 3
3 hours
Comparison of the constitution of Cytoplasm, Cytosol and
Nucleoplasm. Comparison of Cytoskeletal elements of
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
6 hours
Programmed and non-programmed cell death and its types,
Autophagy, Pyroptosis, Necroptosis, Parthonatos, Ferroptosis,
Apoptosis and Necrosis. Extrinsic versus Intrinsic pathway of
Apoptosis in Mammals.
6 hours
Cell signaling: General principles, specific responses to cell
signaling (survive, grow+divide, differentiate, death) with
example each, feedback loops of signaling networks, adaptation
to sensitivity to signaling. Overview of receptors, signaling
transducers and second messengers.

Pedagogy Lectures/ tutorials/Group discussions/PBL/self-study

Learning 1. Understand the functions of the cell at the molecular level.

outcome 2. Gain insight into the most significant functional cellular machinery to expand
understanding of biological disturbances.

References/ 1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2014) Molecular Biology of the Cell,
Reading Taylor & Francis Group, New York, USA.
2. Lodish H, Berk A, Lawrence S, et al., (2008) Molecular Cell Biology,
Freeman WH & Co. New York.
3. Watson JD, Beyker, Bell JD, et al., (2004) Molecular Biology of the Gene,
Pearson Education, Delhi.
4. Bray BAD, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K and Watson JD, Molecular Biology of
the Cell, Garland Publishing Co. Ltd. New York.
5. De Robertis EDP and De Robertis EMF, (1979)Cell and Molecular Biology
Saunders College, Philadelphia Dowben RM, Cell Biology, Harper and Row
Publ. London.
6. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M.(2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.
Seventh Edition (2017). Freeman WH and Co, USA

49
Course Code: ZOPE-405 Course Title: Animal Cell Biology (Practicals)
Number of Credits: 1
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic understanding of different components and functions of the cell.

for the
Course:

Objectives: 1. To develop advanced concepts of structural and functional properties of cell

and their components.
2. To understand dynamic functions associated with cell membrane and
organelles.

Content: 1. Isolation of lysosomes/ mitochondria from chicken liver 15 x 2

using differential centrifugation. hours
2. Cell isolation and enumeration using trypan blue method.
3. Cell toxicity study using MTT/XTT assay.
4. Study of histology technique using HE staining
5. Study of Cytokinesis-block assay using lymphocytes
culture.

Pedagogy: Laboratory-based learning, PBL, Demonstrations, videos

Learning 1. Skill development for isolation of cell organelles.

Outcome: 2. Gain insight into the most significant functional cellular machinery to expand
understanding of biological disturbances.

References 1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2014) Molecular Biology of the Cell,
/Reading Taylor & Francis Group, New York, USA.
2. Lodish H, Berk A, Lawrence S, et al., (2008) Molecular Cell Biology,
Freeman WH & Co. New York.
3. Watson JD, Beyker, Bell JD, et al., (2004) Molecular Biology of the Gene,
Pearson Education, Delhi.
4. Bray BAD, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K and Watson JD, Molecular Biology
of the Cell, Garland Publishing Co. Ltd. New York.
5. De Robertis EDP and De Robertis EMF, (1979)Cell and Molecular Biology
Saunders College, Philadelphia Dowben RM, Cell Biology, Harper and
Row Publ. London.
6. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M.(2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.
Seventh Edition (2017). Freeman WH and Co, USA

50
Course Code: ZOTE-406 Course Title: Wildlife Conservation & Management
Number of Credits: 3 (Theory)
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge in wildlife conservation and management

for the
Course:

Objectives: 1. To provide graduates in Biology a specialization in the field of Wildlife

Conservation and Management
2. To generate qualified students who can directly get jobs in the allied fields of
Wildlife Conservation and Management;
3. To generate qualified postgraduates who can be part
professional/Government organizations working in the field of Wildlife
Conservation and Management
4. To generate a team of post graduates who can take up jobs related to Wildlife
Conservation in the educational institutions.
5. To generate skilled post graduates who can undertake research in the field of
Wildlife biology.

Content: Module 1
Wildlife conservation and management: 7 hours
Introduction to Indian Wildlife, History and Diversity,
Biogeographic zones, Value of Wildlife, Important Indian fauna
and their distribution, Protected Areas, Endemic species;

IUCN red list: Extinct species of India, Endangered, Threatened, 8 hours

Least concern and Critically Endangered. Climate change and its
impact on wildlife. Impacts of pesticides on fauna..

Module 2
Environmental Ethics and Management: Conservation and 4 hours
Management of Wildlife: Conservation and management: In-situ
conservation and Ex-situ conservation; Reintroduction,
Ecological Restoration.

Innovative Methods in Wildlife: Camera Trap, Conservation 6 hours

Drones, Remote Sensing, Radio Telemetry, GIS, GPS Mobile
App, Capturing and marking techniques, trapping, darting,
tagging and banding, scat analysis, sign surveys.

Wildlife Census and Indices: Methods of animal census, counting 5 hours

methods. Animals in Indian Mythology. Major Projects.
Ecotourism and Environment Impact Assessment

Module 3 4 hours
Human Wildlife Conflict: Types of conflict, Prevention or
precautions, Human Elephant Conflict, Conflict between human,

51
 Tiger and Leopard, Conflict with Sloth Bear.
3 hours
Wildlife Trade and Crime: Wildlife products CITES, TRAFFIC,
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau in India, Wildlife Forensics.
5 hours
Law, Ministry and Organizations: Wildlife Protection Act of
(1972), National Board of Wildlife, Environment Protection Act
(1986), Biological Diversity Act (2002), The First National
Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) (1983), National Wildlife Action
Plan (2017-2031), MoEFCC

International organizations; UNESCO, IUCN, PETA. National 3 hours

Institutes/Organizations; NTCA, ZSI, BSI, CZA, WII, SACONH,
ENVIS. Non-Government Organizations.

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials/assignments/self-study

Learning 1. Understand the distribution and diversity of Indian wildlife including their
Outcome: conservation status.
2. Gain insight on the different methods and techniques in wildlife
conservation
3. Will gain practical knwolegde on wildlife management and conservation
4. Understanding towards implementation of different wildlife projects
including various laws, acts and regulations for the conservation of
wildlife.

References/ 1. Abdul Jamil Urfi (2004): Birds beyond Watching, University Press (India)
Reading Pvt. Ltd.
2. Dasmann, R.F. (1964) Wildlife biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Gary, K., Meffe, Carroll, C.R. and Contributors (1997): Principles of
Conservation Biology - 2nd Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc Sunderland
Massachusetts.
4. Giles, R.H. Jr. (Ed 1984): Wildlife management techniques - 3rd edition,
The wildlife society, Washington D.C.
5. Grimmet, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (1999): Pocket Guide to the birds of
Indian Subcontinent, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
6. Hosetti, B.B. (2003): Wetlands Conservation and management, Pointer
Publishers, Jaipur, India.
7. Kazmerezak Krys and Van Perlo Ber (2000): A field Guide to the birds of
India, OM Book Series, New Delhi.
8. Robinson W.L. and Eric G. Bolen (1984): Wildlife Ecology and
Management, Millen Publishing Co. New York.
9. Salim Ali (2002): The book of Indian Birds, revised edn. BNHS & Oxford
University press, New Delhi.
10. Sharma B.K and Kaur, H. (1986): Environmental Chemistry. Goel
Publishing House, Meerut.
11. Teague R.D. (Ed.). 1980. A Manual of wildlife conservation, The Wildlife

52
 society Washington D.C.
12. Essentials of Conservation Biology, Fourth Edition, by R.B. Primack.
13. Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Management, by Reena Mathur

Course Code:ZOPE-406 Course Title: Wildlife Conservation & Management

Number of Credits: 3 (Practicals)
Effective from AY: 2022 -23

Prerequisite Basic knowledge in wildlife conservation and management

for the
Course:

Objectives: 1. To provide graduates in Biology a specialization in the field of Wildlife

Conservation and Management
2. To generate qualified students who can directly get jobs in the allied fields of
Wildlife Conservation and Management;
3. To generate qualified postgraduates who can be part
professional/Government organizations working in the field of Wildlife
Conservation and Management
4. To generate a team of post graduates who can take up jobs related to Wildlife
Conservation in the educational institutions.
5. To generate skilled post graduates who can undertake research in the field of
Wildlife biology.

Content: Module 1
1. Mammal distribution of Goa 15 x 2
(i) Primates: Rhesus macaque hours
(ii) Carnivores: Tiger, Panther, Sloth bear
(iii) Ungulates: Sambar, Chital, Wild boar.
2.Horn/ Antler identification.
3.Pugmark analysis and Camera trap methods.
4. Animal Scat, pellet, dung, droppings analysis (Indirect
evidences)
5.Case study of Man-Animal conflict and Ethnozoology. Visit to
Zoo/Wildlife Sanctuary/National Park/Turtle nesting site

Pedagogy: Lectures/ tutorials/assignments/self-study

Learning 1. Understand the distribution and diversity of Indian wildlife including their
Outcome: conservation status.
2. Gain insight on the different methods and techniques in wildlife conservation
3. Will gain practical knwolegde on wildlife management and conservation
4. Understanding towards implementation of different wildlife projects including
various laws, acts and regulations for the conservation of wildlife.

References/ 1. Abdul Jamil Urfi (2004): Birds beyond Watching, University Press (India)
Reading Pvt. Ltd.

53
2. Dasmann, R.F. (1964) Wildlife biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Gary, K., Meffe, Carroll, C.R. and Contributors (1997): Principles of
Conservation Biology - 2nd Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc Sunderland
Massachusetts.
4. Giles, R.H. Jr. (Ed 1984): Wildlife management techniques - 3rd edition, The
wildlife society, Washington D.C.
5. Grimmet, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (1999): Pocket Guide to the birds of
Indian Subcontinent, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
6. Hosetti, B.B. (2003): Wetlands Conservation and management, Pointer
Publishers, Jaipur, India.

54