nu{[tLÿk[kÞo W¥kh „wshkŒ Þwr™ðŠ‚xe, …kxý

©e WíÚkk™ BSW fku÷us

BACHELOR IN
SOCIAL WORK
Sem.-1

English
yt„úuS
‚t…kËf
zkì. fw{kh…k¤ …h{kh

©e WíÚkk™ BSW fku÷us

{w. fý¼k, Œk. rðò…wh, S. {nu‚kýk
 nu{[tLÿk[kÞo W¥kh „wshkŒ Þwr™ðŠ‚xe, …kxý
©e WíÚkk™ BSW fku÷us

UNIT - 1

Grammar: Basic
Articles: A, An, The
Part of Speech- Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Conjugation, Preposition,
Interjections
Noun: Singular, Plural
Sentence: Types of Sentence: Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory

©e WíÚkk™ BSW fku÷us

{w. fý¼k, Œk. rðò…wh, S. {nu‚kýk
 Basic Grammar

Articles: A, An, The

yt„úuS ÔÞkfhý{kt ykŠxf÷ ‚{sŒk …nu÷k yk…ýe {kŒ]¼k»kk „wshkŒe™u ‚{sðe
sYhe Au y™u „wshkŒe™e þYykŒ f¬kÚke ÚkkÞ Au. yt„úuS y™u „wshkŒe ÔÞkfhý{kt
…ý Mðh y™u ÔÞts™ ƒL™u «fkh™k yûkhku nkuÞ Au, su ™e[u {wsƒ Au.

yt„úuS Mðh
a e i ou
(yt„úS{kt fw÷ …kt[ Mðh nkuÞ Au, su ¾k‚ ÞkË hk¾ðk)

yt„úuS ÔÞts™
bcdfghjklmn pqrst vwxyz
(yt„úS{kt fw÷ yufðe‚ ÔÞts™ Mðh nkuÞ Au, su …ý ¾k‚ ÞkË hk¾ðk)

„wshkŒe Mðh
y yk R E W Q É yu yi yku yki yt y:

„wshkŒe ÔÞts™
f ¾ „ ½ [ A s Í x X Ä ™ … V ƒ ¼ { h Þ ÷ ð þ »k ‚ n ¤ ûk ¿k

W…h «{kýu „wshkŒe ¼k»kk{kt Mðh y™u ÔÞts™ ‚{S ÷eÄk ƒkË nðu yt„úuS{kt
ykŠxf÷ yux÷u fu A, An, The ‚{Sþwt.

Ÿ òu fkuE þçË™ku Wå[kh „wshkŒe Mðh ( y, yk.........) ðzu ÚkkÞ Œku Œu

þçË yk„¤ an y™u ÔÞts™ ( f, ¾ ............) yk„¤ a ð…hkÞ Au.

Ÿ ‚„k– ‚tƒtÄe fu yuðk …kuŒk™k fkuE ‚tƒtÄe ÔÞrfŒ yk„¤ ykŠxf÷ ykðŒku
™Úke.

Ÿ ‚{„ú ð„o {kxu the ykŠxf÷ ð…hkÞ Au. su{ fu the Hindus, the
muslims, the teachers, etc.
Ÿ «kýe fu …ûke™k ‚{„ú ð„o {kxu …ý the ykŠxf÷ ykðu.

Ÿ sÞkhu fkuE yuf nkuðk {kxu yuf s ÔÞrfŒ nkuÞ Œku ykŠxf÷ ð…hkŒku ™
r™rùŒŒk ƒŒkððk ƒnwð[™ ™e yk„¤ the ykŠxf÷ ykðu Au.

Ÿ a/an ™ku yÚko yuf ÚkkÞ Au. sÞkhu ƒnwð[™{kt ðk…hðk™e sYh …zu Œku the
ykŠxf÷ ykðu Au.

Ÿ ÿÔÞðk[f fu ¼kððk[f ™k{ku™e …qðuo the ykŠxf÷ ykðŒwt ™Úke …ý r™rùŒ

yÚko{kt the ykŠxf÷ ð…hkÞ Au. Ëk. Œ : Pride is bad …ý he pride of Ravana
was the cause of his down tall.

Ÿ a/an ™ku W…Þku„ yr™rïŒ yÚkðk yM…ü ƒkƒŒku, {kuxk ð„kuo{ktÚke «kýe, ÔÞrõŒ fu
ðMŒw™u y÷„ Œkhððk, ‚t¿kkðk[f ™u òrŒðk[f{kt ƒË÷e ™k¾ðk{kt {kxu ð…hkÞ Au.

Ÿ ‚t˼o ƒŒkððk yux÷u fu yufðkh ðkŒ fu WÕ÷u¾ ÚkÞk ƒkË VheÚke Œu s ðMŒw™e ðkŒ
fhðk, yuf ð[™™wt ™k{ yk¾k ð„o {kxu, fwËhŒ™e yuf y™u {kºk yuf s ðMŒwyku
(‚qÞo, [tÿ, „ún, …ðoŒ....), Ä{o þkMºkku, {nkfkÔÞ, yrîrŒÞ/yòuz ðMŒw,
rðþu»kýÚke ™ðkòÞu÷k ™k{, ‚w…h÷urxð ze„úe yk„¤ Ëþkoððk rðþu»ký™e …nu÷kt,
‚t„eŒ™k ðkãku, noun ™u yãknkh fhðk, noun …h ¼kh {qfðk {kxu Úku ykŠxf÷
ð…hkÞ Au.

Ÿ water, milk, oil, honey suðe «ðkne ðMŒw yk„¤ a/an ykŠxf÷ {qfkŒku ™Úke
fkhý fu ykðe ðMŒwyku 1, 2, 3 ..... yu{ ‚tÏÞk ðzu „ýe þfkÞ Au.

MðkæÞkÞ
Fill with A, An, The
Ÿ I think ______ animal is in the garage.
Ÿ That man is ____ scoundrel.
Ÿ We are looking for _____ apartment.
Ÿ I own ____ cat and two dogs.
Ÿ I ate ___ apple yesterday.
Ÿ Thank you for ___ advice you gave me.
1. An honest man is ________ noblest creation of the God.
A. a B. an
C. the D. No article
Ans: C
2. ________ man is mortal.
A. No article B. A
C. An D. The
Ans: A
3. ________ Bay of Bengal lies in the Indian Ocean.
A. A B. There
C. The D. An
Ans: C
4. I praise ________ honesty of this boy.
A. the B. your
C. a D. an
Ans: D
5. Ustad Amjad Ali Khan plays ________ Sarod.
A. A B. The
C. An D. On
Ans: B
6. ________ Mahabharat was written by Ved Vyas.
A. A B. An
C. The D. None of the above
Ans: C
7. Sir C.V. Raman is ________ Newton of India.
A. No article B. an
C. a D. the
Ans: D
8. He has never seen ________ UFO.
A. a B. an
C. the D. None of the above
Ans: A
9. Mrs. Mauna Vyas is ________ M.A. (English)
A. the B. an
C. of D. a
Ans: B
10. Today I saw ________ European in a temple.
A. the B. a
C. none D. an
11. ________ ugly should not be hated. They too are human being.
A. The B. A
C. Those D. An
Ans: A

12. Do not tell ________ lie.

A. No Article B. A
C. An D. The
Ans: B
13. ________ brave are not afraid of death.
A. A B. The
C. An D. No article
Ans: B
14. I saw a man and a woman in AGORA MALL yesterday. ________ man was fat and short.
The woman was slim and tall.
A. A B. The
C. An D. That
Ans: B
15. Ramesh's father is ________ M.P and Suresh's father is________ Member of Legislative
Assembly.
A. An, A B. An, An
C. A, An D. An, The
Ans: A
16. Sachin Tendukar is ________ to score double century in one day cricket.

A. a first B. an first
C. the first D. first
Ans: C
17. It was ________ worst period of my life.

A. a B. an
C. the D. No article
Ans: C
18. I bought ________ horse, ________ ox and ________ buffalo.

A. the, the, the B. an, an, a

C. a, an, a D. a, an, the
Ans: C
19. ________ sun shines very brightly in summer.
A. An B. A
C. The D. That
Ans: C
20. Rajesh is ________ tallest boy in the class.
A. a B. an
C. the D. no article
Ans: C
21. Rachi entered ________ one way road.
A. No article B. a
C. an D. the
Ans: B
22. Iron ________ useful metal.
A. no article B. a
C. an D. the
Ans: B

23. Mahatma Gandhi lived for ________ pure cause.

A. a B. an
C. the D. that
Ans: A
24. She lost ________ ring that I had gifted her.
A. a B. an
C. the D. that
Ans: C
25. ________ lion is the beast of prey.
A. A B. An
C. The D. That
Ans: C
26. My uncle is ________ S.D.O.
A. a B. an
C. the D. that
Ans: B
27. We are going to borrow some books from ________ library.
A. an B. none
C. the D. some
Ans: B
28. Mr. Abraham enjoys reading ________ mystery novels.
A. a B. no article
C. the D. an
Ans: C
29. Whales are ________ largest animals in the sea.
A. None B. an
C. the D. a
Ans: C
30. Mr. Jay is ________ union leader.
A. an B. None of three
C. the D. a
Ans: C
31. ________ Bhagvad Geeta is a holy book of ________ Hindus.
A. The & the B. The & a
C. The & an D. A & an
Ans: A
32. ________ Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
A. The B. No article
C. A D. An
Ans: B

33. ________ Indian army rescued ________ affected people.

A. An, an B. The, an
C. An, the D. The, the
Ans: C
34. ________ UN officials greeted the people on ________ occasion of Diwali.
A. An, the B. The, the
C. An, an D. The, an
Ans: D
35. Rohan is ________ cleverest student in our class.
A. none of these B. the
C. an D. a
Ans: B
 PARTS OF SPEECH - ¼k»kkLkk ½xfku
There are 10 parts of in speech English language. It can be called Word Family. No part of
the sentence is orphan. The parts are known with the following names.
ytøkúuS ¼k»kk{kt 10 «fkhLkk þçËku Au. íkuLku þçË Ãkrhðkh fne þfkÞ. ðkõÞLkku yuf Ãký ¼køk yLkkÚk LkÚke. yk ¼køkkuLku Lke[uLkk
Lkk{Úke yku¤¾ðk{kt ykðu Au.
1. Noun (Lkk{) : - Noun is a word used for a person, place or thing. ÔÞÂõík, ðMíkw fu MÚk¤Lkk {kxu
ðÃkhkíkku þçË yux÷u Lkk{. For Example: - Ahjoliya, Gyan, city, cat, mother etc.
2. Pronoun (MkðoLkk{) : - Pronoun is a word used instead of (in place of/ in lieu of/ to replace)
a noun. Lkk{Lku çkË÷u ðÃkhkíkku þçË yux÷u MkðoLkk{.
For Example:- he, she, their, mine, some, this, either, both all, some, any, himself etc.
3. Verb (r¢ÞkÃkË) : - Verb is a word of action performed by any part of a living being. fíkko îkhk
fhkÞu÷e r¢ÞkLku ðýoðíkku þçË yux÷u r¢ÞkÃkË.
For Example:- describe, write, read, run, sing, know, look etc.
4. Auxiliary (MknkÞfkhf) : - Auxiliary is a word that helps a verb. {wÏÞ r¢ÞkÃkËLkk MknkÞf íkhefu
ðÃkhkÞ íku MknkÞfkhf r¢ÞkÃkË.
For Example:- can, could, may, might, shall, will, would, should, must, ought to, do,
does, did, have, has, had, is, am, are, was, were, having, need, dare, let, used to, going to,
be, been, being etc.
5. Adjective (rðþu»ký) : - Adjective is a word that adds something in the meaning of a noun.
Lkk{Lkk yÚko{kt ðÄkhku fhíkku þçË yux÷u rðþu»ký.
For Example: - poor, intelligent, fast, clever, round, nice, my, this, that etc.
6. Adverb (r¢Þk rðþu»ký) : - Adverb is a word that adds something in the meaning of a verb
/ an adjective or adverb r¢ÞkÃkË / rðþu»ký fu r¢Þkrðþu»kýLkk yÚko{kt ðÄkhku fhíkku þçË yux÷u r¢Þkrðþu»ký.
For Example: - slowly, differently, cleverly very, fast, really etc.
7. Preposition (Lkk{Þkuøke yÔÞÞ) : - Preposition is a word that shows the connection between
the two words. çku þçËku (Lkk{ / MkðoLkk{) ðå[uLkku MktçktÄ Ëþkoðíkku þçË yux÷u Lkk{Þkuøke yÔÞÞ.
For Example: - on, in, among, under, into etc.
8. Conjunction (MktÞkusf) : - Conjunction is a word that joins (connects) words phrases or
sentences. þçËku, þçËMk{qnku fu ðkõÞkuLku òuzíkku þçË yux÷u MktÞkusf.
For Example: - but, therefore, because, before, unless etc.
9. Article (ykŠxf÷ - WÃkÃkË) : - Article is a word used to denote a single number, a small or
large number of any common nouns. yufð[Lk fu çknwð[LkLkk òríkðk[f Lkk{Lku Lk¬e fhðk {kxu / Ëþkoððk
{kxu ykŠxf÷ (WÃkÃkË) ðÃkhkÞ Au. For Example: - a, an, the
10. Interjection (fuð¤«Þkuøke) : - Interjection is a symbol that shows a sudden feeling such as
joy, surprise or shock. ykLktË, ykùÞo fu Ëw:¾ suðe ykfÂM{f ÷køkýeLku Ëþkoðíkku þçË yux÷u fuð¤«Þkuøke.
For Example: - Oh, Alas, What, How, Hurrah, Hurray, Wow.
 NOUN
Proper Noun Common Noun Collective Noun Material Noun Abstract Noun

Proper Noun:
ÔÞÂõŒ, MÚk¤, …wMŒf, ¼k»kk, ðkh, {rn™k, Œnuðkh, ð„uhu fu su™k ™k{ …kzðk{kt ykÔÞk
Au y™u yu ™k{ {kºk y™u {kºk yu™u yuf s ÷k„w …kzŒw nkuÞ Œu™u ¾k‚ ™k{ yux÷u fu «ku…h
™kW™ fnuðkÞ Au.
Raju, Kumar, Bhavika, Shailesh, Mahi, Mehsana, English, Gujarati, State,
Ramayana

Common Noun
su ™k{ ‚{k™ ÷ûký ÄhkðŒk Œ{k{ ‚ÇÞku™u ÷k„w …zu Œu ™k{™u ‚k{kLÞ ™k{ yux÷u
fu fku{™ ™kW™ fnuðkÞ Au.
Fan, Animal, Tiger, Human, Window, Table, Girl

Collective Noun
‚{qn fu yuf fhŒk ðÄkhu ‚ÇÞku™k ƒ™u÷k sqÚk™u ÷k„w …zŒk ™k{™u f÷uõxeð ™kW™
fnuðkÞ Au.
Crowd, Jury, Army, Professor, Committee, Society, Bunch, Audience

Material Noun
‚{qn fu yuf fhŒk ðÄkhu ‚ÇÞku™k ƒ™u÷k sqÚk™u ÷k„w …zŒk ™k{™u f÷uõxeð ™kW™
fnuðkÞ Au.
Crowd, Jury, Army, Professor, Committee, Society, Bunch, Audience
A pride of lions A tribe of natives
An army of ants A human of the earth
A swarm of bees A murder of crows
A cattle of cows A litter of milk
Material Noun:
…ËkÚkoðk[f ™k{ yux÷u fu sÚÚkkðk[f ðMŒw {kxu ð…hkŒk ™k{™u {xeheÞ÷ ™kW™
fnuðkÞ Au. yk «fkh™k ™k{™u òu¾e fu {k…e þfkÞ, …ý „ýe þfkÞ ™rn, y™u yu™wt
ƒnwð[™ ÚkkÞ ™ne
Sugar, Kerosene, Gold, Silver, Mercury, Oil, Milk, Rice

Abstract Noun
¼kððk[f ‚t¿kk fu „wýðk[f ‚t¿kk yux÷u yuçxÙuõx ™kW™ fnuðkÞ Au. yk «fkh™k
™k{™u {kºk y™w¼ðe þfkÞ ßÞkhu Œu™u M…þeo þfkÞ ™ne
Kindness, Goodness, Love, Like, Griaf, Pain, Power, Envy

MðkæÞkÞ
Point out the Nouns in the following sentences
Ÿ The crowd was in large numbers.
Ÿ Always say the truth
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Ÿ We all love loyalty.
Ÿ Our class consists of twenty-five students
Ÿ Shankar was known for his wisdom
Ÿ Cleanliness is next to godliness.
Ÿ We saw a fleet of ships at Pearl harbor.
Ÿ The Godavary river overflows its banks every year.
Ÿ A committee of seven was appointed.
Ÿ Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.
Ÿ The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.
Ÿ Without health there is no happiness.
Ÿ He gave me a bunch of bananas.
 Pronoun - ‚ðo™k{

Pronoun-‚ðo™k{ yux÷u þw?

™k{™u ƒË÷u su þçË ð…hkÞ Œu™u ‚ðo™k{ y™u yt„úuS{kt «k™kW™ fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
su™u „wshkŒe{kt ‚ðo™k{ fneyu Aeyu. yt„úuS ÔÞkfhý{kt Œu™k rðrðÄ «fkhku òuðk {¤u
Au. su yk «{kýu Au.
Ëk.Œ.
The train was late, it had been delayed
The trains were late and they had been delayed

Personal Pronoun-…wÁ»kðk[f ‚ðo™k{

yk «fkh™k ‚ðo™k{ku òrŒ, ð[™, rð¼ÂõŒ y™u …wÁ»k «{kýu y÷„-y÷„ nkuÞ Au.
¾k‚ ºký rð¼ÂõŒ «{kýu yk ‚ðo™k{ku™ku W…Þku„ ÚkkÞ Au. yu™u ƒhkƒh ‚{sðk {kxu
™e[u™k fkuXk™u ƒhkƒh ‚{S ÷uðwt sYhe Au.
fŒko rð¼ÂõŒ f{o rð¼ÂõŒ ¼khðk[f fu ykí{÷ûke
‚ðo™k{

I Me Myself

We Us Ourselves

You You Yourself

You You Yourself

He Him Himself

She Her Herself

It It Itself

They Them Them

1. fŒko rð¼ÂõŒ: ÔkkõÞh[™k{kt su r¢Þk™ku fh™kh nkuÞ Œu fŒko rð¼ÂõŒ{kt ykðu

Au. ™k{™u ƒË÷u ßÞkhu ‚ðo™k{ fŒko rð¼ÂõŒ{kt ð…hkÞ íÞkhu fkuXk{kt Ëþko Ô Þk
{wsƒ I, We, You, He, She, It, They ð„uhu òrŒ «{kýu ð…hkÞ Au.
Ëk.Œ.
I play cricket every day. He plays valley ball.

y®nÞk r¢Þk™ku fh™kh yux÷u fu r¢fux y™u ðku÷eƒku÷ h{™kh I y™u He Au. yux÷k
{kxu s Œu™u fŒko rð¼ÂõŒ Œhefu I y™u He ð…hkÞwt Au.

‚ðo™k{™ku W…Þku„
yt„úuS ðkõÞ{kt ‚ðo™k{™ku W…Þku„ ºký «fkhu fhðk{kt ykðŒku nkuÞ Au.

fŒko Œhefu I go to school by bus.

f{o Œhefu Sailesh takes lecture everyday
‚tƒtÄf Œhefu My name is Kiran Chaudhary

1. Personal Pronoun - …wÁ»kðk[f

I, You, We, The, He, She, It,

2. Demonstrative - Ëþofðk[f
This, That, Those, Such, These

3. Relative - ‚tƒtÄðk[f
Which, Who, As, Whose

4. Interrogative - «&™ðk[f
Who ?, Which ?, What ?

5. Indefinite - yr™rïŒ
Any, Some, Everyone, None.
 Adjective

• Adjective çkLkkððk {kxu þçËku{kt Úkíkk VuhVkh

1. þçËLku Auzu ‘ent’ fu ‘ment’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘al’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. accident-accidental, sentiment-sentimental,
experiment-experimental, incident-incidetital.
2. þçËLku Auzu ‘ture’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘tural’ ykðu. culture-cultural, nature-natural, yÃkðkË picture-
pictorial.
3. þçËLku Auzu ‘ion, tion, sion’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘al’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. division-divisional, education-education-
educational, intention-intentional, option-optional, nation-national, profession-
professional )
4. þçËLku Auzu ‘ry’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘rial’ ykðu. industry-industrial, memory-memorial, yÃkðkË history-
historical.
5. þçËLku Auzu ‘ce’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘tial’ ykðu. influence-influential, palace-palatial, yÃkðkË practice-
practical, yÃkðkË race-racial
6. þçËLku Auzu ‘y, ty, cy’ nkuÞ íkku ‘y’ Lkku ‘i’ ÚkkÞ yLku ‘ful’ ÷køku. beauty-beautitul, pity-pitiful, mercy-
merciful, yÃkðkË play-playful
7. þçËLku Auzu ‘th’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘ful’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. truth-truthful, youth-youthful
8. þçËLku Auzu ‘ion’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ious’ ykðu. ambition-ambitious, caution-cautious, superstition-
superstitious, religion-religious.
9. þçËLku Auzu ‘ry’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘rious’ ykðu. industry-industrious, luxury-luxurious, mystery-
mysterious, victory-victorious, fury-furious, vary-various.
10. þçËLku Auzu ‘er’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ry’ ykðu. anger-angry, hunger-hungry.
11. þçËLku Auzu ‘eed’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘y’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. speed-speedy, greed-greedy, need-needy.
12. þçËLku Auzu ‘ck, th’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘y’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. health-healthy, worth-worthy, luck-lucky, rock-
rocky, stick-sticky, trick-tricky.
13. þçËLku Auzu ‘ce’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘cy’ ykðu. ice-icy, juice-juicy, spice-spicy.
14. þçËLku Auz‘our’
u nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘able’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. faour-favourable, honour-honourable.
15. þçËLku Auzu ‘it’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘able’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. profit-profitable, suit-suitable.
16. þçËLku Auzu ‘mit’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘missible’ ykðu. permit-permissible, admit-admissible.
17. þçËLku Auzu ‘or’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ible’ ykðu. horror-horrible, terror-terrible.
18. þçËLku Auzu ‘tion’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘tive’ ykðu. construction-constructive, destruction-destructive,
education-educative, information-informative, instruction-instructive.
19. þçËLku Azuu ‘ct’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘ive’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. effect-effective, act-active, instinct-instinctive, product-
productive, collect-collective, connect-connective, protect-protective.
 20. þçËLku Auzu ‘ate’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘rative’ ykðu. operate-operative, create-creative, co-operate-
co-operative. )
21. rËþkLkk Lkk{Lke ÃkkA¤ ‘ern’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. east-eastern, west-western, north-northern, south-southern.
22. þçËLku Auzu ‘ance’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ant’ ykðu. distance-distant, ignorance-ignorant, importance-
important, reliance-reliant.
23. þçËLku Auzu ‘ence’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ent’ ykðu. difference-different, excellence-excellent,
intelligence-intelligent, obedience-obedient, patience-patient, silence-silent, violence-
violent.
24. þçËLku Auzu ‘se’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘sive’ ykðu. expense-expensive, agress-agressive, possess-
possessive.
25. þçËLku Auzu ‘ss’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘ive’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. progress-progressive, agress-agressive, possess-
possessive.
26. þçËLku Auzu ‘sm’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘stic’ ykðu. enthusiasm-enthusiastic, realism-realistic, yÃkðkË
heroism-heroic.

• Adjective - formation from Nouns

Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
origin original advice advisable desire desirable
beauty beautiful care careful success successful
critic critical reality real regularity regular
laughter laughable base basic fear fearsome
attraction attractive art artistic budern burdensome
blood bloody system systematic danger dangerous
heart hearty comedy comic number numerous
stone stony tragedy tragic glory glorious
luck lucky energy energetic fame famous
dirt dirty drama dramatic courage courageous
noise noisy politics political fury furious
fish fishy history historical zeal zealous
hair hairy philosophy philosophical industry industrial,
spice spicy biology biological industry industrious
juice juiciy logic logical ambition ambitious
haste hasty stoic stoical nerve nervous
• Foreign Adjectives - rðËuþe rðþu»ký

Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective

air aerial hell infernal son filial
body corporal head capital daughter filial
blood sanguinary haven celestial side lateral
brother fraternal home domestic spring vernal
cat feline king royal, regal sun solar
city civic life vital tooth dental
day diurnal light lucid town urban
death mortal male masculine village rustic, rural
dog canine mother maternal water aquatic
ear auricular marriage conjugal war martial
earth terrestrial moon lunar woman feminine
end final mouth oral world mundane
egg oval name nominal will volumaiy
eye ocular night nocturnal word verbal
father paternal nose nasal wheel rotary
flesh carnal place local youth juvenile
foot pedal root radical
flower floral salt saline
hand manual sea marine
hair capillary sight visible
heart cardial
 Verb
• r¢ÞkÃkË - Verb çkLkkððk {kxu þçËku{kt Úkíkk VuhVkh
1. þçËLku Auzu ‘tion’nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘te’ ykðu. fascination-fascinate, punctuation-punctuate
2. þçËLku Auzu ‘th’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘e’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. bath-bathe, breath-breathe, cloth-clothe
3. þçËLku Auzu ‘ef’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘eve’ ykðu. belief-believe, gridf-grieve, relief-relieve
4. þçËLku Auzu ‘th’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘en’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. length-lengthen, strength-strengthen
5. þçËLku Auzu ‘d’ nkuÞ yLku íkuLke ykøk¤Lkku yuf yûkh Mðh nkuÞ íkku ÔÞtsLk (d) çkuðzkÞ yLku ‘en’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. sad-
sadden, mad-madden, glad-gladden
6. þçËLku Auzu ‘d’ Lke ykøk¤ çku Mðh nkuÞ íkku ÔÞtsLk ‘d’ çkuðzkíkku LkÚke. {kºk ‘en’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. broad-broaden
7. þçËLku Auzu ‘ht’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘en’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. fright-frighten, height-heighten
8. þçËLku Auzu ‘ice’nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ise’ ykðu. advice-advise, practice-practise
9. þçËLku Auzu ‘al’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLku ‘ize’ «íÞÞ ÷køku. hospital-hospitalize, national-nationalize, special-
specialize, vitalize, real-realize
10. þçËLku Auzu ‘ty’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘tify’ ykðu. beauty-beautify, identity-identify
11. þçËLku Auzu ‘ble’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘fy’ ykðu. horrible-horrify, terrible-terrify
12. þçËLku Auzu ‘faction’ yÚkðk ‘fication’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘fy’ ykðu. satisfaction-satisfy, certification-
certify, qualification-qualify
13. þçËLku Auzu ‘vation’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ve’ ykðu. conservation-conserve, preservation-preserve,
reservation-reserve
14. þçËLku Auzu ‘ration’ yÚkðk ‘sation’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘se’ ykðu. admiration-admire, conversation-
converse
15. þçËLku Auzu ‘sion’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘de’ ykðu. conclusion-conclude, decision-decide, delusion-
delude
16. Ãkhtíkw ‘sion’ Lku çkË÷u {kºk ‘d’ Ãký ykðu. suspension-suspend
17. þçËLku Auzu ‘ence’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘end’ ykðu. pretence-pretend, defence-defend
18. þçËLku Auzu ‘ale’ nkuÞ íkku íkuLkk çkË÷u ‘ell’ ykðu. sale-sell, tale-tell
• Verb - Formation from Adjective
Adjective verb Adjective verb Adjective verb
damp dampen fool befool
dark darken calm becalm pure purify
deep deepen large enlarge new renew
dead deaden rich enrich low lower
fat fatten able enable proper appropriate
moist moisten dear endear simple simplify
white whiten sick sicken beautiful beautify
black blacken sweet sweeten real realise
rcd redden less lessen just justify
sad sadden short shorten intense intensify
long lengthen strong strengthen fast fasten
wide widen high heighten hard harden
broad broaden false falsify loose loosen
mad madden right rectify light lighten
thick thicken equal equalise tight tighten
glad gladden certain ascertain familiar familiarize
flat flatten bitter embitter legal legalize
cheap cheapen good better terrible terrorize
bold embolden brief abbreviate final finalize
little belittle clean cleanse central centralize
foul befoul double duplicate private privatize
modern modernize slavish enslave dominant dominate
poor impoversili reddish redden significant signify
tabular tabulate trained train
feeble enfeeble titular entitle
sure ensure weak weaken learned learn
nobble ennoble valuable evaluate tainted taint
abandant abound tiresome tire advanced advance
alien alienate talkative talk stolen steal
civil civilize vicious vitiate forbidden forbid
clear clarify reliable rely
different differentiate pitiable pity obedient obey
dense condense preferable prefer different differ
 Preposition - ™k{Þku„e
Pre yux÷u yk„¤. su{fu ‚ðð™k{™e yk„¤ ykðu÷ þçË {wÏÞíðu Œu™w ™k{ ‚{Þ yÚkðk MÚkk™™ku
ÏÞk÷ yk…ðk™w Au. Œu™u ™k{Þku„e yðÞð fnuðkÞ. y{wf ™k{Þku„e yðÞð fâkhuf rðÞk…Ë …kA¤
…ý {wfðk{k ykðu.
Ëk.Œ.
Ÿ The children were running around everywhere.
Ÿ Let's go out and sit on the garden lawn.
Ÿ There is a railway tunnel under the river.
Ÿ He reads in the evening.
Ÿ The weather is cold in December.
Ÿ She was born in 1996.
Ÿ We rake leaves in the fall.
Ÿ I go to work at 8:00.
Ÿ He eats lunch at noon.
Ÿ She often goes for a walk at night.
Ÿ They go to bed at midnight.
Ÿ I work on Saturdays.
Ÿ He does laundry on Wednesdays.
Ÿ I have lived in Minneapolis since 2005.
Ÿ He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks.
Ÿ She will finish her homework by 6:00.
Ÿ He works part time during the summer.
Ÿ I will collect data from January to June.
Ÿ They are in school from August until May.
 Interjection - WË„kh yðÞð
‚k{kLÞ heŒu Interjection yu …kxð ykuV M…e[™ku ¼k„ „ýkŒku ™Úke. fu{fu WË„kh Œhefu ð…hkŒku
þçË su{fu Oh….. ™u ƒeò þçË ‚kÚku „úk{urxf÷ ‚tƒtÄ Au s ™ne. yk{ AŒk „wM‚ku, ÷k„ýe. Ëww:¾,
yk™tË, …ezk ÔÞõŒ fhðk {kxu yk þçËku sYhe Au. fkuE {ktXk fu ‚khk «‚t„ ð¾Œu su WË„kh ™ef¤u Œu™u
RLxhsuõþ™ fnuðkÞ Au.

Dear ! Hmm.. Alas !

Eh ? Hey ! Mmm !
Ouch ! Um.. Tut-tut
Uh-hh.. Well… Ah !
Er.. Shh ! Whoops !
Oh ! Boo ! Ugh !

To express pain — Ow, ouch

To express displeasure — Boo, ew, yuck, ugh, shoot, whoops, rats
To express surprise — Gosh, goodness
To express pleasure — Yay, yippee
To express congratulations — Cheers, congratulations
To express commiseration — Oh well, oh no
To express fear — Eek, yikes
Greeting — Hello, hi, hey, bye
Response — Okay, u-huh, mm-mm, huh?
Seeking Attention — Ahem, excuse me, hello, psst
Introducing a Sentence — Yes, no, indeed, well

Ëk.Œ.
Thousands of hurrahs treated by victories Indian cricket team
Oh! I am quite shocked.
Indeed, the bus was late again.
Yes, I’m going to the library.
No, go away!
Well, I can’t believe it!
 PARTS OF SPEECH

1. A noun is___________________
(A) a word that describes the action.
(B) a word that qualifies noun.
(C) a word which is used as a name of a person , a place , a thing.
(D)a word that joins words or clauses.
2. A word that is used to join words, clauses, or sentences is called_________
(A) Preposition (B) Conjunction (C) Verb (D)Noun
3. A word that is used as a name of a person, a place, a thing or quality is called________
(A) Interjection (B) Pronoun (C) Preposition (D) Noun
4. Conjunctions______________
(A) Modify verb or adjective (B) Join words, phrases, clauses or sentences
(C) Express the sudden feelings (D) Qualify the noun
5. Identify the part of speech of the underlined word in following sentences. (Que. No 5 to 20)
Man is the architect of the own life.
(A) Adjective (B) Pronoun (C) Noun (D) Interjection
6. Gyan Academy is one of the best competitive classes.
(A) Adverb (B) Adjective (C) Pronoun (D) Noun
7. Alas ! His father is no more in this world.
(A) Adjective (B) Interjection (C) Verb (D) Adverb
8. Wow ! you are looking very beautiful.
(A) Adjective (B) Preposition (C) Conjunction (D) Interjection
9. He behaves as if he were my boss.
(A) Preposition (B) Verb (C) Conjunction (D) Adverb
10. This man gets respect wherever he goes.
(A) Conjunction (B) Preposition (C) Pronoun (D) Interjection
11. The beggar passed through the market.
(A) Preposition (B) Conjunction (C) Pronoun (D) Verb
12. There was a mango tree beyond the pond.
(A) interjection (B) Conjunction (C) Preposition (D) Adverb
13. The soldiers fought bravely with enemy.
(A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Preposition (D)Pronoun
14. They played cricket well.
(A) Pronoun (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb
15. He spoke English quite correctly.
(A) Pronoun (B) Adverb (C) Adjective (D) Verb
16. The sun rises in the east.
(A) Verb (B) Interjection (C) Adverb (D) Pronoun
17. He finished his work himself.
(A) Noun (B) Pronoun (C) Interjection (D) Adverb
18. Who is ready to play cricket ?
(A) Pronoun (B) Noun (C) Proposition (D) Conjunction
19. She is a very beautiful girl.
(A) Adverb (B) Noun (C) Adjective (D) Interjection
20. Each person should respect the nation.
(A) Adverb (B) Pronoun (C)Noun (D) Adjective
21. An _______ is a word that conveys strong emotions or sudden feeling.
(A) Adverb (B) Adjective (C) Noun (D) Interjection
22. An _______ is a word that adds some meaning to a verb, adjective or another adverb.
(A) Adjective (B) Pronoun (C) Interjection (D) Adverb
23. An Adverb is a word ____________
(A) that modifies verb, adjective (B) that joins two word or sentences
(C) that expresses sudden feeling
(D) that adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun
24. An interjection is a word that ____________
(A) is used instead of a noun (B) describes the action or condition of the subject
(C) is used as a name of a person (D) is used to express feeling
25. A word which qualifies a noun is called ___________
(A) Adverb (B) Adjective (C) Proposition (D) Pronoun
26. An adjective is a word that __________
(A) is used instead of noun (B) adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun
(C) describes the action or condition of the subject
(D) adds something to the meaning of verb, adjective or another adverb
27. A _________ is a word which describes the action or condition of the subject.
(A)Adverb (B) Verb (C) Preposition (D) Adjective
28. A Preposition is a word ___________
(A) that is used with a noun or pronoun to show its relationship with other words of the sentence.
(B) that adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun
(C) that is used instead of noun (D) that joins words, sentences
29. A _______ is a word used instead of noun.
(A)Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Preposition (D) Pronoun
30. A word that is used with a noun or pronoun to show its relationship with other words of the
sentences is called__________.
(A) Pronoun (B) Conjunction (C) Preposition (D) Interjection

1. C 2. B 3.D 4.B. 5. C. 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A

11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D
21. D 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. C
 Noun - Pronoun
1 The young one of sheep is ………….
(A) piglet (B) calf (C) lamb (D) foal
2 What is the young one of ‘Hen’ called?
(A) calf (B) kid (C) pullet (D) cub
3 Young one of Duck is ………….
(A) calf (B) kit (C) kid (D) duckling
4 ‘Larva’ is the baby of ……………
(A) Butterfly (B) Cat (C) Donkey (D) Bee
5 Young one of butterfly is …………..
(A) butterling (B) cub (C) catterpillar (D) caterpillar
6. What is the young one of Rabbit ?
A. Duckling B. Larva C. Kitten D. Eyas
7. Select incorrect pair .
(A) bee – hive (B) rat – hole (C) turtle – sea (D) goat – hutch
8. Which one of the following pair is correct ?
(A) hare – from (B) sea lion - rockery
(C) panda - bamboo tree (D) bat - rooster
9. Which animal is known as the animal of desert ?
(A) panda (B) camel (C) pig (D) hyena
10. A group of bat is called ___________.
(A) cete (B) colony (C) drift (D) clutter
11. Find incorrect pair.
(A) tomcat – queen (B) boar – saw (C) tiercel – hen (D) drake – duck
12. Feminine of stallion is __________.
(A) stud (B) ware (C) mare (D) colt
13. Select incorrect pair.
(A) bee – hum (B) sparrow – chirp (C) tiger - gobble (D) sheep – bleat
14. Select correct pair.
(A) antelope – calf (B) grasshopper - infant (C) crane – rooster(D) rabbit – leash
15. Which of the following details is not correct ?
(A) tiger - cub – roar (B) wren – chick - warble
(C) pigeon – squab – coo (D) hyena - chick – humming
 16. Grassland is the accommodation of _______.
(A) grasshopper (B) gorilla (C) ferret (D) sparrow
17. Young one of butterfly can not be called _______________.
(A) larva (B) farrow (C) caterpillar (D) pupa
18. Which of the following pairs is mis- matched ?
(A) bird - fleet (B) lark – exaltation (C) duck – padding (D) yak – gang
19. Find correct pair.
(A) rooster - hen (B) dog - witch (C) duck – doe (D) jack – hinny
20. Select incorrect details .
(A) bee – drone – queen – larva (B) donkey – jack – jenny – colt
(C) hawk – tierce – hen – yak (D) rhinoceros – bull – cow – calf

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. C
 Singular - Plural yufð[™ - ƒnwð[™
òu ™k{ yuf™e ‚tÏÞk{kt ƒŒkðŒw nkuÞ íÞkhu Œu™u yufð[k™ fnuðkÞ Au. y™u òu ™k{ yuf fhŒk ðÄkhu
‚tÏÞk{kt ƒŒkðŒwt nkuÞ íÞkhu Œu™u ƒnwð[™ fnuðk{kt ykðu Au. yt„úuS{kt ™k{™wt ƒnwð[™ fhðk™e
rðrðÄ heŒ yk «ú{kýu Au.
yt„úuS{kt {kuxk¼k„™k ™k{ ™u S «íÞÞ ÷„kzðkÚke ƒnwð[™ ÚkkÞ Au, su{ fu
Letter Letters
Minute Minutes
Day Days
Brother Brothers
Wall Walls
òu ™k{™k Auzu o, x, ss, sh, ch ykðu Œku s ™k ƒË÷u es «íÞÞ ÷k„u Au, su{ fu.. Au, su{ fu
Mengo Mengoes
Box Boxes
Dish Dishes
Bench Benches
Mattress Matresses
òu ™k{™k Auzu y nkuÞ Œku y™u y ™e …nu÷k ÔÞts™ nkuÞ Œku y ™ku i fÞko …Ae es ÷k„u Auu, su{ fu
City Cities
Lady Ladies
Fly Flies
Baby Babies
Story Stories

òu y ™k yk„¤ Mðh nkuÞ Œku Œu™wt ƒnwð[™ s ÷„kzðkÚke s ÚkkÞ Au, su{ fu..
Toy Toys
Key Keys
Day Days
òu þçË™k Auzu f yÚkðk fe nkuÞ Œku Œ™ku v fhe …Ae es «íÞÞ Au, su{ fu..
Leaf Leaves
Knife Knives
Thief Thieves
Wife Wives
Life Lives

fux÷ktf þçËku™k ƒnwð[™ Œu þçË™ku M…u÷et„ fu Wå[kh ƒË÷k sðkÚke ÚkkÞ Au, su{ fu..
Man Men
Woman Women
Ox Oxen
Foot Feet
Mous Mice
 Sentence - ðkõÞku
þçËku™k ‚{qnÚke y™u su™ku fkuE yÚko r™f¤Œku nkuÞ Œuðe heŒu ŒiÞkh ÚkÞu÷ ™u ðkõÞ fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
ðkõÞ™k fw÷ [kh «fkh …kzðk{kt ykÔÞk Au, su yk «{kýu Au.

Assertive or Declarative - rðÄk™ ðkõÞ

su ðkõÞ {krnŒe …whe …kzŒw nkuÞ Œu™u rðÄk™ ðkõÞ fnuðk{kt ykðu Au. yk {krnŒe ƒu «fkh™e nkuÞ Au:
1. nfkh, 2. ™fkh
ŒuÚke rðÄk™ ðkõÞ™k ƒu …uxk «fkhku …kzðk{kt ykðu Au.

nfkh rðÄk™ ðkõÞ ™fkh rðÄk™ ðkõÞ

ŸSamat is a student. ŸHe does not go home.

ŸShe lives in a big city ŸMan is not immortal.

ŸAlex is a good baseball player. ŸRobin is not a brilliant student.

ŸHe plays for the Rockers club. ŸShe doesn’t loves singing when she is alone.

ŸHe always gives his best effort in the team. ŸWe didn’t meet each other after a long time.

ŸHe is a good leader. ŸShe has not planted some plants.

ŸI like him for his intensity. ŸAlex does not play football every weekend.

ŸHe plays with passion. ŸHe is not playing a video game with friends.

ŸHe is a humble man. ŸIt was not a mind-blowing party tonight.

ŸHe has many fans in his locality. ŸThe jacket was not made of leather.

ŸHis father was a lawyer. ŸHimalayas mountain is not small.

ŸWhen he was young, his father died. ŸJupiter is not the biggest planet.

ŸHe is a real fighter. ŸMy mom is not very good at cooking.

ŸHis fans love him. ŸSwimming is not the best exercise.

ŸHis mother raised him to be a gentleman. ŸEvery child must not respect their parents.

ŸHe is always humble and patient with fans. ŸDavid has not good teaching skills.
 Interogative - «&™kÚko ðkõÞ
su ðkõÞ fkuE…ý «fkh™e {krnŒe …wAŒwt nkuŒ Œuðk ðkõÞ™u «&™kÚko ðkõÞ fnuðkÞ Au.
ŸWhen will you visit your moms? ŸWhose pants are these?
ŸWhere do you live? ŸWhy didn’t you go to school?
ŸWhere shall we go? ŸWhich car would make you happier?
ŸWhy haven’t you started studying? ŸWhich do you prefer, white or red?
ŸWhen did you finish your school? ŸWhere can I see you again?
ŸWho do you love, you can tell us? ŸWho is coming to the play?
ŸWhose book did you bring me? ŸWhen do you intend to move here?
ŸHow many topics do you have to study? ŸHow did you get here alone?
ŸDid we make a cake for you ? ŸHow do you manage to laugh like this?
ŸWhat kind of music do you like? ŸWhose birthday today?
ŸWhat do you think about this subject? ŸDoes she have black hair?
ŸHow did it get so late so soon? ŸWhat is your name?
ŸShould I call or email you? ŸWhy are you bored?
ŸWhy are so scared of me? ŸCan’t we be friends again?
ŸWho fixed the computer? ŸWhose is this red big notebook?
ŸHow many times do you smoke? ŸTell me what you’re doing today?

Imperative - yk¿kkÚko ðkõÞ

su ðkõÞ{kt ƒku÷™khu ‚kt¼¤™kh™u fkuE r¢Þk fhðk™e fu ™ fhðk™e yk¿kk fhu÷ nkuÞ yÚkðk fkuE r¢Þk
fhðk™e fu ™ fhðk™e su ðkõÞ™e Ëh¾kMŒ {qfu÷e nkuÞ Œu™u yk¿kkÚko ðkõÞ fnu Au. yk¿kkÚko ðkõÞ
r¢Þk…ËÚke þY ÚkkÞ Au. Œu{kt fŒko ykãknkh nkuÞ Au.
ŸPass the salt. ŸWait for me.
ŸMove out of my way! ŸGet out!
ŸShut the front door. ŸMake sure you pack warm clothes.
ŸFind my leather jacket. ŸChoose Eamonn, not Seamus.
ŸBe there at five. ŸPlease be quiet.
ŸClean your room. ŸBe nice to your friends.
ŸComplete these by tomorrow. ŸPlay ball!
ŸConsider the red dress. ŸPlease join us for dinner.
Sentence ðkõÞku
 ©e WíÚkk™ BSW fku÷us
{w. fý¼k, Œk. rðò…wh, S. {nu‚kýk