(Kingdom Monera)

4500

( 1)

1 ( ) 4500-3800 ( ) 3800-2500
. ( http://knowledge.allianz.com/?622)

2554
(fossil)
( stromatolite) ( 2)

(cyanobacteria)

-1- -6-
 4 ( ) ( )
2 ( stromatolite)
( ) ( http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/171786/enlarge)
( http://www.crikey-adventure-tours.com/stromatolites.html)

. .
1965 E.S. Barghoorn J.W. Scopf microfossil Archaeosphaeroides
barbertonensis (Minnesota) 1.
3,500 ( 3 ) Isosphaera (Kingdom Prokaryotae)
(Hans Pflug) (Jaeschke Boyer) (prokaryote)
. .1979 3,800 ( 3 )

(colony)

( 5)

3 ( ) microfossil
Fungi
Archaeosphaeroides barbertonensis ( ) Isosphaera 3800 Bacteria
( http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stromatolites.jpg)

(prokaryote)
(cyanobacteria) ( 4)
5 ( ) ( )
( )

-7- -8-
 2. ( 6)

(cytoplasm) (nucleoid)
(ribosome) 70S
(plasmid)

(capsule) (polysaccharide)

(pili)
(fimbriae) (microtubules)
(flagella)
( 6)

6
( http://student.nu.ac.th/u46410320/Procaryotic%20cell.html)

3 (coccus)
(bacillus) (spirillum)
( 7)

-9- - 10 -
 3.
2
gram positive bacteria gram negative
bacteria (gram
stain) Hans Christian Gram

2
7 ( ) ( coccus ) ( ) (bacillus) ( )
(spirillum) ( http://www.desktopclass.com/education/fafsc/structure-of-bacteria-part-f-
(outer membrane)
sc-biology-chapter-6.html)
(lipopolysaccharide) ( 9)

(peptidoglycan)
(Mycoplasma) ( 8)

8 ( ) ( )
(SEM) (fibroblast)
9 ( ) ( )
( ) http://www. tutorvista.com/ content/biology/biology-iii/kingdoms-living-world/
cyanobacteria.php ( ) http:// www.visualphotos.com/image/1x7467139/scanning_ ( ) http:// www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram-Cell-Wall.jpg
electron_micrograph_sem_of_mycoplasma ( ) http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/metabolomics/enzyme-explorer/
learning-center/lysing-enzymes.html)

- 11 - - 12 -
(crystal violet) (safranin) ( 10) ( 12)

( 11) 2

10 ( )
( ) ( ) http://www.
Science photo.com/media/78462/enlarge ( ) http://www.search.com/reference/
Gram-negative 12

( 12 a)
(crystal violet)
peptidoglycan
( 12b)
crystal violet iodine complex
(decolorization) ethyl alcohol 95%
( 12c) lipopolysaccharide
crystal violet iodine complex

crystal
violet iodine complex (safranin)
( 12d) safranin

11 ( ) ( )
( http://www.bacteriainphotos.com/Grampo sitiveand gram negative bacteria.html)

- 13 - - 14 -
 3. (photoautotroph)
(cyanobacteria) (blue green algae)
4
1. (chemoheterotroph)
Nostoc sp. Oscillatoria sp. Croococcus sp. ( 15)
Leptothrix sp. ( 13)

15 ( ) Nostoc sp. ( ) Oscillatoria sp.

( ) Croococcus sp. ( http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/115255/enlarge)

13 ( )
( ) Leptothrix sp. 4. (chemoautotroph)
( ) http://lindagra shoff.com/10122004-20 VR.html
( ) http://www.swarthmore.edu/savageaward 11.xml)
(H2S) (Fe2+) (NH3)
(Sulfur Loving Bacteria) ( 16)
2. (photoheterotroph)

purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria

green non-sulfur bacteria ( 14)

16 ( )
( ) Sulfur Loving Bacteria ( http://www.solstation.com/life/ear-life.htm)

14 purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria

( http://data-of-microbiology.blogspot.com/2011/09/chloroflexi.html)

- 15 - - 16 -
 2. (fragmentation)

4
dead cell Oscilatoria ( 18) Lyngbya ( 19)
1. (binary fission)
(binary fission) ( 17)

2 2
2
Dead Cell

18 (fragmentation) ( ) Oscillatoria sp.

( ) dead cell Oscillatoria sp.
( http:// www.environmentalleverage.com/algae species.htm)

Dead Cell

Dead Cell

19 (fragmentation) ( ) Lyngbya sp.

( ) dead cell Lyngbya sp.
17 binary fission ( http://science.nayland.school.nz/ ( ) http://www.butbn.cas.cz/ccala/index.php?page=sr&cb1=Oscillatoriales
( ) http://algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=30191&sk=0&from
graemeb/yr11%20work/microbes/bacteria.htm)

- 17 - - 18 -
 3. (Mutation) 3.2 ( transduction)
bacteriophage
(mutation) bacteriophage
3 bacteriophage
( 21)
3.1 (transformation)
( 20)

20 ( http://mol-biol4masters.masters.grkraj.org/ html/Genetic_ 21 ( http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/

Engineering4A-Transformation-Bacterial_Cells.htm) diagrams.html)

- 19 - - 20 -
 3.3 ( conjugation)
(pilus) ( 22)

(Kingdom Prokaryotae)
5,000
2
(Subkingdom Archaebacteria)
(Subkingdom Eubacteria)

1. (Subkingdom Archaebacteria)
(Archaea)
S-layer
( glycerol-ether lipid)
(methionine)
22 ( http://www.infectionlandscapes.org/2011/10/escherichia-
coli.html)

(endospore) ( 23) 1.1 (thermophiles)

45-122

1.2 (halophiles)
5 Dead Sea

(K+)

1.3 (acidophiles)
pH 2
( H+ ) pH

23 1.4 (Alkaliphiles)
( http://archive.microbelibrary.org/ASMOnly/Details.asp?) pH 9-11 ( CO32-)

- 21 - - 22 -
 (H3O+)
pH 8

2. (Subkingdom Eubacteria)

(formyl methionine)

2.1 (proteobacteria)
16S RNA
(H2S) 25 Neisseria gonorrhoea ( ) ( )
(Purple sulfur ( ) ( ) (SEM)
( ) http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/pathogenesis.html
bacteria) ( 24 )
( ) http://biocanvas.tumblr.com/post/3930849251/neisseria-gonorrhoeae-in-red-the-
bacteria-that)
(Rhizobium) ( 24 )

2.3 (spirochete)
0.25
(syphilis) Treponema pallidum ( 26 ) (leptospirosis)
Leptospira interogans ( 26 )

24 ( ) Purple sulfur bacteria ( ) Rhizobium sp.

( ) http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/purple-sulfur-bacteria.html
( ) http://www.sciencepho to.com/media/13076/enlarge

2.2 (chlamydia)
(gonorrhoea)
Neisseria gonorrhoea ( 25)
26 (SEM)
( ) Treponema pallidum ( ) Leptospira interogans
( ) http://www.sciencedaily. com/releases/2009/11/091130121443.htm
( ) http://microblog.me.uk/59
- 23 - - 24 -
 2.4 (gram-positive bacteria)

Lactobacillus

Bacillus anthracis (
27) 20-25 28 Pneumococus ( )
140 1-3 ( )( ) (SEM)
100 5-30 ( http://www.oerafrica.org/FTPFolder/health/cases_in_microbiology/content/pneumo.html)
Pneumococus sp. ( 28)
(mycoplasma)
0.1 1.0
(sterol)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( 29)

27 Bacillus anthracis ( )
( )
( http://www.thaihealth.in.th/2011/08/19/ /)

29 ( )-( ) (SEM)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
( http://www.s99.middlebury.edu/ BI330A/projects/howard/mpneumoniae.html)

- 25 - - 26 -
 2.5 (cyanobacteria)
(blue green algae)
-
(mucilaginous sheath)

( Anabaena)
( 30) ( 31)

32 ( http://www.lifeinuniverse.org/MMfossils-06-01-06-04.html)

Heterocyst cell
3 Archaea Bacteria Eukarya ( 33)

30 ( ) ( ) Anabaena
( http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/phycokey.htm)

31 ( ) crustose lichen ( ) foliose lichen ( ) fruticose lichen

( 32)
33 3
( http://apbio82007.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-lesson-focused-on-origin-of-
life.html.)

- 27 - - 28 -