SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex.1 Which of the following is not a statement - Ex.5 The statement (p  ~q) p is logically
equivalent to -
(A) 3 is a rational number (A) p (B) ~p
(C) q (D) ~q
(B) 8 > 7 Sol.
(C) Please open the door
p q ~q p ~ q (p ~q) vp
(D) All prime numbers are odd.
T T F F T
Sol. Ans. [C] T F T T T
F T F F F
Ex.2 Negation of ‘’ 3 is an odd number and 7 is F F T F F
a rational number is - Hence statement (p  ~ q)  p is logically
(A) 3 is not an odd number and 7 is not equal to statement p
a rational number Ans.[A]

(B) 3 is an odd number or 7 is a rational Ex.6 If (p ~ q) (q r) is true and. q and r both
true then p is -
number
(A) True
(C) 3 is an odd number or 7 is not a rational (B) False
number (C) may be true or false
(D) 3 is not an odd number or 7 is not a (D) none
rational number. Sol. Let p be true then statement
(p ~ q) (q r) = (T F) (T T)
Sol. use the property = F  T
~ (p and q) = ~p or ~ q Ans.[D] = T.
also let p be false then statement
(p ~q) (q r) = (F F) (T T)
Ex.3 The negation of statement = F  T
(~ p  q)  (~p  ~q) is - = T.
(A) (p  ~q)  (p  q) p may be true or false. Ans.[C]

(B) (p  ~q)  (p  q)
Ex.7 Negation of the statement
(C) (~p  q)  (~p  ~q) If a number is prime then it is odd’ is.
(D) (p  ~q)  (p  q) (A) A number is not prime but odd.
(B) A number is prime and it is not odd.
Sol. Use the property (C) A number is neither primes nor odd.
~ (a  b) = ~a  ~b Ans.[B] (D) None of these
Sol. use the property
~ (p  q) = p  ~ q
Ex.4 The negation of statement Hence (B) is correct option. Ans.[B]
(p  q)  (q  ~r)
Ex.8 If p, q, r are substatements with truth values.
(A) (p  q)  (~q  ~r) T, T, F then the
(B) (~p  ~q)  (~q  r) Statement r (p  ~q)  (~q  ~r)
will be
(C) (~p  ~q)  (~q  r) (A) True
(D) None of these (B) False
Sol. use the property (C) may be true or false
(D) None of these
~ (a  b) = ~a  ~b Ans.[C] Sol. F (T F) (F T)
F (F F)
F  F = T Ans.[A]
Ex.9 The Negation of the statement Ex.14 The statement p  p  q is a -
(p  q)  r is - (A) Tautology
(A) (~p  ~q)  r (B) Contradiction
(B) (~p  ~q) ~ r (C) Neither tautology nor contradiction
(C) (p  q) ~ r (D) None of these
(D) (~p  ~q)  r Sol.
Sol. use the property
~ (a  b) = a  ~b p q p q p  p q
Hence (C) is correct option Ans.[C] T T T T
T F T T
Ex.10 The contrapositive of p  (~p  q) is - F T T T
(A) ~p  (pv ~ q) F F F T
(B) (p  ~q)  ~p
Hence the statement is a tautology
(C) (pv ~ q)  p
(D) (p ~q)  ~p . Ans.[A]
Sol. contrapositive of a  b is ~b  ~a
Hence (D) is correct option Ans.[D] Ex.15 The statement (p  ~q)  (p  q) is a -
(A) Tautology
Ex.11 (~p  q) is logically equal to - (B) contradiction
(A) p  q (B) q  p (C) Neither tautology nor contradiction
(C) ~ (p  q) (D) ~ (q  p) (D) None
Sol. ~ (p  q) = p  ~q Sol.
p  q = ~p  q
Hence (A) is correct option Ans.[A] p q ~q p ~ q p q (p ~ q)  p q
Ex.12 The statement p  q is equal to - T T F F T F
(A) (~p  q)  (p  q) T F T T F F
(B) (p  q)  (~p  ~q) F T F T F F
(C) (~p  q)  (pv ~ q) F F T T F F
(D) (p  q)  (p  q)
Hence the statement is a contradiction
Sol. We know that
Ans.[B]
~ (p  q) = (p  ~q)  (~p  q)
(p  q) = (~p  q)  (p  ~q)
Hence (C) is correct option Ans.[C]

Ex.13 The statement (p  q)  ~p is a

(A) Tautology
(B) contradiction
(C) Neither tautology nor contradiction
(D) None of these
Sol.

p q pq ~p (p q) ~p

T T T F F
T F F F T
F T F T F
F F F T F
Hence the statement neither tautology nor
contradiction. Ans.[C]