Chapter

1 Mathematical Logic
Shortcuts

1. ppT 8. ppT
2. p  ~p  F 9. p  ~p  F
3. ~p  p  p 10. ~p  p  F
4. Tpp 11. Tpp
5. pTT 12. pTp
Fpp F  p  ~p

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6. 13.
7. p  F  ~p 14. p  F  ~p

Classical Thinking

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1.1 Statement, Logical Connectives, Compound 13. (A) “Implies” is expressed as ‘’.
Statements and Truth Table  symbolic form is p  q

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1. (D) Even though 2 = 3 is false, it is a statement in 14. (B) (~d: Driver is not drunk) implies
logic with truth value F. (~a: He cannot meet with an accident).
“Implies” is expressed as ‘’.
lic
2. (D) ‘Bombay is the capital of India’ is a
statement. The other options are exclamatory
 symbolic form is ~d  ~a
and interrogative sentences. 15. (B) “if and only if” is expressed as ‘’
 symbolic form is a  b.
3. (C) p: There are clouds in the sky,
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~q: It is not raining, 16. (A)
‘and’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol. 17. (C) p: A, B,C, are distinct points
 p  ~q q: Points are collinear
r: Points form a triangle
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4. (D) ~p : The sun has not set,

~q : The moon has not risen,  p implies (q or r), i.e., p  (q  r)
‘or’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol. 18. (C) ‘m  n’ means ‘If m then n’,
 ~p  ~q
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 option (C) is correct.

5. (A) p : Rohit is tall, 19. (B) Let p : x2 is not even,
~p : Rohit is short, q : x is not even
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q : Rohit is handome, Converse of p  q is q  p

‘or’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol, i.e., If x is not even then x2 is not even
‘and’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol. 20. (B) Let p : x > y
 p  (~p  q)
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6. (D) p : Candidates are present,
q : Voters are ready to vote
r : Ballot papers  r : no Ballot papers
‘and’ and ‘but’ are represented by ‘’ symbol.
 (p  q)  ~r
7. (C)
8. (B) ~p: She is not beautiful, ‘’ indicates ‘or’.
9. (B) ~p: Ram is not lazy, ~q: Ram does not fail in
the examination, ‘’ indicates ‘or’.
10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (B)
q:x+a>y+a
Converse of p  q is q  p
i.e., If x + a > y + a, then x > y
21. (C) Let p : Ram secures 100 marks in maths
q : Ram will get a mobile
Converse of p  q is q  p
i.e., If Ram will get a mobile, then he secures
100 marks in maths.
22. (A) Let p: You access the internet
q: You have to pay the charges
Inverse of p  q is ~p  ~q
i.e., If you do not access the internet then you
do not have to pay the charges.
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MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Solutions)

23. (B) Let p: A child concentrates 4. (A)
q: A child learns
p q ~q p  q p ~q (p  q)  (p  ~q)
Contrapositive of p  q is ~q  ~p.
i.e., If a child does not learn then he does not T T F T F F
concentrate T F T F T F
F T F F T F
24. (D) ~p: Sita does not get promotion and ‘’ F F T F T F
symbol indicates ‘if and only if’.
i.e., Sita does not get promotion if and only if 5. (D)
Sita is transferred to Pune.
p  p p  p  p  p (pp)(p p)
25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (A)
T F F T F

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1.2 Statement Pattern, Logical Equivalence, and F T T F F
Algebra of Statements
6. (C)
1. (B) p  (q)  p  q
 q  p p q ~q p  ~q ~(p ~q) p  ~(p  ~q)

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T T F F T T
2. (A) 3. (C)
T F T T F F

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4. (B) r: It is raining, c: I will go to college. F T F F T T
The given statement is r  c  c  r
F F T F T T
5. (C) Distributive law
7. (C) Since p  ~p  T,
6. (B) (p  ~q)  q  (~p  q)
lic (~q  p)  (p  ~p)  (~q  p)  T
 [(p  q)  (~q  q)]  (~p  q) T
…[Distributive law]  (~q  p)  (p  ~p) is a tautology.
 [(p  q)  T]  (~p  q)
ub
…[Complement law] 1.4 Quantifiers and Quantified Statements, Duality
 (p  q)  (~p  q) …[Identity law]
 (p  q  ~p)  (p  q  q) 1. (D) Option (D) is the required true statement, since
x = 6  W satisfies x2  4 = 32
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…[Distributive law]
 (T  q)  (p  q) 2. (C) Option (C) is a true statement, since x = 3  N
…[Complement law and Idempotent law] satisfies x + 5 = 8.
 T  (p  q)
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…[Identity law]
pq …[Identity law] 3. (A) p: Manoj has the job, q: he is not happy
The dual of p  q is p  q.
1.3 Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency i.e., Manoj has the job or he is not happy.
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1. (B) (p  q)  (p  q) 4. (C)

 (p  p)  (q  q)
1.5 Negation of compound statements
…[Associative and commutative law]
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 F F …[Complement law] 1. (C) ~[(p  ~q)  q]

F  ~(p  ~q)  ~q …[De Morgan’s Law]
 Given statement is contradiction.  (~p  q)  ~q
2. (B) 2. (D) p : I like Mathematics
q : I like English.
3. (B)
~ (p  q )  ~ p  ~ q
p q pq (p  q)  p  Option (D) is correct.
T T T T
3. (D) p: 5 is an integer
T F F T
q: 5 is irrational
F T F T
~ (p  q )  ~ p  ~ q
F F F T  Option (D) is correct.

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Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic

4. (A) We know that, 8. (D) Given statement is ‘ x  N, x + 5 > 4’
p  q  (p  q)  (q  p)  ~ [  x  N, x + 5 > 4]
 (p  q)  [(p  q)  (q  p)]   x  N, such that x + 5 ≤ 4
  (p  q)  (q  p) i.e., there exists a natural number x, for which
…[By Demorgan’s Law] x+54
 (p  q)  (q  p) 9. (D)
…[ (p  q)  p  q]
1.6 Switching circuit
5. (C) p : It is Sunday 1. (C) The current will flow through the circuit if
q : It is a holiday p, q, r are closed or p, q, r are closed.
 Symbolic form p  q  option (C) is the correct answer.
~ (p  q)  p  ~ q

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2. (A)
i.e., It is Sunday, but it is not a holiday
3. (A) Current will flow in the circuit if switch p and
6. (B) [q  (p  r)]  q  ((p  r)) q are closed or switch r is closed.
 q  (p  r) It is represented by (p  q)  r.

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7. (C) p  q  ~ p  q  option (A) is correct.

 ~ (p  q)  p  ~ q 4. (A)

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Critical Thinking

1.1 Statement, Logical Connectives, Compound

Statements and Truth Table
lic 6. (D) ~p : roses are not red
~p  q : roses are not red or the sun is a star.
1. (B) “Not a correct statement” means it is a 7. (B) ~p  (q  ~r) (p  q)  r
statement whose truth value is false.  ~T  (T  ~F)  (T  T)  F
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Option (A) is not a statement.  F  (T  T) TF
Options (C) and (D) are statements with truth FT F
value true. F
‘ 3 is a prime’ is false statement. 8. (A) (~p  q)  ~(p  q) ~p  (p  ~q)
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 Option (B) is correct.

 (~F  F)  ~(F  F)  ~F  (F  ~F)
Caution - Q.1  (T  F)  ~F  T  (F  T)
TT TT
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In such problem, always read the question carefully

and understand what has been asked ‘not a T T
statement’ or ‘not a correct statement’. Both have 9. (C) (p  q)  (~q  ~p) (~p  q)  (~q  p)
different meanings.
 (T  F)   (~T  F)  (~F  T)
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(~F  ~T)
2. (B) ‘Incorrect statement’ means a statement in
logic with truth value false.  F  (T  F)  (F  F)  (T  T)
Options (A) and (C) are not statements in FF FT
T F
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logic.
Option (D) has truth value True. 10. (D) p  q  F  T  F
Option (B) is a statement in logic with truth p~qF~TFFF
value false. qpTFF
3. (C) p: One being lucky, pqFTT
q: One should stop working 11. (A) ~ p  ~ q  ~ F  ~ T  T  F  F
 Symbolic form: (p  ~p)  ~q p  (q  p)  F  (T  F)  F  F  T
4. (D) p: Physics is interesting. p~qF~TFFT
q: Physics is difficult. q~pT~FTTT
 Symbolic form: ~ (~p  q) 12. (C) Consider option (C)
5. (B) p: Intelligent persons are polite. (p  q)  (p  r)  (T  T)  (T  F)
q: Intelligent persons are helpful. TTT
 Symbolic form: ~ (~p  ~q)  option (C) is correct.
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MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Solutions)

13. (D) 2. (C) p: Seema solves a problem
q: She is happy
p q ~p ~p  q p  (~p  q) i. p  q ii. p  q
T T F T T iii. q  p iv. qp
T F F F F (i) and (iii) have the same meaning,
F T T T T (ii) and (iv) have the same meaning.
F F T T T
3. (A) b: It is the bride’s dress
 From the table p  (~p  q) is false when p is r: It is the red dress
true and q is false. i. b  r ii. b  r
iii. r  b iv. r  b
14. (C) The truth value of statement p  (p  ~q) is F (i) and (iv) have the same meaning,
 p  T and (p  ~q)  F (ii) and (iii) have the same meaning.

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 p  T and q  T
4. (C) p  (p  q)
15. (B) The truth value of statement q  p is F  p  (~p  q)
 q  F and p  F  (p  ~p)  (p  q) …[Distributive law]
 p  F and q  T  F  (p  q) …[Complement law]

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 p  q is T pq …[Identity law]

Alternate Method: 5. (D) (q)  (p) is contrapositive of p  q and

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hence both are logically equivalent to each other.
p q q q  p p  q p  q q  p
6. (D)
T T F T T T T
T F T T F F T 7. (D) (p  q)  [~r  (p  q)]  (~p  q)
F T F F F T F
lic  (p  q)  (~p  q) …[Absorption law]
F F T T T T T  (p  ~p)  q …[Distributive law]
Tq …[Complement law]
16. (C) Given p  q q …[Identity law]
ub
Its contrapositive is q  p and converse of
the contrapositive is p  q. 8. (D) (p  q)  (q  ~p)
(p  q)
17. (A) Let p : x is zero p q ~p pq q  ~p 
q : we cannot divide by x (q  ~p)
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Converse of p  q is q  p. T T F T F F
 Converse of the given statement is ‘If we T F F F T F
cannot divide by x then x is zero’. F T T T T T
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18. (C) Contrapositive of p  q is  q   p F F T T T T

The contrapositive of the given statement is  (p  q)  (p  ~q) = ~p
“If you are not a citizen of India, then you are
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not born in India”. 1.3 Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency

1.2 Statement Pattern, Logical Equivalence, and 1. (D) ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q is not true as it contradicts
Algebra of Statements De Morgan’s law.
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 Option (D) is not true.

1. (D) Consider option (D)
2. (A) ~(~p)  p  p  p …[~(~p)  p]
1 2 3 4 5 6  Using Shortcut 1, we get
p p ppT
p q qp pq
(q  p) (p  q)  ~(~p)  p is a tautology.
T T T T T T 3. (D) Consider option (D)
T F T T T T
(p  q) 
F T F T T T p q pq ~q p  ~q
(p  ~q)
F F T T F T
T T T F T T
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are T F T T T T
identical. F T T F F F
 p  (q  p)  p  (p q) F F F T T T

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Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic

4. (D) Consider option (D) 2. (A) ~[ p  ( ~ q  ~ p)]
~(p  ~q)  (p  q)  ~ p  ~ (~ q  ~ p) …[De Morgan’s law]
 (p  ~q)  (p  q) …[ p  q  ~p  q]  ~ p  [ ~ ( ~ q )  ~ (~ p) ]
 p  (~q  q) …[Absorption law]  ~ p  (q  p)
pT …[Complement law]  ( ~ p  q )  ( ~ p  p) …[Distributive law]
T …[Identity law] (~pq)F …[Complement law]
~pq …[Identity law]
5. (C) Consider option (C)
~(p  q)  (p  ~q) 3. (C) Negation of ~s  (~r  s) is
≡ (p  ~q)  (p  ~q) ~[~s  (~r  s)]
 s  (r  ~s) …[De Morgan’s law]
...[ ~(p  q) ≡ p  ~q]
 (s  r)  (s  ~ s) …[Distributive law]
≡T …[Using Shortcut 8]  (s  r)  (F) …[Complement law]

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6. (C) (~p  ~q)  (q  r)  (s  r) …[Identity law]
≡ ~p  (~q  q)  r …[Associative Law] 4. (A) ~ (p  ~q)  ~(~p  ~q)
≡ ~p  F  r …[Complement Law] …[ p  q  ~p  q]
≡F

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…[Indentity Law]
 Given statement is contradiction. pq

7. (B) consider option (B) 5. (D) Negation of p  (~ p  q) is

~[p  (~ p  q)]

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(p  ~q)  (p  q)
≡ ~(p  q)  (p  q)  ~p  (p  ~ q) …[De Morgan’s law]
≡F …[Complement Law]  (~p  p)  (~p  ~q) …[Distributive law]
 F  (~p  ~ q) …[Complement law]
8. (B) Consider option (B)
lic  ~p  ~q …[Identity law]
p q p q p  q p  q (p  q)  6. (B) ~[p  (p  ~q)]  p  ~[p  (~q)]
(p  q) …[ ~ (p  q)  p  ~ q]
T T F F T T T
ub
T F F T F T F  p  (~p  q)
F T T F F F T 7. (B) Let p : 2 is prime, q : 3 is odd
F F T T F T F  ~(p  q)  p  ~q
9. (D) p  q is logically equivalent to q  p
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8. (C) p: Saral Mart does not reduce the prices.

 (p  q)  (q  p) is a tautology q: I will not shop there any more.
…[Using Shortcut 8] Symbolic form is p  q
But, it is given contradiction. ~ (p  q)  p  ~ q
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Hence, it is false statement. i.e., Saral Mart does not reduce the prices and
still I will shop there.
1.4 Quantifiers and Quantified Statements, Duality
9. (C) ~ [ x  R, such that x2 + 3 > 0]
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1. (A) Option (A) is the true statement, since square =  x  R, x2 + 3  0

of every natural number is positive.
1.6 Switching circuit
2. (B) Here, x = 4, 5, 7, 9 satisfies x + 1  10
Ta

 option (B) is correct. 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A)

4. (C)
3. (C) Option (C) is false, since for every natural
number the statement x  1  0 is always true. 5. (B) The symbolic form of circuit is
(p  q)  (~p  q)
4. (A)
 (p  ~p)  q …[Distributive law]
5. (D) Dual of ‘(p  q)  s’ is ‘(p  q)  s’. Tq …[Complement law]
q …[Identity law]
1.5 Negation of compound statements
6. (D) The symbolic form of circuit is
1. (D)  (p  q)  ( p  q) [(~p  ~q)  p  q ]  r
 ( p   q)  ( p  q) …[De Morgan’s law]  [~(p  q)  (p  q)]  r
  p  ( q  q) …[Distributive law] …[De Morgan’s law]
pT …[Complement law] Tr …[Complement law]
p …[Identity law] r …[Identity law]
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MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Solutions)

Concept Fusion

1. (C) 2. (A) p: 72 is divisible by 2.

q: 72 is divisible by 3.
1 2 3 4 5 6
 (p  q)   p   q
p q q p  q ~(p  ~q) pq
T T F F T T
3. (D) ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q
T F T T F F
F T F T F F 4. (C) Given statement is
F F T F T T  x  S, such that x > 0
 ~ (  x  S, such that x > 0)
The entries in the columns 5 and 6 are
  x  S, x  0
identical.
i.e., Every rational number x  S satisfies

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 ~(p  ~q)  p  q
x  0.

MHT-CET Previous Years’ Questions

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1. (B) Man is not rich : ~ q 12. (D) ~ p : Ram is not rich
Man is not happy : ~ p ~ q : Ram is not successful

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 The symbolic representation of the given ~ r : Ram is not talented
statement is ~ q  ~ p.  The symbolic form of the given statement is
~p  ~q  ~r.
2. (A) ‘Conditional statement’ in logic implies
‘subset’ in set theory.
 option (A) is correct.
lic 13. (B) (p  q)  (~q  p)
 (p  q)  (p  ~ q) …[Commutative law]
3. (D)  p  (q  ~q) …[Distributive law]
pT …[Complement law]
ub
4. (C) Since (p  q)  p  q, p …[Identity law]
~[(p  q)  (~p  r)]
 (p  q)  ~(~p  r) 14. (B) Since (p  q)  p  q,
 (p  q)  (p  ~r) …[De Morgan’s law] (p  q)  p  q
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5. (B) 15. (A)

6. (B) Let p : A is rich, q : A is silly 16. (A) Since (p   q)  ( p  r)  F
 ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q  p   q  T and  p  r  F
et

 p  T, ~ q  T and ~ p  F, r  F
7. (D) Let p: He is rich, q: He is happy
 p  T, q  F, r  F
 ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q
 The truth values of p, q and r are T, F, F
rg

8. (C) ‘and’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol, respectively.

‘if …, then…’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol.
17. (C)
 (p  ~q)  q
Ta

18. (B) The symbolic form of the given circuit is

9. (C) Consider option (C)
(p  ~p)  q  T  q …[Complement law]
(p  q)  q  (T  T)  T
q …[Identity law]
 (T  F)  T
FT 19. (A) ~ p : Boys are not playing
T ~p  q : Boys are not playing or they are happy.
10. (C) ~ (~p  ~q) ≡ ~(~p)  ~(~q) 20. (B) Inverse of q  p is ~q  ~p
…[De’Morgans Law] i.e., If a triangle is not equiangular then it is
≡pq not equilateral.
11. (C) Using Shortcut 2 and 3, we get 21. (D) Since both the given statements p and q have
(p  ~p)  (~p  p) truth values T,
≡Fp  p  q  T  T  T, and
≡F …[Identity Law] pqTTT

6
 

Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic

22. (C) Option (C) is the correct answer, since there 35. (D) Equivalent forms of the conditional statement
exists a real number x = 0, such that x2 = 0. p  q:
Zero is neither positive nor negative. a. p is sufficient for q.
23. (D) Symbolic form of the circuit is b. q is necessary for p. c. p implies q.
d. p only if q. e. q follows from p.
(p  ~q)  (~p  q)  (p  ~q)  (q  ~p)
f. q provided that p. g. q whenever p.
 ~ (p  q)
36. (A)
24. (B) Consider option (B) a : ~(p  ~r)  (~q  s) b : (p  s)  (q  r)
(p  q)  ~ p  ~(T  ~F)  (~T  F)  (T  F)  (T  F)
 (p  ~p)  (q  ~p) …[Distributive law]  ~(T  T)  (F  F) TF
 F  (q  ~p) …[Complement law]  ~T  F F
 q  ~p …[Identity law] FF
 ~p  q

ns
…[Commutative law] F
25. (C) Consider option (C) 37. (C) Option (A) : (~p  q)  (~q  p)
p q q  p ~p ~p q (q p)  (~p q)  (p  q)  (q  p)
T T T F F T …[ p  q  ~p  q]

io
T F T F T T
pq
F T F T T T
Option (B) : (p  q)  (~p  ~q)
F F T T F T
 (~p  q)  (~q  p)

at
26. (A) Dual of ~p  (q  c)  ~p  (q  t) …[ Distributive law]
 (p  q)  (q  p)
27. (B) p: The weather is fine.
pq
picnic.
lic
q: My friends will come and we will go for a
Option (C) : (p  ~q)  (q  ~p)
 ~(~p  q)  ~(q  p)
 Statement is p  q
…[De Morgan’s law]
Contrapositive of p  q is  q   p
 ~(p  q)  ~(q  p)
ub
i.e., if my friends do not come or we do not go
for a picnic then weather will not be fine.  ~[(p  q)  (q  p)]
 ~(p  q)
28. (B) p  ( p  q) Which is logically not equivalent to p  q.
 p   p)  q …[Associative law]
38. (A)
P

Fq …[Complement law]

F …[Identity law] 39. (C) (p  q)  r ≡ (~p  q)  r
≡ ~(~p  q)  r
29. (B) p: Hema gets admission in good college.
≡ (p  ~q)  r
et

q: Hema gets above 95% marks.

 The dual is (p  ~q)  r ≡ (q  p)  r
 Statement is p  q
~ (p  q)  p   q 40. (B) p : f(2) = 0
q : Polynomial f(x) is divisible by x – 2
rg

30. (A) Contrapositive o p  p is ~q  ~p

31. (D) p  F i.e., If polynomial f(x) is not divisible by
p  r  T and p  q  F x – 2, then f(2)  0
Ta

 p  F, r  F and p  F, q  T 41. (A) p :  n  N such that n + 5 > 10

 Truth values of q and r are T and F Truth value of p is T
respectively. n = 6, 7, 8 ….. satisfy given inequality
32. (A) q :  n  N, n2 + n is an even number while
n2 – n is an odd number
33. (B) ~(p  ~q) ≡ p  ~(~q) n2 + n = n(n + 1)
…[ ~(p  q) ≡ p  ~q] This is the product of consecutive natural
≡pq numbers.
 n2 + n is even
34. (D) {(p  q)  [~r  (p  q)]}  (~p  q) n2 – n = n(n – 1)
≡ (p  q)  (~p  q) …[Absorbtion law] This is the product of consecutive natural
≡ (p  ~p)  q …[Distributive law] numbers.
≡Tq …[Complement law]  n2 – n is even.
=q …[Identity law] Thus truth value of q is F.
7
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MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Solutions)

42. (D) 52. (B) [(~p  (p  ~q)]  q
≡ [(~p  p)  (~p  ~q)]  q
S1 S2 S3 S4
…[Distributive law]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
≡ [T  (~p  ~q)]  q …[Complement law]
p q ~p ~q p q q ~p 3 3 5 5
≡ (~p  ~q)  q …[Identity law]
q p p q 7 4 6 8
T T F F T T T F T F T T ≡ ~p  (~q  q) …[Associative law]
T F F T F T F T T T F T ≡ ~p  T …[Complement law]
≡T …[Identity law]
F T T F T F F T F T F T
F F T T T T T F T T T T  Current flows irrespective of status of the
switches.
 From the above table, we get that S4 is a 53. (B) Let p : The grass is green
tautology q : It rains in July.

43. (D) Let p : 5 < 7 and 7 > 2 and q : 5 > 2.
 The given statement is p  q.
~(p  q) ≡ p  ~q
 Negation of given statement is
ns
The given statement is p  q
p  q ≡ ~p  q
i.e., The grass is not green or it rains in July.
54. (B) Given statement is p  q

io
[(5 < 7) and (7 > 2)] and (5  2) We know that p  q ≡ ~p  q
 Required equivalent statement is “Seema is
44. (A) p : Mangoes are delicious.
not fat or she is happy”

at
q : Mangoes are expensive.
 given statement is p  q. 55. (B) Let p : x  A  B and
 Dual is p  q q : x  A and x  B
 ~q ≡ x  A or x  B
expensive
lic
i.e., Mangoes are delicious or Mangoes are
Given statement is p  q.
Now,
45. (A) ~[~p  (q  ~r)]
~(p  q) ≡ p  ~q
≡ p  ~(q  ~r)  Negation of the given statement is
ub
≡ p  [q  ~(~r)] …[~(p  q) ≡ p  ~q] x  A  B and (x  A or x  B).
≡ p  (q  r) 56. (C) From the data given, symbolic form of the
46. (C) Note that, in particular, given statement is
(~p  ~q)  (r  s)
P

For x = 3,
Options (A), (B) and (D) are True, but ≡ ~(p  q)  (r  s)
statement (C) is false. 57. (C) ~ ( x  R, x2 + 1 = 0)
et

47. (D) [p  (q  r)]  [(~p  q)  (~p  r)] ≡  x  R, such that x2 + 1  0

≡ [p  (q  r)]  [~p  (q  r)] 58. (D) (A) (p  q)  r ≡ (T  T)  F ≡ T  F ≡ T
…[Distributive law] (B) (p  q)  r ≡ (T  T)  F ≡ T  F ≡ F
≡ (p  ~p)  (q  r)
rg

…[Distributive law] (C) (p  r)  q ≡ (T  F)  T ≡ F  T ≡ T

≡ T  (q  r) …[Complement law] (D) (p  q)  r ≡ (T  T)  F ≡ T  F ≡ F
≡qr …[Identify law]  Option (D) is correct
Ta

48. (C) 59. (D) We can write given satements as

S1 = p  q S2 = p  ~q
49. (A) ~[ x  A such that x + 5 > 8]
S3 = ~p  q S4 = p  q
≡  x  A such that x + 5  8
Note that p  q ≡ ~q  ~p
50. (D) S1 ≡ (p  q)  (p  ~q) ≡ ~(~q)  ~p
≡ (p  q)  ~(p  q) ≡ q  ~p
≡F  S1 = S3
51. (A) p: Raju is courageous 60. (C) Let p : –7 is an integer.
q: Raju will join Indian Army q : 7 is a complex number.
Given statement is: p  q  S1 ≡ p  q
It’s contrapositive is: ∼ q  ∼ p  S2 ≡ ~p  q
If Raju does not join Indian army, then he is But p  q ≡ ~p  q.
not courageous.  S1 and S2 are equivalent statements.
8
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Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic

61. (C) The form of given statement is p  q. 71. (B)
Inverse of given statement is ~p  q
Contrapositive of inverse of given statement is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
~(~q)  ~(~p) ≡ q  p. p q q  p p  q q  p p  q [p  (q  p)]
i.e., If areas of two triangles are equal, then [p (p  q)]
they are congruent. T T T T T T T
62. (D) ~[ x  N, x + x is even number]
2 T F T T T T T
≡  x  N such that x2 + x is not an even F T F T T T T
number. F F T F T T T
63. (D) The given statement is ~(p  ~q). All entries in the last column of the above
≡ ~(~p  ~q) truth table are T.
≡pq

ns
 The given statement is Tautology.
i.e. it is raining and the weather is pleasant.
72. (A) S1 : ~(p  ~q)
64. (A) Let p : 7 is greater than 4
and q : 6 is less than 7. ≡ ~(~p  ~q) ≡ p  q

io
Then, the given statement is disjunction p  q.  S1 is correct.
Here, ~ (p  q) : 7 is not greater than 4 and 6 S2 : (p  q)  (~p  ~q)
is not less than 7 is not greater than 4 and 6 is ≡ (p  q)  ~(p  q)

at
not less than 7. ≡F
65. (B) Let p and q be two propositions given by  S2 is not correct.
p : 22 = 5, q : I get first class. S3 : [p  (p  ~q)]  q
Then, given statement is p → q.
lic
The contrapositive of this statements is
≡ [p  (~p  ~q)]  q
≡ [(p  ~p)  (p  ~q)]  q
~ q → p, i.e. if I do not get first class, then
22  5. ≡ [F  (p  ~q)]  q
≡ (p  ~q)  q
ub
66. (A) Let p : Patna is in Bihar and q : 5 + 6 = 111
≡ ~(p  ~q)  q
Then, the given statement is disjunction p  q.
Since, p is true and q is false. ≡ (~p  q)  q
 The disjuction p  q is true. ≡ (~p  q)
 S3 is not correct.
P

Hence, truth value of given statement is true.

67. (C) p : x  A  B S4 : p  (q  p)
q : x  A and x  B ≡ p  (~q  p)
 ~q : x  A or x  B ≡ ~p  (~q  p)
et

The given statement is p  q. ≡ ~p  p  ~q

i.e., x  A  B and  x  A or x  B ≡ T  ~q
68. (A) Given that [(p  ~r)  (~p  q)] ≡ F ≡T
rg

 p  ~r ≡ T and ~p  q ≡ F  S4 is not correct.

 (p ≡ T and ~r ≡ T) and (~p ≡ F and q ≡ F)
Thus, the truth value of p, q, r are T, F, F 73. (B) Note that truth value of p, q, and r are F, T
Ta

respectively. and T respectively.

Consider option (B)
69. (D) For n = 3, n2 – n – 37 = (3)2 – 3 – 37 = 43
(prime) ~p  (q  r)
For n = 5, n2 – n – 37 = (5)2 – 5 + 37 = 57 ≡ (~F)  (T  T)
(nor prime) ≡TT≡T
 P(3) is true and p(5) is false.  ~p  (q  r) is true.
70. (D) Let p : x, x is a complex number for all x.
q : x2 < 0 74. (C) Let p : Quadrilateral ABCD is a square
 ~q : x2  0 q : All sides of quadrilateral ABCD are
 The given statement is p  q equal.
~(p  q) = p  ~q  The symbolic form of Statement I is p  q, and
 Negation of the given statement is x, x is a The symbolic form of statement II is q  p
complex number and x2  0.  Statement II is converse of statement I.
9
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MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Solutions)

75. (B) Let p : The payment is made. 80. (C) [~(~p  q)  (p  r)]  (~q  r)
q : The work is finished in time  [(p  ~q)  (p  r)]  (~q  r)
The given statement is p  q. …[De Morgan’s law]
Now ~ (p  q) ≡ (p  ~q)  (q  ~p)  p  (~q  r)  (~q  r) …[Distributive law]
≡ (q  ~p)  (p  ~q)  p  [(~q  r)  ~q]  r …[Associative law]
i.e., Either the work is finished in time and the  p  (~q)  r …[Absorption law]
payment is not made or the payment is made  (p  r)  ~q
and the work is not finished in time. …[Commutative and Associative law]
76. (C) 81. (C) As (p  ~ q)  (~ p  q) is false, we get
p  ~q ≡ T and ~p  q ≡ F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
~p  q ≡ F
p q r q˅r p p  q p  r (p  q)
 ~p ≡ F and q ≡ F

ns
(q ˅ r) ˅
 p ≡ T and q ≡ F
(p  r)
T T T T T T T T 82. (A) Let p : The surface area increases
q : The pressure decreases
T T F T T T F T
Given statement is p  q

io
T F T T T F T T  It’s inverse is ~p  ~q
T F F F F F F F  Option (A) is correct.

at
F T T T T T T T
83. (D) Let p : x and y are integers such that xy is odd.
F T F T T T T T q : both x and y are odd.
F F T T T T T T  Given statement is p  q
 Its contrapositive is ~q  p
F F F F T T T
lic T
 Option (D) is correct.
Columns 5 and 8 are identical
 p  (q ˅ r) ≡ (p  q) ˅ (p  r) 84. (D) Let p : A quadrilateral is a square
q : All sides of quadrilateral are equal.
ub
77. (D) Consider option (D),  Statement 1 is p  q,
p q ~p ~q ~p ˄ q (∼p ˄ q) ˄ (∼q) Statement 2 is q  p
T T F F F F  Statement 2 is the converse of statement 1.
T F F T F F 85. (A) Let p : The switch S1
P

F T T F T F q : The switch S2
F F T T F F The symbolic form is
(p  ~q)  (~p  q)  (~p  ~q)
All the entries in the last column of the above ≡ (p  ~q)  [~p  (q  ~q)]
et

truth table are F. …[Distributive Law]

 S3 is a contradiction. ≡ (p  ~q)  [~p  t] …[Complement Law]
78. (D) Let p : Payment will be made ≡ (p  ~q)  ~p …[Identity Law]
rg

q : Work is finished in time. ≡ ~p  (p  ~q) …[Commutative Law]

Given statement is ≡ (~p  p)  (~p  ~q) …[Distributive Law]
(p  q)  (q  p) ≡ t  (~p  ~q) …[Complement Law]
Ta

Negation of above statement is ≡ ~p  ~ q …[Identity Law]

(p  ~q)  (q  ~p)  Option (A) is correct.
 Option (D) is correct. 86. (D)
79. (C) Given statement, (p  q)  r (p  s)  (q  r)
[p  (q  r)]  [(p  q)  r] ≡ (T  T)  F ≡ (T  F)  (T  F)
p (q  r) ≡ ~p  (q  r) ≡TF ≡TF
≡T ≡F
≡ ~p  (~q  r)
≡ [(~p)  (–q)]  r 87. (A) ~(~s  (~r  s))
…[Associative Law]  s  ~(~r  s) …[De Morgan’s law]
≡ ~(p  q)  r  s  (r  ~ s) …[De Morgan’s law]
…[De’morgans law]  (s  r)  (s  ~ s) …[Distributive law]
≡pqr  (s  r)  F …[Complement law]
 Given statement is tautology. sr …[Identity law]
10
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Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic

88. (B) Inverse of (p  q)  (p   q) is 91. (A) Let p : The number is an odd number,
(p  q)  (p  q) q : The number is divisible by 3
 [ (p  q)]  (p  q)  (p  q)  (p  q)  (q  p)
…[p  q pq]  The negation of the given statement is
 (p  q) (p  q) …[De Morgan’s law] ‘The number is an odd number but not
 (q  p)  (q  ~p) …[Commutative law] divisible by 3 or the number is divisible by 3
 q  (p  p) …[Distributive law] but not odd’.
qT …[Complement law] 92. (D)
q …[Identity law]
 Negation of inverse of (p  q)  (p  q) is q p q r pq q (pq)q [(pq) q] r
T T T T F F T
89. (B) Contrapositive of (p  q) (p  q) is T T F T F F T
(p  q)  (p  q)

ns
T F T F T F T
 [(p  q)]  ( p  q) T F F F T F T
…[p  q   pq] F T T T F F T
 (p  q) (p  q) …[De Morgan’s law] F T F T F F T
Negation of contrapositive of

io
F F T T T T T
(p  q)  (p  ~q) is F F F T T T F
[(p  q)  (p  q)]
 ~(p  q)  (p  q) …[De Morgan’s law]  [(p  q)  q]  r is a tautology when all the

at
 (p  q) (p  q) …[De Morgan’s law] entries in the last column are T, which is only
possible when r  q
90. (B) q is false and p  q  r is true
 p  q  F and r  F 93. (B) p  (q  p) is false
 p  T or F, q  F and r  F
lic  p  F and q  F
(A) p  r  T or F Consider option (B),
(B) (p  r)  (p  r)  F  (T or F)  T p  (p  q)  F  (F  F)
(C) (p  r)  (p  r)  (T or F)  F  T or F  F  (F  T)
ub
(D) p  r  F FTT

Evaluation Test
P

1. (C) x + 3 = 10 is an open sentence. 6. (D)

 It is not a statement. 7. (C) Consider option (C)
 option (C) is correct.
et

P q r ~q p  ~q (p  ~q)  r
2. (A) Since p  q is false, when p is true and q is T T T F F T
false. T T F F F T
p  (q  r) is false, T F T T T T
rg

 p is true and q  r is false T F F T T F

 p is true and both q and r are false. F T T F F T
F T F F F T
3. (C) Since contrapositive of p  q is ~q  ~p,
Ta

F F T T F T
contrapositive of (~p  q)  ~r is F F F T F T
~(~r)  ~(~p  q)  r  (p  ~q)
 (p  ~q)  r is a contingency
4. (B) Let p: x is a complex number  option (C) is correct.
q: x is a negative number 8. (A) Consider option (A)
 Logical statement is p  q
P q p  q p  q ~(p q) (p  q) (p  q))
 converse of p  q is q  p T T T T F F
 option (B) is correct. T F F T F F
5. (B) Since inverse of p  q is ~p  ~q, F T F T F F
inverse of (p  ~q)  r F F F F T F
is ~(p  ~q)  ~r  (p  q)  (~(p  q)) is a contradiction.
i.e., ~p  q  ~r  option (A) is correct.
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 

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Solutions)

9. (C) Consider option (C)
(p  q)  (p  r)  (T  T)  (T  F)
TTT
 option (C) is correct.
10. (A)
11. (B) The statement “Suman is brilliant and
dishonest iff suman is rich” can be expressed as
Q  (P  ~R)
The negation of this statement is
~(Q  (P  ~R))
12. (D) (q)  (p) is contrapositive of p  q.

ns
 p  q  (~q)  (~p)
 option (D) is true.
13. (D) Let p : switch s1 is closed.
q: switch s2 is closed.

io
~p : switch s1 is open
q : switch s2 is open
The current can flow in the circuit iff either

at
s1 and s2 are closed or s1 and s2 are closed.
It is represented by (p  q) (p  q).
14. (B) (~p  ~q)  (p  q)  (~p  q)
 ~p  (~q  q)  (p  q)
lic
…[Distributive law]
 (~p  T)  (p  q) …[Complement law]
 ~p  (p  q) …[Identity law]
ub
 (~p  p)  (~p  q)
 T  (~p  q)
 ~p  q
 option (B) is correct.
P

15. (B)
1 2 3 4 5 6
pq p  ~q ~(p  ~q)
et

p q ~q
T T F T F T
T F T F T F
F T F F T F
rg

F F T T F T
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are
identical.
Ta

 ~(p  ~q)  p  q
 statement-l is true.
Also, all the entries in the last column of the
above truth table are not T.
 ~(p  ~q) is not a tautology.
 statement-2 is false.
 option (B) is correct.

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