Terrorism and Its Impact On Khyber Pakhtunkhwa A Case Study of District Peshawar

TERRORISM AND ITS IMPACT ON KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT

PESHAWAR
By
ABDUR RAHEEM KHAN
Registration No.AUP-18FL-BS-IR-14011
Research Thesis Submitted to the Department of Governance, Politics and

Public Policy (GPP), Abasyn University, Peshawar, in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Sciences in International Relations
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

ABASYN UNIVERSITY- PESHAWAR
RING ROAD (CHARSSADA LINK) - PESHAWAR
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
SESSION 2018-2022
ABSTRACT
Pakistan has been fighting war against terrorism on front-line after 9/11 incident. This war
brought certain complications and destruction in the region. This phenomenon affected all
aspect of life. The present research is conducted to highlights the impacts of militancy on
Khyber Pakthunkhwa. To justify the study and explain the puzzles of the Study I select this
topic to know about the impact of terrorism regarding social and cultural changes District
Peshawar district Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose purposive sampling technique is used
for data collection. Various respondents from the community which include business
community, education, social workers, jirga members and elders to collect data regarding
impact of terrorism on KP. The present study focuses on the economic, and social impacts of
terrorism on KP. Results revealed that terrorism brought various complications in the area,
regarding economic and social aspects of life. Local trade was suffered which leads to
unemployment and economic inflation. Poverty ratio increased as people lost their job and
migrated to other areas. Education sector badly suffered as most of the Educational institutions
were destroyed by terrorists. Students also waited for hours in various security check points.
Agriculture sector was disturbed as a result of ban on fertilizers and crop cultivation. Terrorism
also affect the culture of the area was replaced by informal culture as the people migrated from
their home land. Culture and sport events were suffered due to fear of terrorist attacks.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful.
First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty for blessing me to enabling me to complete my

thesis. First and foremost, I would like to sincerely thank to Prof. Dr. A.Z. Hilali, my
researcher supervisor and HOD of Department of Governance, Politics, International Relations
and Public Policy (GPP), for his guidance, Understanding, patience and most importantly, he
has provided positive encouragement and a warm spirit to finish this thesis.
I would like to thank all my beloved friends who were with me and support me through thick
and thin. Most importantly I would like to thank all my colleagues for their valuable guidance.
Last but not least, nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than the
member of my family. I would like to thank my parents, especially my Mother, whose love and
guidance is with me in whatever I pursue and who provide unending inspiration.
Abdur Raheem Khan

Date:
ii
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, Abdur Raheem Khan S/o Aman Ullah Khan bearing registration no. AUP-18FL-
BS-IR-14011, hereby state that my BS thesis titled entitled “Terrorism and its Impact on
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Peshawar” is my own work and has not
been submitted previously by me taking any degree from Abasyn University or anywhere
else in the country/world.
At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduation the

Abasyn University has the right to withdraw my BS degree.
(Student’s Signature)
. Name of Student: Abdur Raheem Khan
Date: _________
iii
DECLARATION REGARDING PLAGIARISM
I Mr. Abdur Raheem Khan solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled
“Terrorism and its Impact on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Peshawar”
is solely my research work with no significant contribution from other person. Small
contribution help whether taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete has been
written by me.
I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Abasyn University toward
plagiarism. Therefor I as an Author of the above titled thesis declared that no portion of my
thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited.
I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis
even after award of the BS degree, the Abasyn University reserve the rights to withdraw/revoke
BS degree and that HEC and the Abasyn University has the right to publish my name on the
HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarism
thesis.
Student Signature: ___________

Name: Abdur Raheem Khan
iv
DEDICATION
I dedicated this work to my parents and teachers for their endless love, support and
encouragement
v
Certificate of Approval
This is to certify that the research work persisted in this thesis; entitled “Terrorism
And its Impact on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Peshawar ” was
conducted by Mr. Abdur Raheem Khan S/o Mr. Aman Ullah Khan under the supervision of
Dr. A.Z Hilali .
No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis
is to the Department of Governance, Politics and Public Policy (GPP), in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Bachelor in Sciences in the Field of International Relations.
Faculty of Social and Management Sciences
Abasyn University Peshawar
Student Name: Abdur Raheem Khan Signature: ___________
Examination Committee
a) External Examiner: Signature: ___________
b) Internal Examiner: Signature:___________
Supervisor Name: Dr. A.Z Hilali Signature: ___________
Name of HOD: Prof. Dr. A. Z. Hilali Signature: ___________
vi
List of Abbreviation
AC Assistant Commissioner
ANP Awami National Party

DC Deputy Commissioner
TNSM Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i- Muhammadi
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
MPA Member of Provincial Assembly
MNA Member of National Assembly
NGO’s Non-Governmental Organization
MO Military operation
JI Jamat Islami
TTP Tehreek Taliban Pakistan
PATA Provincially Administrated Tribal Area
FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Area
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Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................ii
Author’s Declaration ............................................................................................................. iii
declaration Regarding Plagiarism ......................................................................................... iv
Dedication ................................................................................................................................. v
Certificate of Approval ........................................................................................................... vi
List of Abbreviation ................................................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................... 13
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 13
1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 13
1.2 Background of the Study ................................................................................................ 13
1.3 Factors Causing Terrorism in KP ................................................................................... 15
1.3.1 Political Factors ....................................................................................................... 15
1.3.2 Socio-Political Factors ............................................................................................. 15
1.3.3 Economic Factors .................................................................................................... 15
1.4 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................. 16
1.5 Research questions ......................................................................................................... 17
1.6 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................... 17
1.7 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 18
1.8 Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 18
1.9 Research Methodology................................................................................................... 20
1.9.1 Nature of the Research Work ...................................................................................... 21
1.9.2 Data Collection Procedure .......................................................................................... 21
1.9.3 Data Sources ............................................................................................................ 21
1.9.4 Tools for Data Collection ........................................................................................ 21
CHAPTER – 2 ........................................................................................................................ 24
ORIGIN AND NATURE OF TERRORISM ....................................................................... 24
2.1 Origin of Terrorism ........................................................................................................ 24
2.1.1 Why French revolution was started? ....................................................................... 25
2.1.2 Nature of Terrorist Groups ...................................................................................... 26
2.2 Terrorism at World Level ............................................................................................... 26
.2.3 Effects of Terrorism on Muslim World......................................................................... 30
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2.4 Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights............................................................................ 30
2.5 Effects of Terrorism on Religions .................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER –3 ......................................................................................................................... 35
TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS CAUSES ............................................................ 35
3.1 Incident of 9/11: ............................................................................................................. 35
3.2 Sectarianism ................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Illiteracy ......................................................................................................................... 36
3.4 Media Coverage ............................................................................................................. 36
3.5.1 On Pakistan Neighbor Relationship: ....................................................................... 36
3.5.2 On Just System: ....................................................................................................... 37
3.6 Terrorism in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) ..................................................... 37
3.6.1 Causes of Terrorism in FATA: ................................................................................ 38
3.6.2 Political, Administrative and Legal Vacuum: ......................................................... 38
3.6.3 Illiteracy, Unemployment and Poverty: ................................................................... 39
3.6.4 Role of Foreign Powers and Intelligence Agencies: ............................................... 39
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 42
IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON DISTRICT PESHAWAR KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA ................................................................................................................ 42
4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 42
4.2 Genesis of Militancy in District Peshawar ..................................................................... 42
4.3 Social Impact of Terrorism ............................................................................................ 43
4.4 Human Rights ................................................................................................................. 43
4.5 Economic, social and cultural right ................................................................................ 44
4.6 Impact of terrorism on Human Rights ........................................................................... 44
4.7 Education ........................................................................................................................ 46
4.8 Health ............................................................................................................................. 48
4.9 Sport ............................................................................................................................... 50
4.10 Culture .......................................................................................................................... 50
4.11 Impact of Terrorism on Culture ................................................................................... 50
4.12 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO’s) .................................................................. 51
4.13 Impact of Terrorism on NGO’s .................................................................................... 52
4.17 Economic impacts of terrorism .................................................................................... 54
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CHAPTER – 5 ........................................................................................................................ 59
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 59
5.1 Findings of the study ...................................................................................................... 59
5.2 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 60
5.3 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 64
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
This introductory chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, shares the
political, social, economic, geographic factors causing terrorism, the statement of problem, the
significance of study, research questions and objectives of this study.
1.2 Background of the Study
Terrorism is illegal use of power to attain an administrative objective in which the

public are targeted (Abadie & Gardeazabal, 2018). Brian J defines terrorism as the use of power
to bring change in a society. According to O’Neil, Terrorism is practice of violent activities by
non-state elements by targeting the public people in orders to attain their goals (Abid & Khan,
2019).
The systematic and methodological use of violent attacks to attain certain political
objectives is called terrorism. Various definition of terrorism refers to brutal and violent acts
to create fear among the people to attain certain objective, by targeting the non-competent. The
illegal use of power to create fear among the people is called terrorism. Terrorism has a long
history since the French revolution but terrorism get attention after Soviet –Afghan conflict.
However, this phenomenon gained significant turn after 9/11 incident in USA. Nowadays
terrorism become a global term as they affect the global politics (Bilal et al., 2016).
Behind terrorism in Pakistan there are several reasons which include ethnic variability,
low literacy rate, financial inequality, inflation, over population, lack of job opportunities
political instability, social injustice. Terrorism reach to its peak after the 9/11 incident as
Pakistan fight war on front line against terrorism. In Pakistan both internal and external factors
are responsible for promoting terrorism in the region. Which negatively affected economic and
social development of the country. Some empirical work was done the impacts of terrorism on
Pakistan which reflects the terrorism negatively affect both the economic status of the whole
region (Ahmad, 2020). The studies shows the direct impacts of terrorism on economic system
of the country. On June 28 1989 Mulla Sufi Muhammad founded Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i-
Muhammadi in District Peshawar. Activities of Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i- Muhammadi was
13
limited to specific area of Malakand Division, Bajaur Agency currently Bajaur District and
District Kohistan. The demand of this Tehreek was to impose sharia law in the region (Aziz &
Luras, 2020).
As history reveal that people of Dir, Swat, Buner and Bajaur are religious, Maulana
Sufi Muhammad started his movement in 1994, which was supported by the people. In 2001
people also supported Maulana Sufi Muhammad in jihad against US forces and its allies in
Afghanistan. Local political parties try to break power of Jamat Islami also supported this
movement (Yousufi & Islam, 2017).
In 1976, when PATA regulation was implemented in Swat, Dir and Chital. All the
powers of the Qazi courts were transferred to Tehsildar. The Tehsildar organize Jirga to solve
legal cases of the people. Under this regulation any person could be arrested without any reason
(Faqir et al., 2013).
Maulana Sufi Muhammad camped at District Peshawar Head Quarter and demanded to
implement sharia law in Malakand Division. CM Amir Afzal khan Assured Maulana Sufi
Muhammad that his demand will be full filled (Din, 2020).
The Supreme Court of Pakistan made a decision of land mark in 1994 ordering KP
government that Malakand Division should not govern under these rules as they are against the
Human Rights and discriminatory (Filer & Stanišić, 2016).
After Supreme Court decision local Khans and Malaks and executive authorities
supported Maulana Sufi Muhammad financially and emotionally. Maulana Sufi Muhammad
started his long protest against the government in May 1994. After that follower of Sufi
Muhammad took control of government institutions in District Swat (Daraz et al., 2012).
After 9/11, US attack on Afghanistan, Sufi Muhammad fully support Afghan Taliban
and motivated the people for Jihad against US and its Allies. Dir is located on Durand line and
borders with Afghanistan. Sufi Muhammad was sentenced for three years of imprisonment.
After that Parveez Musharraf banned Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i- Muhammadi Movement but
still it exists in Malakand Division. Maulana Abdul Ghafoor led the Sharia Movement in
absence of Sufi Muhammad in Bajaur and Peshawar (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2014). Situation
of Malakand Division are weakened by the authorities who allowed Sufi Muhammad to access
to Afghanistan and provide all possible support. Political parties are also responsible for
weakening the situation of Malakand Division (Abid & Khan, 2019). Terrorist activities in
FATA badly impacted the lives of the locals especially in District Peshawar. Due to militancy,
schools were destroyed and millions of local people become IDPs. It is important to investigate
the causes of militancy and the factors which contributed in worsening the situation in the area.
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Further, this study will help the researcher, authorities and elders of the area to know the
reasons. Further the reasons could be avoided in future and maintain a peaceful situation in the
area.
1.3 Factors Causing Terrorism in KP
There are various factors, which lead to terrorism in FATA and KP. The political,
social, economic and geographic factors are presented below (Abadie & Gardeazabal, 2018).
1.3.1 Political Factors
These factors include ignorance of Government and lack of security in the region. Futile
Dialogues and Peace agreement between Taliban and Government is a major factor that leads
to terrorism in the region. Another factor that leads to terrorism in the region is supporting non-
Islamic states against the Islamic states leads to aggression of the people. Poor administration
lack of justice to solve people’s problems leads to terrorism in FATA and Malakand Division
(Yousof & Islam 2017).
1.3.2 Socio-Political Factors
Illiteracy is the main socio-political factor. Lack of information about religion, modern
education and use of various radio stations in the local areas leads to militancy in the area.
Legacy of past policies US and Pakistan support freedom fighter across the world against
Soviet Union and attract the people to jihad (Yousof & Islam 2017).
1.3.3 Economic Factors
As it is clear that people of FATA and Malakand Division are ignored. Most of the
people belong to poor families. Most of the people join militant groups as they pay high salaries
to the locals. There are various causes of terrorism which directly affect the economic, social
and political system of an area. One of the major causes of terrorism is nationalism and
ethnicity in which various ethnic group uses violence against the government. Poverty is
another major cause of terrorism, as people do not meet their basic needs and the people join
militant groups to get rid of poverty. A video circulating on social media in which a man says
that he joined the Taliban group on 13000 salary on monthly basis. In equality, injustice and
unequal distribution of natural resources is also main cause of terrorism, in Baluchistan most
15
of the people join rebel group and commit violent attacks on public and private properties as
they are deprived from their legal rights. Poor governance and lake of leadership also cause
political instability in the region. Another factor which leads to violence in the region is
illiteracy, most of the people who join militant group are illiterate even they do not know what
they are doing (Yousof & Islam 2017).
US blame Taliban Government as the core of terrorism, as they attack on the bases of
Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. As Pakistan is very close to Afghanistan and share a long boarder of
2200 km with Afghanistan. Due to geo strategic location Pakistan became the centre of
extremism since September 2001. Pakistan has been facing the war against terrorism which
leads to destruction of infrastructure, human settlement and social norms and values. Tension
and fear have been created among the people as a result of NATO attacks on terrorist bases.
Pakistani Govt (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2016). fully support United States and its Allies for which
most of religious groups opposed government decision. Most of the religious parties and
organisations arrange protested against the government policies however most of people
challenged the writ of the government (Rahman, 2011). More than 70,000 people have lost
their lives as a result of war on terror. Due to terrorist attacks in various parts of the country
economic activities have been declined as the foreign investors limited their investments due
to fear. The country had faced a great economic loss during this decade (Updegraff, et al.,
2018). People are displaced from their homeland due military operation against terrorist groups
in various districts in the region especially in tribal areas and Provincial Administrative Tribal
Areas.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
Peshawar is the capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province is divided into four town
i.e. Town-I,II,III and IV. As Pakistan and Afghanistan share a long boarder of 2200 km name
as Durand line. Due to its location in nearby Pak-Afghan boarder Torkham, district Peshawar
is of great concern because militant groups can easily pass this route to achieve its target. This
area was also declared most dangerous area of the world by US president Barak Obama. Most
of the people are directly involved in war against US and NATO. These people also demanded
not to facilitate US and its allies as Pakistan provide logistic support to US. Like people of
FATA various religious group demanded to implement Islamic law I the country (Abid & Khan
2010).
16
District Khyber (former FATA) is composed of plains and mountains and district is the
closest district to tribal area District Khyber (former FATA). Physical makeup of the area
provides a better environment for terrorist groups as the area is directly and indirectly attached
to Afghanistan and FATA. History also reveals that the people are strongly religious and can
be motivated easily. After emergence of TTP District Peshawar was greatly suffered due to
military operation in the area. They totally change the economic, social and political scenario
of the region. Due to militancy the area has suffered a lot, dozens of schools were blown up,
millions of people were internally displaced due to militancy and military operations. It is
important to know the causes and impacts of the terrorism in Peshawar, which will help the
locals, policy makers and authorities to avoid such conditions in future and help in maintaining
peaceful environment in the area.
1.5 Research questions
Based on the research problem, the following research questions are developed to help
in investigating and analyzing the problem.
1. What are the causes of terrorism in District Peshawar?

2. What are the short and long term consequences of militancy in District Peshawar?
3. What Social, Cultural and Economic changes are observed after militancy in District
Peshawar?
1.6 Objectives of the study
The following research objectives are framed based on the research problem to help in
investigating the research questions of this study.
1. To identify the causes of terrorism in District Peshawar.

2. To investigate the short and long term consequences of militancy in the District
Peshawar.
3. To analyze the factors, which have influenced District Peshawar socially, culturally and
economically after militancy.
17
1.7 Significance of the Study
This present research work was enquired about the co-integration between terrorism and
its socio-economic impact on study area. Found issues in the existing terrorist activities in
District Peshawar. Another motivation behind this research was to examine and compare the
socio-economic impact of terrorism in terms of militancy as well as decrease in the economic
growth of study area. The foremost importance of the study was to highlight the destructions
of terrorism in every aspect of life in whole district Peshawar in general and particularly, in the
research area. This study will provide a base for other researcher working terrorism and its
impacts. The study also highlighted the measures that were taken by the community, security
agencies, and the civil government in order to control over terror groups and implementation
of the writ of the government. The study is also important to highlight the changes occurred in
social and political structure of the area during and after the militancy in District Peshawar.
1.8 Literature Review
The world population is considerably affected by terrorism. In a study conducted by

Teegan et al., (2016) violence discloses violence by way of a particular group for getting sure
objectives. The main target of the Tehreek Taliban Pakistan (TTP) is targeting educational
institution, as they are against the Western education and considered them as anti-Islamic law.
On December16, 2014 terrorist attacked on APS Peshawar in which they targeted the innocent
students and faculty members. In a study conducted by Khan and Seltzer 2016 find out the
impacts of terrorism on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The result reveals that terrorism affect
enrolment of the students in schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Bilal et al., 2016 studied the
impacts of terrorism on education in KP. The results reveals that blasting of educational
institutions, abducting students and faculty members, drone attacks in tribal districts, create
fear among the students and teachers. Due to continuous terror attacks it has been found that
the college student were deprived, depressed and feel hostile condition. The study suggested
that special seminars are needed to arrange in order to encourage the students. In a study
conducted by Wazir et al., (2020) conducted research on the role of education on reducing
terrorism in 50 African countries. During his research work it is found that education have
different effects on different level of education.
Heritage has been categorized into two different forms, i.e. natural heritage and cultural
heritage. Natural heritage refers to oceans, gardens, flora and fauna etc. while cultural heritage
18
comprises of two things: Tangible and Intangible heritage. Cultural heritage refers to
monuments, stupas, folk music and cultural practices that are considered significant for future
generation. Moreover cultural heritage gives people a connection to several values, customs,
beliefs and religions. It allows them to recognize with others of analogous mind sets and
circumstances and gives us a sense of unity and belonging within a group and permit us to
better understand about earlier generations and history that from where it came (Afridi, 2013).
According to Khan and Yusof, 2017, terrorism directly affect economic system and
development of Pakistan. According to Mubashra and Shafi 2018 terrorism have both short
and long term effects on country economy some empirical data on direct impacts are available
but indirect impacts are not explore yet.
According to a research conducted by Bari (2020) Pakistan has badly suffered by the
ongoing war on terror. The results reveal that education and economy of the country are badly
affected due to high cost on weapon. Literacy rate were low especially in Malakand Division
as people feel fear due to terror attacks. Dropout rate raises as 150 thousand students left the
school. Infrastructure of educational institutions were destroyed about36% school were totally
or partly damaged in Distract Dir and Buner.
In a study conducted by Din (2020) on the impacts of terrorism on Social and economic
system on allocating high budget but also alter the physical shape of the community. The result
also show the at dropout ratio has been increased due to the insecurity of educational
institutions and terror attacks on the institutions but the parents and students especially those
who institutions are targeted by terrorist attacks feel fear which leads to the high illiteracy rate
in FATA and PATA. Poverty ratio raised to the violence in the area which is again used as a
weapon by non-state actors against the government as the people are aggrieved of inflation and
poverty.
Naqvi et al., 2012 studied the impacts of terrorism on FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The results suggested that terrorist totally took the control of the area. They destroyed the
schools and colleges. The terrorist violated human rights in the area such as acquiring modern
education, was banned in the area. As Taliban considered modern education against the Islamic
law.
Syed et al., (2015) studied the impacts of terrorism on social, economic and political
structure of a society. The result showed that terrorism negatively affect both the social and
economic system of a society. The results suggested that strict action are needed to be taken by
the government in order to eliminate all the elements which create fear among the people of
the society and remain peace in the area.
19
In a study conducted by Nasim et., al 2014 on the impacts of terrorism on Pakistan. The
study reveals that terrorism negatively affect the economic development of the country. The
study reveals that 1% rise in terrorism will decrease the growth by 0.002%. The study
highlighted both the external and internal factors which greatly affect the economy of the
country.
Mirza & Verdier (2018 identified the barriers to political empowerment of women in
District Peshawar. Major study of the research work is Tehsil Timergara, Balambat, Lal Qilla
and Khall. Various factors are identified which leads to lower rate of involvement in political
activities in the area. Political barrier which include wrong family perception, lack of family
media and financial support, socio cultural barrier, gender disparity, lack of awareness about
political empowerment, household work, lack of time to involve in political activities, and
strong religious practice of Islamic law are main barriers to political involvement of women in
the politics.
Khan (20102020) studied implications of military operation for Pakistan on PATA and
FATA. In the very first time Militant groups have succeed to gain trust of the local community
as they were ignored by the state. As a gap has been developed due to ignorance of the
administration and lack of awareness in the community. The military operation greatly affect
the social, traditional and economic system of the tribal area.
1.9 Research Methodology
It is no doubt that any quantitative as well as qualitative research work is beyond

complication without proper data collection and suitable mentioned methodology as well. That
is, data gathering, methodological procedures, and analytical techniques is one of the
imperative actions in any research study. To sketch a research study the investigator must to
consider the approach of investigation that is associated with his methods and procedures of
research which transform the non-practical approach put into practice. In social sciences it is
compulsory that first of all the investigator confirms the population as well as the universe
under the study, sampling ways and, a prior identification of econometric models and methods
that have been used in the study (Khan, 2019). Taking into consideration the scope and aims
of the study, this chapter includes the methods of data gathering, validation, confirmation and
statistical methods using with methodical techniques of econometrics
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1.9.1 Nature of the Research Work
The present study is qualitative in nature, as the researcher followed qualitative

techniques in order to collect and analyze data. In this qualitative research, it has been analyzed
that what are the impacts on lives of the local people. The study has documented the timeline
of the events in the research area, District Peshawar. This research is qualitative and has
conducted interviews with primary sources. The research has identified the causes of terrorism
in District Peshawar area, problems. Further identified the consequences of the militancy in the
area.
1.9.2 Data Collection Procedure
There are a variety of tools which can be used for numerical information gathering from
the field, for example questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and observation. In this
research work, in order to collect primary data for the present research work, one precise
interview schedule was developed for multiplier socio-economic impact of terrorism and other
stakeholders.
1.9.3 Data Sources
The present study is mostly base on primary sources, however secondary sources are
used where applicable. The researcher personally visited to the selected area and collect
information from various person of the society. For collection of data structured interviewed
were conducted from various stakeholders to achieve its goal.
1.9.4 Tools for Data Collection
The researcher developed interview tool for this study based on the literature reviewed
for this study. The tools consist of various open ended questions. Before conducting the
interviews, the participants were briefed on the purpose of the study. On the consent of the
participants the interview process was initiated. The researcher assured that the confidentiality
of the participants will be ensured. The data collected will only be used for research purpose
and their names, ideas, discussion and locations will not be shared with any one.
21
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Way of Peacebuilding and More... Just Peace International.
23
CHAPTER – 2
ORIGIN AND NATURE OF TERRORISM
The terminology of “terrorism” is very difficult to define. The old principle “one man’s
terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” is still a live and well today. But some
definitions of terrorism are listed below. The term terrorism is derived from Latin word
“Terror” which means frighten, extreme fear. The unofficial or unauthorized use of
violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims is called terrorism (Frey et al.,
2014).
"The systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against government, public

or individuals to attain a political objective is called terrorism” (Horgan, 2018). “Terrorism
means use of terror and violence and intimidation, especially for political ends; the state of
fear and submission caused this. This has been elaborated as actual or threatened use of
violence for political goals. The systematic employment of violence and intimidation to
coerce a government or community into acceding to specific political demand is called
terrorism (Jacques & Taylor, 2018).
2.1 Origin of Terrorism
The term “Terrorism” originated during the French revolution (1789-1799) and change to
trial by the new form of government to strengthen its power and threaten to opponents.
Many who were supporter of the old monarchy. The term had a much different meaning,
then terrorism was become with defending, new thought of justice and democracy against
an old order to understand as cruel and corrupt. For more than 100 years, terrorism was a
method by which the weak and oppress might become powerful. The period of the French
revolution from Sep 5, 1793 to July, 1794 caught up in civil and foreign war, the
revolutionary government decided to make terror the arrangement of the day to take
unfeeling action against the suspected of being enemies of the revolution. In Paris, a wave
of capital punishment followed.in provinces, representatives on mission and protection
24
committees established local terror (Khan, 2020). The terror had economic side embodied
in the maximum a price control measure demanded by the lower classes of Paris, and a
religious side that was embodied in the program of dechristianization pursued by the
follower of Jacques Hebert. During the terror, the committee of public safety exercised real
authority control over French government. In the spring of 1794, it removed its enemies to
left and to right still uncertain of its position. The committee obtained the law of 22 Prairial,
year 2 (June 10, 1794) which suspended the suspect's right to public effort and to legal help
and left the jury only a choice between a release and death. Theterror which followed, in
which about 1400 persons were killed, contributed to the fall of Robespierre on July 27.
During the reign of terror, at least300,000 suspects were arrested, 17000 were officially
punished and many died in prison or without trial (Khan, 2011).
2.1.1 Why French revolution was started?
Before revolution, the society of France divided into different kinds of social and religious
thoughts which were contain on clergy, nobles and third estate.The clergies were exerted
great influence throughout Christian Europe.They enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege.
They owned about 10 percent of the land and did not pay taxes. They performed social
services only Nums, Monks and priest. These type people ran schools, hospitals and
orphanages. The church interference was directly in politics. The second estate was the
nobles. They controlled the legal system. They did not pay taxes and enjoy special rights
only for themselves. They received high jobs like the civil, the army, the courts and church.
They were not given any job to third estate, because they were feared that the main power
could not go from their hands. Therefore, they were kept all important jobs with
themselves. They feared to lose their privileges, especially their freedom of paying taxes
(Mirza & Verdier, 2018).
The third estate was contained on middle class people like bureaucratese, lawyer, doctor,
journalists, professor and skill artisans. The middle class people were included 98 percent
of the population. They paid taxes and gave support to French economy. The noble and
25
clergies did not give right to middle class people. Therefore, they teased and bored and
started struggle against government and corrupt people. After that, country economy was
totally disturbed and destroyed. Then government presented and wanted to give some rights
and bring some reforms, but it was failed (Orakzai, 2011).
2.1.2 Nature of Terrorist Groups
Terrorist groups manifest themselves in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Some group
like the Irish Republican army, Fatah, Hamas and Hazbollah, Bader Meinhof and the
Shining Path are geographically concentrated and culturally and politically homogeneous.
Other groups like Al-Qaida are geographically dispersed and culturally and politically
diverse. Large heterogeneous terrorist groups confront more serious difficulties in building
membership. More homogeneous groups, they are organized for some other purpose that
provides privates benefits to their members. For Example, the Al – Qaeda leadership preys
on illiterate, simple minded male drop-outs drawn primarily from a range of Middle –
Eastern countries but also from Europe, North America, Africa, Australia and Asia by
indoctrinating them in fanatical Islam by focusing hostility toward Western values. The
Fatah motivate its membership into launching suicidal attacks on 1srael by promising the
establishment of a social state of Palestine and removal of Jewish occupation. Hamas and
Hezbollah motivate its membership by promising the elimination of Israel from the map of
Middle East. Furthermore, Pan-Islamism disposes adherent of that faith to view themselves
as Muslims first and as citizen of particular countries second. Clearly this doctrine helped
al – Qaeda and Multi – national terrorist groups to overcome the logic of collective action
(Marwat & Toru, 2015).
2.2 Terrorism at World Level
1. Hegemonial Posture
The world peace has totally been destroyed by war of influence because
millions people were killed and millions were wounded. In the world, America has become
a first country which crushed human rights. She gets her interest by the slogan of
26
democracy by war. United States targets human rights. After 9/11, million have been
cripples and wound. She does propaganda against other countries that they crushed human
rights then she attacks on them for instance, in Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia etc. In
the war of South and North Korea, 20 million people had been finished by racely. In
Afghanistan,30 million people were martyred and on Iraq attacking, people were killed by
USA by the reason of chemical weapon (Ramsay, 2020).
All these events, deaths and news are witness. Every policy of America comes
to front in different ways. When USA started war of terror and made international unity,
so it created extreme fear and terror. These like example do not meet in the history. America
put a lot of cruelty over citizen of affected countries. Many doctors, engineers, scientists
and religious scholar were started to escape and could not address about them till now.
USA searches her own interest that she could safe it. Vikileeks, which is the institution of
secret information, has propagated her cruelty (Sadruddin, 2012).
2. Afghan War:
When Soviet Union invaded on Afghanistan, the whole Muslim ummah came
into motion as they feared that the spread of communism in Afghanistan will spread to
other Muslim countries as well. In this situation, all the Muslim countries supplied man
power to fight Afghan war. The US poured its dollar and it supplied the Mujahedeen with
training and advanced weaponry like stinger missiles to bring down Russian helicopters.
Pakistan was at the centre of all these activities and supplied logistical support to
Mujahedeen and served as bridge between them and US. The Soviet Union suffered great
losses to its economic and it became difficult for it to administer such larger areas and so
it disintegrated into many small states and the cold war formally came to an end in 1991
around the world. Once the war in Afghanistan to an end, US packed its bags and left the
region without providing any support to war torn country. The Muslim which supplied
warriors disowned them and cancelled their nationalities. They left them standard in
Afghanistan. A civil war broke out which result in thousands of deaths after which a group
27
known as Taliban emerged victorious and formed government in 1996 (Shahbaz et al.,
2013). The hardships of Afghan people still did not end because no one had given them
recognition. Afghanis were faced isolation. They were inexperienced in matter of state like
foreign policy and internal affairs. Pakistan was the first country which recognized Taliban
government. After 9/11, the Taliban government was given an ultimatum that is to give up
Osama-bin Landon or be ready for war. Taliban refused to give up Osama-Bin-Laden
because of their tribal traditions which resulted in America attacking on Afghanistan (Syed
et al., 2015).
3. Backwardness:
Everybody will notice that the problem of terrorist is more profound in

undeveloped nation where developed nation or countries enjoy peace. This is because of
backwardness, unemployment, lack of proper health facilities and general backwardness
of the society gives air to extremist behaviors (Shahzad et al., 2016).
4. Sectarianism:
Sectarianism is one of the most dangerous causes of terrorism from the

beginning. Therefore, sectarian violence has taken the shape of terrorism. Suicide attacks
and targeted killing are carried in still fear and terror. The objective is to take advantages
of division in Muslim ranks and weaken them (Shahzadet al., 2016).
5. Political System:
In the world one of the basic causes of terrorism is political ideologies. Although,
a precise moment might be hard to identify, a frequently cited date in 1989, which marked
the crumbling of the Berlin wall. Until then, the wall separated communist controlled East
Berlin from West Berlin. More broadly it separated two Germanys: the German
Democratic republic allied with the Soviet Union and Federal republic of Germany, part of
the North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO) alliance. At the most general level, the wall
28
served as a powerful symbol of division of world into a communist bloc of countries under
the control of Soviet Union. The collapse of Berlin wall swiftly ushered in a series of
peaceful revolution against the communist party states of East central Europe and Soviet
Union (Yousufzai & Gohar, 2015).
The implosion of these regimes and their replacement by government, proclaiming a
commitment to democratic rule, marked the end of the grim and some time deadly cold
war that has pitted Soviet and American alliances against one another in many parts of the
world. After tumbling down of Berlin wall, an important and controversial analysis of
world events was published with an audacious title, “The end of history” for it author Din
(2020), the failure of communism was a historic significance not only in itself, but also
because it signifies the end of any feasible alternative to western style regimes that is
regime that combine capitalist organization of the economy with a democratic political
system (Din, 2020). There was only one model of political and economic development for
the world. He also claimed that history has ended in the sense that never again would there
be the kind of global struggle between competing ideologies that had marked previous
period and that in the twentieth century alone, has led to two world wars and the cold war.
He did recognize that the political and economic transitions to this new era would not be
easy for many countries. He predicted that because of deeply entrenched nationalist and
ethic cleavages many parts of the world could not easily escape history and would be a
terrain of conflict for many years to come (Faqir et al., 2013).
6. Gulf War:
The strong opposition of most governments and world public opinion, president
Bush and prominent administrating officials as well as key allies such as Britain’s prime
minister Tony Blair declared that the Iraqi regime of Saddam Husain possessed and could
rapidly deployed weapons of mass destruction including nuclear, biological and chemical
armaments and there was close links between Iraq and Al- Qaeda in 2003, the United
States, Britain and several other countries attacked Sadddam’s government and “victory”
quickly followed. However, establishing order and reconstructing Iraq proved for header
29
than toppling Saddam. Several years after President Bush declared in May 2003 that major
combat operations were over, military hostilities in Iraq continued to claim the lives of Iraq
insurgents and citizen as well as American, British and other troops stationed there (Bari,
2020).
.2.3 Effects of Terrorism on Muslim World
Due to terrorism the world is burning especially, Muslim world. After 2nd world
war, when world divided into two blocs one supported United stated of America and other
bloc supported Russia or Soviet Union. The leader of different countries had met with one
another. Those countries which had supported United States of America, they are burning
much as compare to other. This division promoted extremism and terrorism in all over the
world. But their countries leader did not think that one day their country will burn.
Therefore Ahmed and Khan (2016) has said A politician thinks about coming election
while statesman thinks about coming generation (Ahmed & Khan, 2016).
2.4 Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights
Due to terrorism several countries are affecting. Their citizen are passing their
life in own country like stranger and passenger. People are troubling psychologically.
Muslim has become crippling and millions are migrated from their own land and
transferred to other countries. There education system has totally been destroyed due to it.
America has targeted human rights at everywhere. After 9/11 incident, million people have
been killed and million have been crippled and wound. She attacked on Vietnam, Iraq
Afghanistan and Somalia. She put a lot of cruelty over the citizen of these countries. Many
doctors, engineers, scientists and religious scholars were started to escape and could not
address about them (Azam, 2014).
30
2.5 Effects of Terrorism on Religions
After 9/11, the terrorism has created a problem among religions. Christians
understood that Muslims were responsible of it and Muslims said that Christians were
responsible. Everyone presented negative image of religion. But terrorism did not spread
through religion. It is spreading only for economic interest because several countries have
made different types of policies that they could gain economic resources of other countries
(Bhui et al., 2014).
31
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Institute, 14(1), 102-123.
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Pakistan. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.
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radicalisation?. PloS one, 9(9), e105918.
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IN PUKHTIN SOCIETY. Gomal University Journal of Research, 29(1).
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Academy of Political and Social Science 618, no. 1 (2018): 80-94.
Jacques, K., & Taylor, P. J. (2018). Male and female suicide bombers: different sexes,
different reasons?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,31(4),304-326.
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(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa): A case study of the process of “State Inversion”. Pakistan
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Marwat, F., & Toru, P. K. (2015). Talibanization of Pakistan: a case study of

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Empirics. Journal of Comparative Economics,36(2).
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peacebuilding theory-practice application. Journal of Peacebuilding &
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Res, 10, 20-5.
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33
Yousufzai, H. M., & Gohar, A. (2015). Towards Understanding Pukhtin Jirga: An

Indigenous Way of Peacebuilding and More... Just Peace International.
34
CHAPTER –3
TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS CAUSES
3.1 Incident of 9/11:
Terrorism has engulfed Pakistan in the wake of war on terror after 9/11 attacks.
Pakistan has been suffered from terrorism for quite a few years where as the intensity and
frequency of terrorism incident have increased during last 13 years. Every political party
blames Zia–ul–Haq regime, whose 1slamization policies planted the seeds of the modern day
terrorism (Azam, 2014). The Mujahedeen from all over the world were brought to Pakistani
tribal areas during the Soviet Afghan war. Pakistan in conjunction with USA supported and
funded Mujahedeen. By the time the war subsided. Mujahedeen had settled in Afghanistan and
Pakistani tribal areas and had formed group such as Taliban, Lashkar -e- Taiba etc. Initially,
these groups were natured but the Pakistan government to fulfillment the stat’s agenda in
Afghanistan and Kashmir. However, after the 9/11 attacks in USA followed by Pakistani
support of the West in the war of terror, these Mujahedeen have changed their ways and directly
attacking Pakistan (Bhui et al., 2014).
3.2 Sectarianism
Sectarianism is a major cause in the world generally and particularly in Pakistan.

The problem of sectarianism did not emerge at once in Pakistan. It passed through some phases
then it becoming a national cause. These phases are based from (1947, 77) is first, (1977-88)
is second and (1988-2014) is third. The beginning of first phases, ulama of both sects, the Sunni
and Shi'ah played a vital role in constitution of Pakistan in the shape of objective resolution.
They both had same opinion about Qadianis that they are non Muslims. After the declaration
of parliament that Qadianis are non Muslims, sectarianism was started in Pakistan because
political power of parliament encouraged political parties to use legislation as tool against other
sect (Blomberg et al., 2016). In second phase the sectarian violence was increased due to some
reasons which were Zia 1slamization programmed, the pressure of Sunni religious parties, the
formation of Tehrik-I-Nifaz-I-Fiqh-I-Jafriya, Islamic revolution in Iran and emergence of
sectarian organization. These all factors played their role against country peace. In third phase
(1988-2004), the sectarian violence was reached to peak because of Zia's policies, legislation,
emerging of major terrorist groups. After 9/11 incident, Pakistan had become the alliance of
35
USA against war on terror. Finally Pakistan banned on all militant groups which were involved
in terrorist in one way or other due to high pressure from USA and world power (Din, 2020).
3.3 Illiteracy
Terrorism is one of the serious causes of terrorism in Pakistan.In Pakistan, the

illiteracy rate is about 42% such a high illiteracy rate has made Pakistan vulnerable to terrorism.
It is said that “A hungry man is an angry man". Majority people in Pakistan are living below
poverty line. While especially, for the youngster, unemployment has made the matter worse.
In these adverse circumstances, some people go to till the level of extremism and even commit
suicide. These are the people whose services are hired by terrorist group and they become easy
prey of terrorism. These all problems are due to poverty because it birth illiteracy which is the
base of terrorism and other problems. Education system of Pakistan is ineffective and
population is going to high level day by day which is making the cause of terrorism (Faqir et
al., 2013).
3.4 Media Coverage
It has basic role in promoting of terrorism in Pakistan. Although, private media in

Pakistan has brought benefits but some draw back as well. Media channel attempt to get ahead
of their competitors create sensation by running the news of each and every terrorist incident
at earliest. Broadcast images and videos of terrorist incidents very much demoralized the
society and general fear among the common people which very much encourage terrorist (Filer
& Stanišić, 2016).
3.5 Effects of Terrorism ON Pakistan
There are several affects of terrorism on Pakistan which are following.
3.5.1 On Pakistan Neighbor Relationship:
Terrorism is spreading in an entire world but Pakistan is affecting badly because it

has been affected it in all field of line including its relation with its neighbor. After visiting
China, Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif had meeting regarding law and order
situation in country. All the concerned heads of the departments presented their views and
showed information. The DG ISI said that the Jahandullah in balochistan and other territories.
36
Due to its activities, the relationship between Pakistan and Iran is disturbing (Yousufzai &
Gohar, 2015).
3.5.2 On Just System:
Pakistan has been badly affected by terrorism. The chief justice of Supreme Court
of Pakistan said that the situation of just system in Pakistan is very bleak due to terrorism. He
further stated that if court persons will not be protected by state then how it will be possible for
court to deliver just to common people. The terrorism has impacted law and order situation and
feel insecure their selves. They are very uncertain about the future. Terrorism has also impacted
psyche of general masses. The government must take a step immediately and defend the courts
and people who work with them (Yousufi & Islam, 2017).
3.6 Terrorism in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) lies on Pakistan’s Western border. It

covers an area of 27220 square Kilometers. It's inhabited by a population of3.17 million people
(according to 1998 census). It terrain is one of the most difficult in the world. Harsh
environment and historical and cultural factors have made its populace one of the most rigid
and toughest in the world. Love for independence and bravery are the identity of the area. It is
a traditional and tribal society where literacy rate is low employment opportunities is rare. The
society in FATA is governed by traditions and customs. Arms and weapons are considered as
part of the dress of males. Revenge dominates all customs and traditions as it lasts for decades
taking lives of people generation after generation. Tribal fighting, feuds and animosities are
the normal business of the day of the people living (Wazir, 2020). In spite these facts, FATA
was considered as one of the most peaceful area in the country just as Pakistan's Western border
was thought to be safe for about 55 years since independence of Pakistan. Government never
felt a need to deploy armed forces either in FATA or Pakistan Western border with Afghanistan
since 1947. But situation changed from the starting of 21st century (Updegraff, et al., 2018)
After 9/11 incident the situation of FATA has been worse. Pakistani government
deployed its troops on its border with Afghanistan and also launched military operations against
suspected militants settled in FATA. Due to military operations it could not clear from foreign
militant and it become cause of hatred in FATA. These elements took arms against Pakistani
state. In the entire FATA different kinds of militia groups and militant organization formed
under different banner (Shahzad et al., 2016)
37
. These groups operate either in Pakistan or Afghanistan or in both countries. FATA showed
its role in Afghanistan situation. Therefore US wanted to military operation against these
groups but Pakistani government did not allow it but US government launch a campaign of
drone attacks with the help of Pakistani authorities (Unerman et al., 2016). These attacks was
run by it premier spy \agency Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).Due to drone strikes,
thousands of innocent people lives have been finished since now. Therefore, Tehrik-e-Taliban
declared war against Pakistan state and killed around 50,000 people and so many injured in the
country (Syed et al., 2015).
The terrorism in FATA has several causes which are discussed here (Wazir, 2020).
3.6.1 Causes of Terrorism in FATA:
There are several causes of terrorism in FATA. They provided a fertile ground for the rise of
terrorism militancy which several internal and external factors accelerated in the course of time.
3.6.2 Political, Administrative and Legal Vacuum:
Due to unique history of FATA, It was given an autonomous status in the federation
of Pakistan at the time of creation of country and FATA's accretion to it. Qauid–e- Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan, had promised the people of FATA that the state
of Pakistan would never interfere with their liberties and they would be enjoyed their freedom
as they did in the past. So, the people of FATA were also to maintained and preserve their
liberties without any government interference in their affairs. They lives are being regulated
under their own custom and tradition, instead of the ordinary law of Pakistan. Political activities
were not allowed in FATA and there was no effective political system at any level. Even
government introduced direct election and universal adult franchise about a decade ago. Lack
of political activities created political vacuum in the area.
Administratively, FATA is administered by federal government through governor

of KP who also head the FATA secretariat located at Peshawar. Governor looks its affairs
through political agents (PAs). The tribal Maliks and staff of Khasader force help run the affairs
at the local level. This setup cannot solve any challenge when once they challenged state
authorities in the area. Fortier Crimes Regulation (FCR) provides some remedy for legal
vacuum in FATA. It is the old law and does not confirm the basic tenets of justice. It does not
38
discriminate between the guilty and innocent. It is too strong for the weak and too weak for the
strong. This type of regulation cannot provide justice to the people of FATA (Wazir, 2020).
3.6.3 Illiteracy, Unemployment and Poverty:
Illiteracy, unemployment and poverty are the hail mark of the FATA. FATA is
considered to be one of the most backward and underdeveloped area. The remoteness from the
developed centers of the country difficult topography, harsh local traditions and imprudent
government policies provided unfriendly conditions for investment in commerce and industry.
Lack of appropriate public sector attention and investment in related infrastructure contributed
to massive illiteracy, unemployment and poverty which provide suitable environment for the
rise of extremism and terrorism in the area (Persitz, 2014). Once the insurgent and terrorist
started their activities they were able to attract misguide illiterate people and use unemployed
and poor youth for their political ends. Poverty also helped rise terrorism in the region as the
terrorist able to exploit the deprivation of the common people and promote their agenda without
much interference or tear of state authorities (Orakzai, 2011).
3.6.4 Role of Foreign Powers and Intelligence Agencies:
It is widely believed among the scholars in Pakistan that the country in general an
FATA in particular has become a battle ground for proxy wars of different countries of the
world. Reportedly intelligence agencies of dozens of countries are working in the area to
promote their respective national interests and subvert peace and stability in the region.
Understandably, all neighboring as well as other important countries of the world including
China, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Russia, Israel, Turkey and some Gulf countries are part of this
so called New Great Game in the area. Some of these countries are responsible for providing
support of various kinds to insurgents in Pakistan and in FATA (Mirza & Verdier, 2018).
India’s role is most important among them. India’s intelligence agency (RAW) Research and
Analysis Wing is very active in both side of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It uses several Indian
consulates functioning mostly on Afghanistan Eastern cities near to Pakistani border. These
consulates not only get information but also providing different kind of support to militant in
Baluchistan, FATA and other parts of the country (Mehmood, 2014).
39
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Shahzad, S. J. H., Zakaria, M., Rehman, M. U., Ahmed, T., & Fida, B. A. (2016). Relationship
between FDI, terrorism and economic growth in Pakistan: pre and post 9/11
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109-121.
41
CHAPTER 4
IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON DISTRICT PESHAWAR KHYBER

PAKHTUNKHWA
4.1 Overview
This chapter include the data collected through structured interviewed. This chapter
also include the causes and Social and Political impacts of militancy on District Peshawar.
4.2 Genesis of Militancy in District Peshawar
History reveal that people of FATA were ignored and remained uneducated thus they
blindly support other people who used religious factor for terrorism. Lateron, some people who
participated in Afghan Jihad become violent and support any Tehreek who claim for Shariah
movement in Pakistan as well as in Afghanistan. In the very first time TTP movement in
District Khyber (former FATA) was peaceful and attract the people’s attention. Most of the
people in the area support TTP which become violent and challenged the writ of the
government (Marwat & Toru, 2015). Slowly this movement proceeded towards nearby areas
i.e. Peshawar, Charsadda, Shabqadar and other nearby villages to tribal areas
The present study focus on economic and social impact of terrorism on District
Peshawar. After Talibanization in District Khyber (former FATA) Pakistan Army Launched a
major military operation (operation Zarb-e-Azam) in the area FATA. Before Military
Operation Aman Jirga was formed by Local Malaks which was headed by Professor Akram
Khan In Malakand Division. The purpose of this Jirga was to talk with Taliban and try to the
region peaceful. They arrange various meeting with Taliban leaders to leave FATA. Taliban
agreed with Aman Jirga but later they attacked on the members of Jirga. Malak Mahmood Jan
and Zimdari Mulisab an active members of Aman Jirga was killed by militants in 2008. They
also threaten other members. That lead the terrorism to migrate into administered areas of
Khyber Pakkhtunkhwa.
An interview with Aziz Ahmad says that Taliban took the control of the area, in the
very first time Taliban were peaceful after that they become violent. They established Nizam-
i-Salah in Tirah valley, to impress the people. They also took control of traffic. Taliban also
solve the disputes among the people and impose various punishments to offenders. In the very
first time people were impressed. Some of the people join Taliban group to take revenge from
42
their enemies. Aziz Ahmad viewed that militancy creates some social and economic problems
in the area. As the military operation started in April 2009 long curfew were held and the people
migrated from their homes. Bazar were remain closed for three months. People traveled for
several kilometers on their feet to save their lives. People lift their home and migrated to nearby
areas. Crops and fruits which was ready to harvest were lifted as a result of long curfew in
District Khyber (former FATA). According to Aziz Ahmad infrastructures were totally
damaged due to use of heavy weapons, Schools were destroyed by militants. However some
person were missed as a result of militancy in the region.
4.3 Social Impact of Terrorism
Militancy not only impact on economic system but it also affect the social and political
life of the people. The social life of PATA which was already disturbed by special regulation
for PATA which was declared by supreme court of Pakistan as unhuman law. Terrorism also
negatively impact on the social system of life. Education, health and infrastructure were totally
damaged due to militancy in the region. Social structure of District Peshawar was degraded by
frequent attacks by militants in the area.
4.4 Human Rights
Human rights are rights that are given to a person by birth. Human rights relate to all
phases of life (Llussá & Tavares, 2011). Application of Human rights enable all persons to
figure and regulate their own lives in freedom, equality and respect for dignity of mankind
(LaFree & Ackerman, 2019). It includes political, civil, social, cultural and economic rights,
as well as the mutual rights of individuals. Civil and Political Rights include right to life,
Freedom from cruelty and punishing, insensitive punishment, right to freedom from slavery,
right to security, religious right, right to expression of thoughts, right to marry and right to
rational trial (Khan, 2020).
Globally perceived basic liberties are usually perceived to incorporate those rights to
which all people are entitled without separation by the simple certainty of being human that is,
rights that can't be denied or confined based on cultural, custom, political direction, ethnicity,
or social standing, yet should be secured truth be told and given impact by law. Extensively
talking, these rights incorporate the most crucial preconditions for a moral human survival.
They are principally attested against government specialists (i.e., should be regarded, ensured
43
and given impact by the public authority) yet in certain cases are additionally fit for statement
against others in their private limits (e.g. discernment).
4.5 Economic, social and cultural right
Every citizen has the right to work in a favourable condition, right to get education and
health services, right to get adequate proper living standard, safe food, water and security.
Collective rights of a community include self-determination, development, right to use their
wealth and natural resources and living in a healthy environment.
4.6 Impact of terrorism on Human Rights
It has been observed that that terrorism has different impacts on different region which
collectively affect human life. Terrorism also effect the economy of a region which results in
higher rates of commodity of items and unemployment. Terrorism badly affect the
development of a country (Khan et al., 2011). Approximately 78% of the terror attacks in the
world happened in 10 countries during the year 2007-14. However 79% of the militant attacks
happened in different parts of the globe. About30% of the total accidents were happened in
Iraq comprising the higher rate of the world’s terror incidents. However 13% incidents were
occurred in Pakistan, which was labelled as 2nd most affected country in the globe. After the
9/11 accident the phenomenon of terrorism get the attention of Western and Eastern countries
which greatly influence on these countries (Khan et al., 2019). Deprivation of basic rights of
human undoubtedly creates a sense of separation and alienation from it, which is often used to
justify acts of terrorism. Such as personal issues, spousal issues, unemployment, and
psychological problems etc are the root causes of terrorism. It has been observed that in some
cases individuals who violent have become certain tendencies or mental stress. Many are drawn
to follow what they see as the daring acts of other people. Cruel mind-set people also found in
every society which acts violently are also the cause of terrorism. However violation of
fundamental human rights also exists in civilized societies. Violence or terrorism cannot be
prevented even if strictly follow the international human rights obligations.
Terrorism have direct impact on human rights. As it is clear from the definition that
terrorism is the use of violent behavior to achieve certain goals. Terrorism brought serious
impact on human rights of Pakistan especially in war affected area especially in District
Peshawar. In PATA and FATA both terrorist and terrorist encounter violate human rights on
regular basis. Right to life is the basic human right, in District Peshawar most of the people
44
were killed by unknown people without any reason. Most of the people were threaten and
kidnapped who oppose the agenda of terrorist.
An interview with Sardar Khan social activist in Peshawar from Paharipura viewed that
during terrorism in Peshawar most of the people were killed and kidnapped without no reason.
Sardar Khan was also threaten many times by terrorist. All the people were migrated from their
homeland to nearby areas and the people face several hurdles during his stay outside from their
homes. There were no proper shelter, food and safe water for drinking.
Shoukat Khan, founder of PZM (Pakistan Zindabad Movement) an active Social and
Political member stated that people were tortured during the militancy in Peshawar. No one
can express their views, every individual feel fear and do not express their feelings. Children
feel fear due to heavy firing and bomb blasting in the area. During militancy people lost their
jobs and businesses in the area which creates financial problems for the community. Most of
the houses were damaged due to use of heavy weapons. Schools were demolished by terrorist
as they considered modern education as against Islam.
Samiullah Senior Clerk at Higher Education Department (belongs to Shabqadar)
viewed that militancy have brought destruction in the area. People including women and
children lift their homes due to fear and walked for several kilometers and live for three months
in Camps. 76 people were killed in a suicide attack he added. Shortage of daily use item in the
area increase tension of the people of Peshawar due to risky situation and long curfew in the
area.
An interview with Haji Anwar Uddin President Bazar-I-Misgaran and member of Al-
Khidmat foundation District Peshawar stated that the impact of terrorism on the social and
economic status of District Peshawar are enormous. Unemployment ratio were high during the
military operation in District Khyber (former FATA). Settlement of the IDP’s was a major
problem for us. There is no proper arrangement for IDP’s to manage in Camps. A lot of
problems originate in Peshawar city as the people migrate from the nearby area.
Maulana Amin Ullah a religious scholar and Member of Aman Jirga Lajbook District
Peshawar viewed about impact of terrorism on Peshawar. He Stated that terrorism badly affect
the social structure of the area. People feel uncertainty and don’t express his feelings. Normal
routine of life was suffered and the people were limited to their homes. Social gathering which
were held at various places were post ponded as a result of terror attacks in the area. The
villagers took the security of their homes due to fear of rubbers in the area. Right to life is a
basic human right which was violated during militancy in the area, he added. I my self was
threaten when I oppose the emergence of Taliban in the area.
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4.7 Education
The exchange of information, from one person to another is called education. Education
is considered as basic human right throughout the globe. Education play a major role in
development of a nation. Saqib and Ahmad 2014 describe the importance of education.
Education bring positive changes in the society. It is important for a developed society to be
educated. Education bring peace, prosperity and development in a society. Education play an
important role in personal and social development of a person.
First, human being is not complete without getting education, because knowledge
comes from education and education makes the man perfect. Through education development
occur and to think accurately to take decision easily. Second, improbable an uneducated person,
as comparable an educated person receive information from the world very quickly. As a
common dialogue “education is light” and “education is life” this means that education guide
the way when man gets hanged. Education is a mixture of thoughts, truths, tradition, trust which
established theories and boldness of life. Aristotle to John dewy the education thinker generally
study education is not a passive phenomenon but it is an innovator energetic method (Khan &
Khan, 2019).
In present era, without education it is very difficult to achieve development and its basic
objectives and goals, education is a social instrument, and it is obvious that an illiterate person
cannot contribute in the development of a nation, and a person can make his future and can
lead fate through knowledge. Education occupies a fundamental place of a country
development. There for the country need to spend a huge amount of fund in education i.e. is
research and technology. Education plays a vital role in the development of a country. Because
education can bring progress, and prosperity in nations. In underdeveloped country the literacy
ratio is very high therefore the essential sources of progress is education. To attain modern
scientific and technological methods, education is very essential to overcome dissimilar
procedures of development. It is education which capable human beings to reach the power of
nature and to reach on the planets and unseen sides of space. Education enable people to realize
for survive and to protect environment, and to make sure to understand the principle and
numerous actions to make powerful belief (Khan, 2019).
It is crystal clear that in Islam, acquiring education and knowledge is necessary for every man
and women. Islam gives top precedence to schooling and its pursuance taken into consideration
as a matter of extremely good dignity and honors for every Muslim. Islam, which is a religion
of peace, offers notable importance to knowledge. According to Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H),
46
“looking for expertise is obligatory for each Muslim, (male and female).” In Islam there may
be no gender discrimination for the gaining of understanding. Terrorism is a worldwide threat
towards training. It is the need of the time that all Muslim nations which include Pakistan must
take foremost steps to counter this terrorism against training in a greater realistic manner.
Schooling is the great weapon to fight terrorism and in particular female’s education. Education
can remodel terrorist’s mindsets into ordinary and tolerant ones. Thus in the long run, education
could in the long run empower us with peace, knowledge, prosperity and take guns out of our
arms (Ghafoori et al., (2019)
.Dr Mimar Turkkahraman enlighten on the importance of education. According to
Turkkahraman, 2012 education not only improve the lifestyle of a single person but it make a
person to be a good citizen. Being educated is not for himself but it provide a responsible citizen
to a society.
Education is not only considered as a key for development but it an effective way for
decision making and real democracy. Education strengthen the developmental capabilities of
an individual and a society. It is the responsibility of state to provide quality education to all in
order to bring positive changes in the society.
Education is the basic right of every person and it is threaten in many countries like
Pakistan. Various suicide attacks were reported in Pakistan which drastically affect pace of
education in the country. Study reveals that most of the educational institutions were closed
due to fear of terror attacks. Student feel fear in their School, colleges due to terror attacks.
Mentally the students were disturbed.
Main feature of the Taliban militancy is the frequent and systematic attacks on the
people who openly violated the basic principles of Islamic teachings. Health care centres and
hospitals were also targeted by the militant groups, as 29% of health care centres in KP have
been targeted by militant groups and security forces.
Tehreek Taliban Pakistan was against the modern education. They considered modern
education against the Islamic teachings (Frey et al., 2014). KP is the province which is greatly
affect by militancy. Nobody knows how the situation will be in the future. Most of the students
are affected directly in term of suicide attacks on schools, colleges and other educational
institutions, however indirect effect of terrorism are worse as this phenomenon disturb the
students psychologically throughout the country. Students feel fear of suicide bombing,
kidnaping, and warnings to heads of the schools. TTP who strong opposed female education
had brought major destruction in the society. Schools were closed due to terrorist attacks in
PATA and FATA. Parents feel fear to send their children to the schools. The students and their
47
parents are disturbed psychologically because their precious time is wasted. Students also face
hurdles as most of the educational institutions suspend their transport facility for the student
and teachers due to fear of kidnapping. This situation totally degrade the education system of
the country especially PATA and FATA. After military operation in PATA and FATA
internally displaced people were settled in educational institutions which cause a major
destruction to the public property and education system. The students also face transport
problem due to long curfew and checking at various check points, even most of the students
walk for several km to attend their classes. Students were disturbed as the schools were opened
to fulfill the curriculum in a short time duration, even most of the schools were opened at
holidays.
According to education department District Peshawar, 81 schools were demolished by
terrorist. Several schools were damaged partially, however the schools were closed during
military operation in the area. Ongoing exam of HSSC was cancelled which leads to wastage
of one year of the students.
4.8 Health
Good health is important both for physical and mental power of the body. It is true that
“Health is Wealth” because a healthy person can face and avoid any emergency situation
(Sadruddin, 2012). A healthy person not only support himself but it can contribute to the overall
progress of the society. Terrorism is not as simple as people think, it has long history, it is the
unlawful behavior of violating all the human rights to attain certain goals. Pakistan play vital
role in war against terrorism, since 9/11 incident. Frequent terror attacks caused individual and
health injury particularly in developing countries. Pakistan is one of the country which was
suffered from terrorism (Ramsay, 2020). More than35000 innocent people which include
women and children were killed during 2001 to 2010. More than 5000 security forces personal
which include police, Army Troops and other security officials have lost their lives. 269 suicide
attacks on public places which include markets, Mosques, parks and schools were reported in
the last 10 years. (Ramsay, 2020).
Access to health care services is the fundamental right of each citizen. During the
militancy in FATA and Peshawar people especially women do not receive proper treatment
due to fear of strong rules imposed by Taliban in the area. In a research conducted by Bari,
2010 57.9% male and 54.4% female respondents viewed that we do not access to health care
48
services in Taliban regime. Psychological impact of terrorism were noted high in men as
compare to women.
According to Ministry of Health Services Islamabad most of the children aged from3
month to 11 years which were displaced from their homeland have problems of depression,
acute stress, insomnia and post-trauma stress syndrome (Shah & Tariq, 2013). In a report
published by Dr Khalid Mufti 54% of the people living in war zone have complication of stress,
mental disorder, loss of appetite and sleeping problems. According to the report 60% of the
women are affect and feel fear, and post trauma stress while men are depressed due to
militancy.
It has been found that in Pakistan both terrorism and mental disorder are common which
reflect that both are inter linked with each other. According to W Laqueur wrote that ‘all
terrorists believe on the plans by the dominant, aggressive forces and suffer from obsessed with
some form of deception and persecution. Mental disorder play a significant role in terrorism.
(Shahzad et al., 2016).
In some cases, it has been found that there is no connection between terrorism and
mental disorder (Shahzad et al., 2016). However in certain cases an individual engaging in
terrorism have developed psychological disorders which is worsen in stress, depression and
anxiety.
The negative effects of terrorism lead to the masses and lead to suicide and mental
illness (Syed et al., 2015). According to Teegen (2016) poor psychological health, symptom of
depression, dangerous actions in youth, character variables, social injustice, criminal attitude,
lack of social linkages and foreign policy are the main drivers which influences on terrorism
and radicalisation (Teegen et al., 2016)..
It may well be that people with mild depression are a better target for gradual
psychological moulding. Female suicide bombers who are motivated primarily by revenge
rather than their male counterparts may have some degree of medical depression. It is unfair
that only personality traits are responsible for a person who become terrorist. However,
personality traits and ecological circumstances are the causal reasons for terrorism (Bhui et al.,
2014).
Violence which are related to terrorism affect public health and health care services,
which leads to psychological disorders in the community. The psychological disorders include
an array of disturbance in cognition, anxiety, and post trauma depression.
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4.9 Sport
For a healthy society sport and sporting event are necessary. Sport make a man strong
both physically and mentally. Sport make a society healthy, hospitals are empty where sport
activities are at peak. A sport man never go to hospital. Sport sectors were suffered due to
terrorism in the area. Terrorist attacked various sport event in the region. A suicide bomber
killed more than 65 persons in Lakki District, another suicide bomber attack on football match
in Kabal District Swat. This suicide attacks on playground leads to evacuating of the grounds
and the payers limited their activities. In some areas sport events were cancelled due to fear of
Suicide bomber attacks.
An interviews with sport related persons stated that terrorism leads to destruction of
sport activities in the area. Taliban warn various persons in the playgrounds not to participate
in the game. Tournaments of the schools were cancelled due to fear of terror attacks in District
Peshawar. Various tournaments which was held every year were post ponded due to fear of
terrorist attacks.
4.10 Culture
Pashtunwali a dominant culture in District Peshawar which provide code of conduct to

be followed by every person in society (Abid & Khan, 2019). In Pakhtun society a good
Pakhtun is those who follow all the code of conduct according to the standard of Pakhtunwali.
Whenever asked about the characteristics of Pakhtunwali. The answer of the respondent is
Melmastya (Hospitality), respect of the elder, corporation with each other (Ashar), and religion.
Purdah is another aspect of Pakhtun culture in which a female can cover her whole body and a
women is not allowed to leave her home without any male member. Females are considered as
the respected class of the society even an elder person lift their seat for a women. Cultural and
religious event are celebrated on its own traditional way.
4.11 Impact of Terrorism on Culture
Psychological oppression has welcomed a gigantic weight on South Asian nations

through the unfriendly effects on their social, monetary, political and actual foundation (Daraz
et., al 2013). Pakistan has experienced especially unnecessarily the social, monetary and human
expenses because of illegal intimidation District Peshawar in which religion and culture were
50
strongly observed. Terrorism brought negative impact on the culture of District Peshawar
especially in District Peshawar.
According to Asad Durrani a social worker that before the militancy we people observe
all the traditional and religious events openly. In our society all the norms and values of
Pakhtunwali were strictly observed. Hospitality (Melmastya) is one of the dominant aspect of
our culture was mostly affected by terrorism. A man cannot host a guest due to fear after
militancy in the area. Marriages and other delight events which was celebrated and decorated
with firing and lightening has now celebrated with simplicity, as it was banned by the security
agencies in the area. Formal culture of Purdah which was strongly followed in Peshawar was
replaced by informal culture as the people migrated from their homeland.
Rahimullah research scholar at QAU Islamabad added that hospitality is totally ended
in Peshawar because people feel fear and there is restriction on hosting any known guests.
Before the militancy in Peshawar we cannot see any female in the markets but now this culture
was replaced after Military operation. During the militancy people feel fear and do not attend
any religious and cultural festivals because of Suicide bombing attacks.
4.12 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO’s)
NGO’s are the non-profitable organization of voluntaries act together for the
development of a community on continuous basis. NGO’s take the responsibility of an area
when the government is fail to provide services due to lack of resources (Afridi, 2013). NGO’s
have considerable role in the development of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which was hit by natural
and manmade incidents (Aziz & Luras, 2020). Militancy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa disturb the
development in the region in the last two decades. The situation become worse after the 9/11
incident in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as the consequences of the community increase. Various
NGO’s in collaboration with KP government started different developmental projects in order
to facilitate local people (Bilal et al., 2016).
NGO’s provide a wide range of services in the field of social and environmental
development. Most of the NGO’s mainly work when a natural disaster hit an area however
most of the NGO’s work for the improvement of agriculture, irrigation and infrastructure
development (Yousufi & Islam, 2017). Some of the NGO’s provide services in emergency
situation.
51
NGO’s also provide advocacy to the vulnerable community to promote the life style of
poor people. Various NGO’s work on the awareness of their legal rights. They arrange various
seminars for awareness of the people.
Different NGO’s provide health services to the community in emergencies. NGO’s play
a significant role in the settlement of IDP’s during the military operation in the area. Most of
the governmental hospitals are still working in collaboration with various NGO’s to promote
health sector. Existing buildings of schools were reconstructed to provide better environment
to the students.
4.13 Impact of Terrorism on NGO’s
Like other fields of life terrorism has negative impacts on activities of NGO’s, in
District Peshawar, as described earlier that NGO’s provide services in different sectors of life.
Taliban groups were strongly against the NGO’s especially foreign funded NGO’s which was
considered as anti-Islamic. Most of the NGO’s projects were closed due to insecurity in the
area and were shifted to other areas (Yaseen & Awan, 2020).
As Taliban are against activities of NGO’s and considered NGO’s as agents of west.
Taliban also claim that NGO’s develop a culture which are against the teaching of Islam.
Taliban targeted most of the NGO’s official in many areas. Several person were killed in
POLIO eradication campaign. This type of threat and targeting of NGO’s official leads to
closure of various developmental projects in the area. Most of NGO’s closed due to insecurity.
4.14 Right of Justice
Justice is the fundamental human right that must be observed in every society. Without
justice no one can achieve their goals in a good manner (Syed et al., 2015). It is the legal right
of an individual to utilize all the resources to protect their legal rights. In Pakistan especially
the poor people do not get access to the legal rights especially justice due to unavailability of
resources and adequate knowledge of their legal rights. In section 76 of PATA regulation all
the authority were given to Jirga of which mostly members of the Jirga was Khan, Malaks and
Nawabs of the area. The poor people who don’t have the access to the Justice as they are bound
to follow the decision of the Jirga. Therefore most of the people do not achieve the Justice
which were given to the citizens of a State. In PATA regulation all the conflicts which was
related to land disputes, Crimes, family and cast disputes were heard by the DC and Jirga,
mostly influences on the Justice as they contain local people leads to violation of the law in the
region.
52
4.15 Impacts of injustice on a society
Due to lack of justice the people become violent and involved in terrorist activities.
Most of the decision made by the Jirga members were leads to bloodshed as they contain
rigging the decision made by the Jirga members. This decisions also leads to loss the
confidence of the people on the Jirga and become violent.
4.16 Right of vote
Casting vote is the legal right of an individual in a democratic society to elect a
representative to represent their problems and suggestion on the assembly floor (Shahzad et
al., 2016). Casting. Voting mostly take place both on national and local election. According to
the constitution of Pakistan the people of the area have rights to cast vote, the female cannot
cast their vote due to the mountainous area the polling station are not secure for female voters.
Other barriers include lack of awareness of their political right, house hold activities, and
gender discrimination. In District Peshawar all the political parties are agreed on casting vote
of female. The Taliban also oppose the democratic system. The border village between
Peshawar and District Khyber (former FATA) the Taliban strongly oppose the democratic
system and considered it against the Islam. They form its own Shura in which decision was
made on the basis of their own system. Taliban also oppose the female voters in order to follow
Purdah.
However according to the rule of ECP casting of 10 percent vote of woman are
necessary for every pooling station (Shah & Tariq, 2013). The decision was made that less than
10% of female vote would be rejected. In election 2018 the decision of election commission
leads to a higher rate of female turn out in all pooling station. The result of election 2018 shows
that total number of registered voters in District Peshawar 1 is351,245, which include 205,669
male voters and 145,576 female voters. Total turn out of male members are 120139 and female
members are 51639. Total percentage of male turn out is 69.94% and female turn out is
recorded is30.06%. This is the first election in history of District Peshawar that female
participated in general election of 2018 and caste30% of vote in overall. However total turnout
of female voters in the country is above 2 corer represents a percentage of39.78%. in general
election 2018 for the first time in history of Dir a female candidate from Dir also participated
in election, which is also a positive change in the society. The above data shows that strict rule
for general election results bring a positive change in the political empowerment of women.
53
4.17 Economic impacts of terrorism
Terrorism is not confined to a single definition but it is a complex phenomenon which

is defined by different authors according to their own concept (Ramsay, 2020). According to
GTD terrorism is ‘he threatening or use of force to create violence by someone to achieve its
own goal such as political, economic or religious goals. After the 9/11 incident terrorism get
attention of the whole world due its new dimension. Its foundations are however much Middle
Eastern as they seem to be European and however much strict as they may be mainstream.
Economic development and peace are interdepended without peace economic development is
not achieved and remain peace economic development is necessary. Terrorism both directly
and indirectly affect the economic growth and development. Human capital and physical
strength both two are necessary for financial development. Regional conflicts, terrorism and
violence destroy human capital and weaken the physical strength which ultimately affect the
economic growth and development. Domestic and foreign investors do not trust on the
countries where there is violence as they are not secure in these countries which ultimately
affect the economic growth of a country. Similarly labour force and business resources are
shifted from the country where terror attacks are common which badly affect the economic
growth. Similarly allocation of budget to security agencies in order to keep peace is a main
determinant financial decline of a country.
Terrorism brought drastic impacts on the whole region after the nine eleven incident.
Pakistan which share a long border of 2200km with Afghanistan (Nasim et al., 2014). Economy
of Pakistan was suffered badly as a result of allocation of high budget for security. Settlement
of IDP’s and high cost on military operation in FATA and PATA. District Peshawar which is
the nearest an adjacent District with Afghanistan in the North West, directly suffered after the
invasion of US and NATO in Afghanistan. The militant group easily move through the border
to achieve its target. This war brought serious economic and social impacts on the region.
According to history militancy rise in those areas where the people were ignored.
According to PATA regulation people of District Peshawar were ignored and there is no writ
of the government. Militancy raised when Mangal Bagh demanded for the implementation of
Sharia Law in District Khyber (former FATA).
Talibanizition in Peshawar started when Taliban violated the peace agreement with
ANP government (Marwat & Toru, 2015). They attacked security personnel’s as a result a huge
military operation was launched by Pak Army in order to eliminate the terrorist from the area.
54
Long curfew was implemented and the people were displaced from their homeland. Terrorism
leads to closure of all economic and other activities in the area. As District Peshawar with a
large area and huge population brought severe impact on the economy of the region. Market
were closed as a result of long curfew, unemployment ratio increased in Peshawar. various
developmental projects were closed due to insurgency.
An interview with different people related to commerce and trade viewed that militancy
have brought severe impacts on their business. Most of the shops were looted by unknown
people. Imran khan viewed that our business was stopped due to military operation in
Peshawar. Our family who was totally dependent on their shop, face several hurdles in this
time. Said Usman whole sale supplier of dry fruit viewed that our business was suffered due
militancy during 2008/09 in District Peshawar. He stated that 80% of the total supply was
canceled as a result of displacement of the people.
Haji Anwar Uddin president Peshawar trade union viewed that militancy badly affect
the area especially business community and related people who work on daily wages in the
markets. Poverty ratio increase to its peak point. Fresh fruit and vegetables markets were
suffered due insufficient supply of food items as a result of checking in various check points.
A huge loss were noted in agriculture sector, as the ready crops and fruits were lifted and the
people were displaced. There was ban on cultivating crops in the area for more than 2 years.
Forest and scrub forest on which more than 10% people of the area dependent have lost their
jobs. Forest were burnt due to heavy firing. Maize crops were crushed due to insecurity as these
crops were considered as shelter for terrorists. Salman khan fertilizer distributor viewed that
there was ban on the use of urea. Special permission was necessary to supplier from the security
agencies as a huge amount of fertilizers were used by terrorist in fields. these all restrictions
leads to huge loss in the economic sector.
Adnan Khan fresh vegetable supplier viewed that terrorist demanded for bribe. When
we refused the demand of the terrorist they ordered the assassination of the whole family
members. Most of the terrorist were involved in rubbery cases which increase tension of the
community.
55
References

Vision, 11(1), 89-119.
one, 9(9), e105918.
Frey, B. S., Luechinger, S., & Stutzer, A. (2014). Calculating tragedy: Assessing the costs of
terrorism. Journal of Economic Surveys, 21(1), 1-24.
Ghafoori, B., Neria, Y., Gameroff, M. J., Olfson, M., Lantigua, R., Shea, S., & Weissman, M.
M. (2019). Screening for generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in the wake of terrorist
attacks: a study in primary care. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of
The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(3), 218-226.
Khan, A., & Khan, N. (2019). Historical Causes of Militancy and Its Impacts on Educational
Institutions in the World. International Journal of African and Asian Studies www. iiste.
org ISSN, 2409-6938.
Khan, F., Yasmeen, G., Sofian, M. U. F., & Javid, M. U. (2019). Exploring the effect of
terrorism on education sector: a case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. City
University Research Journal, 9(2),340-349.
56
Khan, N. I. (2020). Tehreek-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Muhammadi in Malakand Division (Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa): A case study of the process of “State Inversion”. Pakistan Journal of
History and Culture,31(1), 131-158.
Khan, Z. A. (2011). Military operations in FATA and PATA. Strategic Studies,31, 129-146.
LaFree, G., & Ackerman, G. (2019). The empirical study of terrorism: Social and legal research.
Llussá, F., & Tavares, J. (2011). Which terror at which cost? On the economic consequences
of terrorist attacks. Economics Letters, 110(1), 52-55.

Nasim, S., Khan, M., & Aziz, S. (2014). Impact of terrorism on health and Hospital Anxiety
Depression Scale Screening in medical students, Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA, 64(275), 49.
Ramsay, B. (2020). Consequences of Terrorism on Loyalty Programmes. J Int Acad Res, 10,
20-5.
Shah, A. S., & Tariq, S. (2013). Implications of parallel justice system (Panchyat and Jirga) on
Society. People, 2, 200-209.
57
593.
109-121.
58
CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Findings of the study
The present study focused on the economic and social impact of the terrorism on
District Peshawar. The researcher find out the following facts regarding terrorism.
1. The present study highlighted that terrorism brought both short and long term impacts on
District Peshawar.
2. From interview with different people of the community viewed that terrorism in District
Peshawar leads to closure of all markets which create hurdles for both business community
and other related persons. Long term impact of terrorism in Peshawar was reported by
various respondents. Some viewed that most of the foreign investors who invested in the
area shift their services from the area. Workers from other areas who worked in various
developmental sector lost their jobs.
3. Social impact of illiteracy leads violation of Human Rights in the area which was the root
cause of terrorism.
4. It was observed that formal culture of District Peshawar was replaced by informal culture
which was based on principles of Pakhtunwali.
5. Hospitality and Purdah a major aspect of Pakhtunwali were totally replaced due to terrorism
in the area.
6. This study highlighted that infrastructure which include Roads, Schools, Hospitals and
Transmission lines were disturbed due to militancy in Peshawar.
7. It was found that unemployment ratio raised due to closure of all developmental projects
and closure of all business centers.
8. Health sector also suffered due to militancy in the region, most of the IDP’s were settled in
camps which leads to spreading of various diseases among the community.
9. Forest cover which was enrich with different species of flora and fauna lost due to forest
fire caused by heaving firing.
10. Cases of missing persons were reported.
11. It was noted that long term impact of terrorism are still present as most of the people feel
fear and depressed due to militancy in the region.
59
12. Aman Jirga which play an active role in solving of disputes and keeping peace was suffered
due to militancy, as most of the Jirga members were killed and threaten by militants.
13. Some cases of disabled persons were reported as a result of suicide bombing and road side
blasting.
14. It was found that terrorist groups are still present.
15. Agricultural productivity decreased due to use of various chemicals and heavy weapons in
the area.
16. Agricultural land remain barren for long time which was eroded by rain water and flooding
in the hilly areas.
17. Various diseases spread in the area.
18. Social structure of the area affected by terrorism.
19. Most of the educational institutions were still under construction which was demolished by
militants.
20. It was found that children who are witness of the terrorism are depressed and fell fear.
21. It has been observed from different aspects of the research that terrorism alter both social
and cultural aspect of a society.
5.2 Conclusion
Terrorism brought severe impacts on the social, political and economic system of the
country. The present study highlighted that militancy in District Peshawar paralyzed the overall
situation of the region. From the above data it is concluded that militancy and military operation
in District Peshawar badly affect the social structure of the society. Interview with various
respondents viewed that terrorism totally change the societal structure of the society, as people
of the area strictly follow the social norms and values. Education sector was badly suffered as
the militant groups directly attacked on the educational institutions and threaten the people.
The Taliban strongly opposed the modern education as they considered the modern education
as a threat for the Muslim community. Schools were destroyed by boob blasting. Female
education were totally banned as the militant groups threaten the Heads of the female
institutions and also implement his own law. People feel fear as they do not send their children
for schooling due to militant attacks on institutions. In District Khyber (former FATA) schools
were closed in Peshawar as a result of military operation launched in May 2009. Ongoing
exams were cancelled and the educational institutions were closed for 2 months. In this
Situation various Schools were demolished in District Peshawar. According to the Elementary
60
and Secondary Education Department 80 Schools in the District Peshawar were demolished by
militant groups. However the remaining schools were allocated to the IDPs as most of the
people were adjusted in these Schools. Higher education system were totally paralyzed due to
military operation. Later on the student faced several hurdles as they waited for Hr.’s in various
check points. Sometime the students walked for several kilometers as a result of long curfew.
The students and teachers fell suppressed as a result of horrible situation in the area.
Cultural norms and values were changed as informal culture were introduced in to area.
Various respondent are agreed that culture of District Peshawar was changed after the military
operation in the area. Purdah, which was strictly followed by the native people. Various
respondent highlighted that hospitality, which is a key component of the Pakhtun culture was
replaced as the people feel fear to host any unknown guest. Social gathering of the villagers
and sport events were limited due to fear of militancy leads to drug addiction and inferiority
complex. Traditional and religious events such as Ramadan, Eid celebration and weeding
ceremony are limited as a result of restriction from the militant groups and Security forces.
Crimes and robberies cases were increased which increased the tension of the local community.
Infrastructure which play an important role in the development of an area were totally damaged.
Buildings were damaged as a result of heavy firing and bomb blasting. Road and Bridges were
demolished by heavy weapons and bomb blasting. Main power line were demolished by the
militant groups. Several roads were closed due to the security reasons which create a big
problem for the villagers. Official activities such as administration, health and Education and
developments projects were stopped due to the Talibinazition in the area. Communication
system were totally degraded as most of the mobile towers were demolished by the militants.
Various Shops and Markets were looted and demolished by militants groups, various
respondents added.
Jirga System which was the main aspect of the Pakhtun culture was greatly suffered.
Jirga played an important role in resolving small and land disputes. Aman Jirga which was
founded by the native people which works for the development and peace in the area. The
Aman Jirga members were threaten and killed by militant groups as they considered them as
his enemy.
Health sector was badly damaged due to militancy in the area. People suffered both
physically and mentally. Physically some people lost their organs due to heavy firing and
mentally feel fear which leads to various psychological problems in elders and children. These
psychological problems have great impact on the development of child. Women which play an
important role in the development of society were limited to their homes and faced several
61
hurdles during the military operation. Health facilities were limited due to the insufficient
supply of medicine and surgical instruments, unavailability of Medical staff and poor
infrastructure of Basic Health units and hospitals. Mother and child health suffered badly due
to insufficient supply of their nutritional needs. Some of the responded viewed that new types
of diseases are introduced in the area as a result of migration and other causes.
Political leaders were threaten by militants groups as they strongly opposed the
democratic system and want to implement sharia system in the area.
Military operation in FATA especially in District Khyber (former FATA) badly affect
the economy of whole province especially in District Peshawar. The area was considered as
war zone which needs additional military budget, closure of trade and high cost on settlement
of internally displaced people. The terrorism and MO’s not only affect the infrastructure but
also affect the economic system of the local area. Most of the people replied that they had badly
suffered as they lost their job, displaced from their homes, loss their income source, cattle’s,
cultivation and trade during this situation. Financial burden is totally shifted to men. Some
respondents replied that their property is devalued after the Military operation. Some of the
respondent viewed that they lost their jobs which worked on daily wages due to the closure of
Markets and shops.
In District Peshawar about 65 percent of the people are dependent on Middle East
countries. People lost their jobs as they returned to their homeland due to the insecurity in the
region. Fresh Fruits and vegetables which is mostly grow in hilly areas are spoiled due to the
huge military operation. Crops which was ready to ripe are crushed as they are considered as
the safe shelters of militants. The security forces also banned on the cultivation for 2 years
which also creates hurdles for the formers.
After the military operation high budget were allocated for the rehabilitation of
infrastructure of the area. Communication system that was totally damaged also need high
budget leads to the additional cost of money. Schools and other institutions were rebuilt which
was demolished by the militant groups. Markets, and houses which was totally or partially
damaged were restored either by the government of by self-finance method. These all the
factors collectively badly suffer the life style of the local community.
The transportation cost of goods were charged double due to the poor transportation system.
People also feel fear of the militant groups and long curfew in the area.
62
5.3 Recommendations
1. It is recommended to the government to ensure security of the people.

2. Fund should be allocated for infrastructural development in order to facilitate the
affected community.
3. Government should have to allocate interest free loan for the war affected people.
4. Schools must be built to increase the literacy ratio in the area.
5. Government should have to build vocational institutes in order to facilitate the female.
6. Playgrounds must be built in order to facilitate youth.
7. Scholarship must be allocated to needy students to fulfill their educational
requirements.
8. Students should have to conduct research both on social and scientific issues to
highlight the problems of the area.
9. Various NGO’s are advised to arrange awareness campaigns about the community
problems.
10. Subsidy must be given to farmers in order to increase crop productivity.
11. Human rights violation must be discouraged.
12. Safe and sound environment must be provided to investors.
13. Status of Aman Jirga should have to restore in order to resolve disputes of the
community.
14. Sustainable use of natural resources must be ensured in the area.
15. There must be a clear policy for peace keeping in the area.
63
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TERRORISM AND ITS IMPACT ON KHYBER

PAKHTUNKHWA: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT

ABDUR RAHEEM KHAN

Research Thesis Submitted to the Department of Governance, Politics and

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful.

First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty for blessing me to enabling me to complete my

Abdur Raheem Khan

At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduation the

Student Signature: ___________

Dr. A.Z Hilali .

Faculty of Social and Management Sciences

Abasyn University Peshawar

Student Name: Abdur Raheem Khan Signature: ___________

a) External Examiner: Signature: ___________

b) Internal Examiner: Signature:___________

Supervisor Name: Dr. A.Z Hilali Signature: ___________

Name of HOD: Prof. Dr. A. Z. Hilali Signature: ___________

ANP Awami National Party

1.2 Background of the Study

Terrorism is illegal use of power to attain an administrative objective in which the

1.3 Factors Causing Terrorism in KP

1.3.1 Political Factors

1.3.2 Socio-Political Factors

1.3.3 Economic Factors

1.4 Statement of the Problem

1.5 Research questions

1. What are the causes of terrorism in District Peshawar?

1.6 Objectives of the study

1. To identify the causes of terrorism in District Peshawar.

1.8 Literature Review

The world population is considerably affected by terrorism. In a study conducted by

1.9 Research Methodology

It is no doubt that any quantitative as well as qualitative research work is beyond

The present study is qualitative in nature, as the researcher followed qualitative

1.9.2 Data Collection Procedure

1.9.3 Data Sources

1.9.4 Tools for Data Collection

ORIGIN AND NATURE OF TERRORISM

"The systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against government, public

2.1 Origin of Terrorism

2.1.1 Why French revolution was started?

2.1.2 Nature of Terrorist Groups

2.2 Terrorism at World Level

Everybody will notice that the problem of terrorist is more profound in

Sectarianism is one of the most dangerous causes of terrorism from the

.2.3 Effects of Terrorism on Muslim World

2.4 Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights

Azam, M. (2014). Genesis of militancy in Pakistan. Islamabad Policy Research

Bari, F. (2020). Gendered Perceptions and Impact of Terrorism--Talibanization in

Din, N. U. (2020). Internal displacement in Pakistan: contemporary challenges.

Faqir, K., & Atta, M. A. (2013). JIRGA: A CONFLICT RESOLUTION INSTITUTION

Marwat, F., & Toru, P. K. (2015). Talibanization of Pakistan: a case study of

Ramsay, B. (2020). Consequences of Terrorism on Loyalty Programmes. J Int Acad

Yousufzai, H. M., & Gohar, A. (2015). Towards Understanding Pukhtin Jirga: An

TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS CAUSES

3.1 Incident of 9/11:

Sectarianism is a major cause in the world generally and particularly in Pakistan.

Terrorism is one of the serious causes of terrorism in Pakistan.In Pakistan, the

3.4 Media Coverage

It has basic role in promoting of terrorism in Pakistan. Although, private media in

3.5 Effects of Terrorism ON Pakistan

There are several affects of terrorism on Pakistan which are following.