SHRI G.S.

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

SCIENCE,
INDORE-452003
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, ESTABLISHED IN 1952)

Lab Project
B.E. III YEAR
Pure Sine Wave Inverter using Arduino
MICROPROCESSOR &
OPERATING SYSTEM

EE-32005
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Topic - Arduino based Pure Sine Wave Inverter

Group No . - E7
Group Members - Rushali Pandit 0801EE191066
Amisha Boriya 0801EE191009
Vivek Choudhary 0801EE191102
Vibhum Shukla 0801EE191095
Divyansh Sapkale 0801BM191020

Supervisors - Prof. Arun Parakh

Prof. Rinki Keshwani
Prof. Shreya Namdev
Date of Submission- 24 Nov’21
Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Problem formulation

3. Characterization of the Proposed

Design

4. Design algorithm and Block diagram

5. Conclusion

6. References

Introduction
This report focuses on DC to AC power inverters, which aim to
efficiently transform a DC power source to a high voltage AC
source, similar to power that would be available at an
electrical wall outlet. There exist many devices such as
power tools, radios and TV’s that run off of AC power. It is
therefore crucial that both forms of electricity transmission
exist; the world cannot be powered with one simple form. It
then becomes a vital matter for there to exist easy ways to
transform DC to AC power and vice versa in an efficient
manner. Without this ability people will be restricted to what
electronic devices they use depending on the electricity
source available. Electrical AC/DC converters and DC/AC
inverters allow people this freedom in transferring electrical
power between the two.

Most of the available commercially uninterruptible power

supplies (UPSs) are actually square wave inverters or quasi
sine wave inverters. Electronic devices, managed by these
inverters will be damaged due to the contents of the
harmonics . Pure sine wave inverters, on the other hand,
produce a sine wave output identical to the power coming
out of an electrical outlet. These devices are able to run
more sensitive devices that a modified sine wave may cause
damage to such as: laser printers, laptop computers, power
tools, digital clocks and medical equipment. This form of AC
power also reduces audible noise in devices such as
fluorescent lights and runs inductive loads, like motors, faster
and quieter due to the low harmonic distortion.

Thus , sine wave generation is extremely important in power

electronics. For getting a pure sine wave, the SPWM switching
technique is applied. This method involves a certain pattern
of switching used in the DC-to-AC inverter bridges . The
SPWM is a powerful technique widely used in power
electronic applications.

SPWM stands for Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation. As you

may already know, a PWM signal is a signal in which we can
change the frequency of the pulse as well as the on-time
and off-time, which is also known as the duty cycle.

Microcontroller is capable of storing commands to generate

the necessary pulse width modulation waveform due to the
built in PWM module. The microcontroller provides the
variable frequency pulse width modulation signal that
controls the applied voltage on the
gate drive. The microcontroller is more simple and flexible to
change control algorithms in a real time without further
changes in a hardware with its low cost and reduces the
complexity of the control circuit for the signal phase inverter
bridge. The microcontroller has built a control circuit in
dead time.

Problem Formulation
1- The inverter is one of the power conversion devices that is widely
used in the world to convert DC input voltage to AC output voltage.
The output voltage waveform of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal.
However, the waveform of a practical inverter is non-sinusoidal and
contains harmonics. The electronic devices managed by this inverter
will be damaged due to the contents of the harmonic. Harmonics
contents in inverter output depend on the number of pulses per
cycle. Many researchers investigated that the output signal wave is
distorted.
2- The use of a high switching technique will contribute to the high
power losses. The following factor is to be considered in order to
meet the following requirements.
i. The Cost of the equipment
ii. The Size of the filter
iii. The Power loss in switching the element

3- The most important problem to be considered is the dead time

control. Dead time period must be suitable to avoid the problem of
damaging the switch and harmonic problem. If the dead time is
short, it will cause damage to the switches and if it is long, it will
cause an increase in the total harmonic distortion.

Characterization of the Proposed Design

The given figure shows the circuit diagram of the proposed system.
The range of the inverter circuit is to obtain a desired output voltage
of 220 V ac and a frequency of 50 Hz. The half H-bridge inverter
circuit is used to convert a DC voltage to a sinusoidal AC voltage at a
desired output voltage and frequency.
The basic circuit of this system is Arduino Uno which helps to generate
a PWM signal. The half H-bridge inverter circuit is used to convert a DC
voltage to a sinusoidal AC voltage at a desired output voltage and
frequency.
The circuit is designed in such a way that both switches must not
turn-on at a single time & only one of the two switches will conduct.
Each switch will operate for half period (T/2)

We use a motor driver IC to drive the gate of the MOSFET, because this
MOSFET has a very high gate capacitance and requires a minimum of
10V at the base to turn on properly.
When the MOSFET-1 is on the current, first flows through the
transformer and then gets grounded by the MOSFET, thus a Magnetic
flux will also be induced in the direction in which the current is
flowing, and the core of the transformer will pass the magnetic flux in
the secondary winding, and we will get the positive half cycle of the
sinusoidal signal at the output. In the next cycle, the MOSFET-2 is on
and MOSFET-1 of the circuit is off . Now the current flows in the
opposite direction and generates a magnetic flux in that direction,
thus reversing the direction of the magnetic flux in the core. Now, we
all know that a transformer works by magnetic flux changes. So,
turning both the MOSFETs on and off, one inverted to another and
doing that 50 times in a second, will generate a nice oscillating
magnetic flux inside the core of the transformer and the changing
magnetic flux will induce a voltage in the secondary coil as we know by
the faraday's law. That is how the basic inverter works. 
Block diagram and Design Algorithm.

Design Algorithm.

As we have to construct a pure sine

wave inverter we have followed certain
steps in accordance
● We need a Dc input to begin with , it can
be any battery of sufficient voltage .
● Then we need a microcontroller like
arduino uno or nano, we have used uno in
this simulation.
● The function of a microcontroller is to
produce a pulse width modulated wave
.This is done by writing a code which
varies the duty cycle of the wave signal.
● As the arduino works on limited power the
output signal is weak and needs to be
amplified by using a motor driver ic.
● Then it is sent to Fet’s circuit which
converts the pwm wave into sine wave by
their switching action .
● Next AC signal is fed to a transformer
which steps up the voltage .
● In last that signal is send pass to the filter
and given to load and oscillator which
records the waveform
Conclusion
1- The main task of this work is to develop and improve the
control circuit for a single phase inverter which has been
implemented using Arduino.

2- The method used to control the inverter switch is the SPWM

technique. This method
is superior to other methods because it improves the quality of
the output waveform.

3- The simulation results are performed at Proteus software and

would be compared
the experimental results.

With that, we conclude the testing part of the circuit.

References

● www.theengineeringprojects.com

● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330628691_Desi
gn_and_

● Simulation_of_a_1kVA_Arduino_Microcontroller_Based_M
odified_

● Sine_Wave_Inverter_Using_Proteus
● https://ettron.com/

● Electromentor Youtube channel.