2021

Assignment #4

[SECTION B]
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
subject: Hazard & Disaster Management
cecos university peshawar
 Name: azan johar

Class code:cu-231-2017

Section: B

Hazard & Disaster Management

topic: Write an assignment on different levels of earthquake and its disasters in Pakistan..

Submitted to sir Abdur Rehman

Department civil engineering

CECOS university Peshawar

1
Write an assignment on different levels of earthquake and its disasters in Pakistan.

Answer:
Danger level 1 (little to no danger)
Effects
• Noticed by few people. No likelihood of damage to buildings.
• These effects correspond to an intensity of III*.
• This level of intensity may be reached with earthquakes with a magnitude of around 2.5
or greater.°
What to do
There is no specific advice on what to do in the event of a danger level 1 earthquake.
Earthquakes capable of causing damage can occur anywhere and at any time in Switzerland. For
further information see What to do during an earthquake .
Earthquake magnitude, energy release, and shaking intensity are all related measurements of an
earthquake that are often confused with one another.
Here we'll look at each of these, as well as their interconnectedness and dependencies.
Danger level 2 (moderate danger)
Effects
• Felt in scattered locations outdoors and noticed by many people in buildings. Generally
no likelihood of damage to buildings.
• These effects correspond to an intensity of IV*. This level of intensity may be reached
with earthquakes with a magnitude of around 3.5 or greater.
What to do
Take cover, be ready for further quakes
Danger level 3 (significant danger)
Effects
• Likelihood of damage to buildings such as cracks in plaster. High likelihood of larger
cracks in walls and interior wall collapse in less stable buildings. Damage is likely to be
caused by falling objects in buildings. The earthquake is felt across a wide area, people
are alarmed.
• These effects correspond to an intensity of V or VI*. These levels of intensity may be
reached with earthquakes with a magnitude of around 4 or greater.

What to do

2
Take cover, be ready for aftershocks.

Danger level 4 (high danger)

Effects
• Likelihood of severe damage to buildings. Less stable structures may also collapse.
Damage is highly likely to be caused by falling objects in buildings. The earthquake is
felt strongly, people are alarmed and lose balance.
• These effects correspond to an intensity of VII*. This level of intensity may be reached
with earthquakes with a magnitude of around 4.7 or greater.

Danger level 5 (very high danger)

Effects
• High likelihood of severe damage to buildings, even to very stable structures. Buildings
may also collapse. The earthquake is felt very strongly, people are alarmed and lose
balance.
• These effects correspond to an intensity of VIII or greater*. This level of intensity may be
reached with earthquakes with a magnitude of around 5.4 or greater.
• Magnitude
The time, location, and magnitude of an earthquake can be determined from the data recorded by
seismometer. Seismometers record the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through the Earth.
Each seismometer records the shaking of the ground directly beneath it. Sensitive instruments,
which greatly magnify these ground motions, can detect strong earthquakes from sources
anywhere in the world. Modern systems precisely amplify and record ground motion (typically at
periods of between 0.1 and 100 seconds) as a function of time.

Traditional seismometer
Sketch of a traditional seismometer. (Public domain.)

3
Types of Magnitudes
Magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. For example, a magnitude 5.3
is a moderate earthquake, and a 6.3 is a strong earthquake. Because of the logarithmic basis of
the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured
amplitude as measured on a seismogram.
The Richter Scale (ML) is what most people have heard about, but in practice it is not commonly
used anymore, except for small earthquakes recorded locally, for which ML and short-period
surface wave magnitude (Mblg) are the only magnitudes that can be measured. For all other
earthquakes, the moment magnitude (Mw) scale is a more accurate measure of the earthquake
size.
• Energy Release
Another way to measure the size of an earthquake is to compute how much energy it released.
The amount of energy radiated by an earthquake is a measure of the potential for damage to
man-made structures. An earthquake releases energy at many frequencies, and in order to
compute an accurate value, you have to include all frequencies of shaking for the entire event.
While each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in the measured
amplitude, it represents an 32 times more energy release.
The energy can be converted into yet another magnitude type called the Energy Magnitude (Me).
However, since the Energy Magnitude and Moment Magnitude measure two different properties
of the earthquake, their values are not the same.

The energy release can also be roughly estimated by converting the moment magnitude to energy
using the equation log E = 5.24 + 1.44M, where M is the

EQ magnitudes and their energy released

1
 Earthquake magnitudes and energy release, and comparison with other natural and man-made events. (Courtesy
Incorporated Research Institutes for Seismology, IRIS.)

• Intensity
Whereas the magnitude of an earthquake is one value that describes the size, there are many
intensity values for each earthquake that are distributed across the geographic area around the
earthquake epicenter. The intensity is the measure of shaking at each location, and this varies
from place to place, depending mostly on the distance from the fault rupture area. However,
there are many more aspects of the earthquake and the ground it shakes that affect the intensity at
each location, such as what direction the earthquake ruptured, and what type of surface geology
is directly beneath you. Intensities are expressed in Roman numerals, for example, VI, X, etc.
Traditionally the intensity is a subjective measure derived from human observations and reports
of felt shaking and damage. The data used to be gathered from postal questionnaires, but with the
advent of the internet, it's now collected using a web-based form. However, instrumental data at
each station location can be used to calculate an estimated intensity.
The intensity scale that we use in the United States is called the Modified Mercalli Intensity
Scale, but other countries use other scale
Examples
These examples illustrate how locations (and depth), magnitudes, intensity, and faults (and
rupture) characteristics are dependent and related.

• Intensity of Shaking Depends on the Local Geology

This shows the shaking amplitude recorded on 3 different seismometers from the M6.9 Loma
Prieta, CA earthquake in 1989. All 3 stations are about the same distance from the earthquake to
the south, but the type of local geology beneath the instrument influences the amount of shaking
at that location. Bedrock shakes the least, and soft mud the most. (Public domain.)

2
• Intensity of Shaking Depends on Depth of the Earthquake

• Maps showing the shaking intensity from two different earthquakes with about the same
magnitude. (Public domain.)
• The shaking from the M6.7 Northridge, CA earthquake was more intense and covered a
wider area than the slightly larger M6.8 Nisqually, WA earthquake.

3
• The reason is shown by the two cartoon cross-sections below. There was more shaking in the
Northridge earthquake because the earthquake occurred closer to the surface (3-11 miles), as
opposed to the Nisqually earthquake's deeper hypocenter (30-36 miles).

Timeline of major earthquake in Pakistan

On January 31, 2018
a 6.1-magnitude earthquake jolted various parts of Pakistan, including Quetta, Karachi, Lahore,
Islamabad, Peshawar, Charsadda, Murree, Sargodha, Shangla, Haripur and Gujranwala.
According to the United States Geological Survey, the epicentre of the quake, which was also
felt in parts of India and Kashmir, was 35 kilometres south of Jarm in Afghanistan.

Below is a timeline of all the major earthquakes that have struck Pakistan.
February 08, 2017
A 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit parts of Balochistan, including Gwadar, Makran and Pasni.
Residents of the affected areas were woken up and ran out of their houses in fear and shock.
However, no damage or casualties were reported.

April 10, 2016

A 7.1 magnitude earthquake jolted parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, causing fear and
panic among residents who vacated buildings for the duration of the almost ‘three-minute-long
quake.’
Six people died from landslides, 27 were injured, while at least 20 houses were damaged.

October 26, 2015

A strong earthquake measuring 7.7 magnitude struck major cities of Pakistan, including the
northern areas. Strong tremors were also felt in Kabul and New Delhi.
The quake, which lasted at least one minute, shook buildings in Islamabad, Kabul and New
Delhi, sending people rushing into the streets.

September 24, 2013

A massive earthquake struck Balochistan killing over 800 people, injuring hundreds and
flattening thousands of houses in the southwestern province.

April 16, 2013

A strong earthquake measuring 7.9 magnitude hit Quetta, with tremors felt in different parts of
Pakistan, Iran, India and some gulf countries. The epicentre of the earthquake lay in the Sarawan
area of Iran which lies close to Pak-Iran border. About 34 people were reported killed while 80
were reported to be injured with some 10,000 houses damaged as a result of the quake.

4
April 4, 2013
An earthquake struck the Northern Areas of Pakistan including FATA, measuring 5.4 magnitude.

Feb 17, 2013,

A 5.5-magnitude earthquake struck the northern areas of Pakistan, including FATA. The areas
where the jolts were felt included Nowshera, Peshawar, Malakand, Shangla, various areas of
Gilgit and Baltistan, Lower Dir and Khyber tribal regions.

Dec 29, 2012,

A 5.8-magnitude earthquake struck the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan and tremors were felt
in parts of Pakistan.

July 18, 2012

A moderate earthquake measuring 5.7 magnitude jolted several parts of the country. Its epicentre
was in Koh Hindukush, according to met office. The quake lasted a few seconds, but no
casualties were reported.

July 12, 2012

An earthquake measuring 6.1 magnitude affected the northern areas of Islamabad, Rawalpindi,
KP and Punjab. The epicentre was calculated as being 194 kilometres deep under the Hindukush
range, while no losses were reported.

May 25, 2012

An earthquake of mild intensity hit Quetta and adjoining areas. No casualties were reported.

May 12, 2012

A medium magnitude earthquake shook parts of Sorab in Quetta. No casualties were reported.

January 19, 2012

A medium magnitude earthquake (measuring 4.5 magnitude) lasted for 30 seconds, and affected
the areas of Quetta, Ziarat, Khanozai, Pishin, Harnai, Qila Abdullah and Toba Achakzai. The
epicentre of the earthquake lay 90 kilometres from Quetta in Achakzai area of Ziarat District. No
casualties were reported.

May 15, 2011

Mild shocks of earthquake jolted various parts of Khaber Pakhtunkwa and federal capital. The
magnitude of the quake was recorded as 4.7 magnitude and its epicentre was 41 kilometres deep
and 64 kilometres north west of Mansehra. No lives were lost.

April 3, 2011

5
Two simultaneous quakes shook Karachi in seven hours – the first measured 2.8 while the
second measured 4.7 magnitude. No casualties were reported as a result of the quake.

Jan 22, 2011

Moderate tremors shook Islamabad and northern areas of Pakistan. The epicentre lay 188km
North of Islamabad in Faizabad district.

Jan 20, 2011

Another earthquake measuring 7.4 magnitude shook Quetta with an epicentre located 1.5
kilometres northwest of Kharan district in Balochistan. Over 200 houses were damaged.

Jan 18, 2011

An earthquake measuring 7.2 magnitude hit areas in Southwest Pakistan, killing several people
and damaging 200 buildings in Balochistan. The epicentre of the quake lay 50 kilometre west of
Dalbandin.

October 28, 2010

Earthquake jolts were felt in different areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Azad Kashmir and
Islamabad. The earthquake measured 5.3.

January 18, 2010

An earthquake measuring 7.4 hit Karachi and lasted for about a minute. The quake, whose
epicentre lay 55 kilometre west of Dalbandin, did not result in any casualties.

October 28, 2008

An earthquake measuring 6.4 in magnitude hit Quetta and the surrounding areas, killing a total of
160 people and injuring 370 others in Balochistan. Several houses were also destroyed as a result
of the quake. The epicentre of the quake lay 60 kilometre northeast of Quetta.

October 8, 2005
An earthquake measuring 7.6 struck Kashmir and Northern areas. The earthquake resulted in
more than 80,000 fatalities, 200,000 people injured and more than four million people left
homeless. The main quake was followed by more than 978 aftershocks until October 27.

February 14, 2004

Two earthquakes – measuring 5.7 and 5.5 respectively – killed 24 people and injured 40 others in
the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (then NWFP) and the Northern Areas.

October 3, 2002
17 people were killed, and 30 injured, while about 1,500 people were rendered homeless as
earthquakes measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale hit the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Tremors

6
lasted about 37 seconds, and caused extensive damage in the region. Nineteen days later, another
earthquake measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale hit Astore Valley, killing 23 people. Aftershocks
and subsequent landslides hampered relief operations in the Northern Areas.

January 26, 2001

15 people were killed, and another 108 injured when an earthquake measuring 6.5 hit the entire
Sindh province at about 8.20am. Tremors were felt throughout the province, from Karachi to
Kashmore.

March 20, 1997

An earthquake measuring 4.5 hit the Salarzai village in the Bajaur tribal region, killing ten
people.

February 28, 1997

An earthquake measuring 7.2 hit areas across Pakistan, and lasted for 30 – 90 seconds. The areas
affected by the quake were Bolan, Jhal Magsi, Usta Mohammad, Sibi, Bugti and Marri tribal
regions, as well as Mithri, whole of the Koh-i-Suleiman range, Chaman, Qila Abdullah, Qila
Saifullah, Pishin, Ziarat, Mastung, Kalat, Sorab, Khuzdar in Balochistan. Tremors also felt in
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Multan, Muzaffargarh, Dera Ghazi Khan, Shujabad, leiah, Vehari,
Sukkur, Rohri, Ghotki, Daharki, Ubaro, Liaquatpur, Jacobabad, Kandhkot, Dadu, Larkana,
Warah, Shahdadkot and Kambar in Punjab and Sindh. Over 100 people were killed in the
earthquake.

May 31, 1995

A moderate earthquake measuring 5.2 hit the areas of Mastung, Mongechar, Dera Murad Jamali,
Chatar tehsil of Naseerabad Division in the foothills of Bugti mountains. The epicentre of the
quake lay between Shahpur desert and Dera Bugti about 200 kilometres southeast of Quetta. It
destroyed a dozen houses and left five people injured, including three children.

January 16, 1978

An earthquake of moderate intensity hit Peshawar. The epicentre of the quake lay 300 kilometres
north of Peshawar in the Hindukush range. No lives were lost in the quake.

September 20, 1975

Quetta was hit by a severe earthquake but no lives were reportedly lost. The epicentre of the
quake lay 7500 kilometres northwest of Quetta.

January 27, 1975

An earthquake of moderate intensity hit Murri Bagti with an epicentre which lay 140 miles south
of Quetta in Suleman Range. No lives were lost, however.

December 28, 1974

7
One of the worst earthquakes hit Pakistan in the area of Pattan. Areas that were affected were
Hazara, Hunza, Swat and KP. Measuring 7.4, the quake resulted in 5,300 dead, 17,000 injured,
with 4400 houses destroyed.

June 30, 1974

An earthquake of severe intensity hit the northern areas of Pakistan (Peshawar, Rawalpindi,
Multan, etc) and lasted for about 30 seconds. The epicentre of the earthquake was said to lie in
the Hindukush mountains in Afghanistan. About four children were killed as a result, with
damage to other buildings.

May 18, 1974

Tremors of moderate intensity hit Abbotabad. No loss of life was reported.

May 13, 1973

Mild intensity tremors were felt In Rawalpindi and Islamabad. No loss of life or property was
reported.

May 6, 1972
Severe intensity tremors were felt in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Abbotabad and adjoining areas
which lasted for several seconds. Though people fled the buildings in fear, no losses were
reported.

January 1, 1972
An earthquake of mild intensity hit Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Abbotabad, Lahore and adjoining
areas for about 18 seconds. No loss of life or property was reported after. However, the same day
saw a moderate earthquake shake Sialkot, which lasted for about 50 seconds, causing cracks on
buildings. No lives were lost.

December 28, 1971

An earthquake of severe intensity was reported in Peshawar and Rawalpindi. However, no loss
of lives or property were immediately reported.

October 2, 1971
Abbotabad and some parts of Hazara were recipient of five moderate tremors. No loss of life was
reported.

October 1, 1971
Tremors of moderate intensity were felt in Rawalpindi which lasted about 15 seconds. The
epicentre of the tremors lay in Tarbela district. No loss of life was reported.

September 10, 1971

8
A powerful earthquake hit the region of Gilgit, killing over 100 people and destroying more than
1,000 houses.

September 4, 1971
Abbotabad was jolted six times by moderate tremors, which caused cracks in the buildings. No
loss of life was reported. The epicentre of the quake lay 500 miles north-east of Quetta near
Swat.

September 3, 1971
About seven tremors of moderate intensity were felt at intervals of 20s for a total of two minutes
in Rawalpindi. No casualties were reported.