Lec-05

NS-424
Geo-Informatics
(GIS & Remote Sensing)

Aamir Shahzad
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department (CED)
CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences,
Peshawar, Pakistan
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WHAT IS GIS?

 The term GIS was first used by Roger Tomlinson in the 1960s
during his work with the Canadian Land Inventory. A system
designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and
display geographically referenced data.

 It is a computerized system, which stores related geographic

features in separate file collection called Layers

 Map layers can be reused easily and assembled into any number
of map compositions and overlaid for analysis.
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WHAT IS GIS?

All Types of Geographically

Referenced Data
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WHAT IS GIS?
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 Processing
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 RS data collected is analyzed by interpretive and measurement techniques in order to

extract and provide useful info about the subject of investigation

 Analysis techniques are

Visual interpretation
Sophisticated computer processing

 Analyst able to exercise most control

 DIGITAL RS
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Analog image
Images with continuous gray tone or color like a photograph is called analog image

Digital Image
A group of divided small cells with integer values of average intensity is called digital
image. It is regular array of pixels, or picture elements and is described in terms of its
geometry and its radiometry
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DIGITAL IMAGE

 Digital image is the numerical record of the radiance leaving each of the pixel in each of
the spectral bands
 The range of these values is represented (quantized) in terms of a scale (radiometric
resolution )that is normally 6,7,8,10,11 bits in magnitude depending upon The type of
scanner used
 Nature of any processing carried out at the ground station
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WHY DIGITAL IMAGE?

 No digitization is required by user

 No info missing or change from provider to user’s computer
 Data storage is easier
 No color loss during the storage
 Contains more info (> 3 bands)
 Flexible hard copy output (combinations)
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DIGITAL IMAGE GEOMETRY

Pixels may be arranged in any regular

pattern ,but most sampling grid are square
or rectangular
A ratio between the pixel dimensions is
called aspect ratio, a square pixel has this
ratio as “one”
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL IMAGE

Consists of discrete picture elements, called pixels

Each pixel is associated with a number that is the average brightness of
a relatively small area with in a scene
Digital image can be displayed at any desired scale by appropriate
computer processing
For high quality image representation, the pixel size is small so that
individual pixels can not be distinguished at normal viewing distance
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Data Transmission
 For Aircraft, data is retrieved once it lands, processed and delivery follows
 For Satellite, data need to be electronically transmitted to ground station, and is done as
 Direct Transmission if Satellite and Ground Stations are in the line of sight
 Data can be recorded on board and transmitted at later time
 Data can also be relayed to the Ground Receiving Station through the Tracking and Data
Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
 A series of communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
 The data are transmitted from one satellite to another until they reach the appropriate
Ground Receiving Station
 Advantages of Remote Sensing 13

 Remote sensing is unobstructive if the sensor passively records the EMR

reflected or emitted by the object of interest. Passive remote sensing does not
disturb the object or area of interest.
 Remote sensing devices may be programmed to collect data systematically, such
as within a 9×9 in frame of vertical aerial photography. This systematic data
collection can remove sampling biases introduced in some in situ measurements.
 Under controlled conditions, remote sensing can provide fundamental metric and
biophysical information, including x and y locations, z elevation or depth,
biomass, temperature, and moisture content.
 Provide accurate, cheap, and frequently updated information about the Earth’s
surface.
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