Chapter 6

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 Contents
 Produce maps (map layouts);
 Produce maps, tables(non spatial data) and graphs
together
 Map print and export
 Image Processing and Analysis
 Target Identification
 Elements of Visual Image Interpretation
 Digital Image Processing
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 Introduction(Map layout, tables and graphs)

 Map Layout is the assembling of the various elements of

a map into a single whole, including the map itself, its
legend, title, scale bars, and other elements.
 Map symbolism can rarely stand alone to sufficiently
depict all the necessary information that a map is trying
to tell; additional explanation and context is usually
needed.
 Their primary purpose is to give a place identity,
orientation, subject matter, symbolization, etc
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What are the basic concepts that relate to tables in a layout view?
 A table is a display of attribute information in a tabular format.
 The information displayed in a table comes directly from the
attribute information stored with your geographic data.
 The table contents will update if you make a change to the attribute
table.
How do you add a table to a page layout?
 Open the attribute table that you want to create the report from,
click the Options button on the bottom of the Attribute table
window, and select the option to Add Table to Layout
 If the Options menu button is hidden due to the width of the table
window, a small down arrow appears at the bottom right corner of
the window.

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 Additional analysis of GIS data
Image Processing and Analysis
 Image Processing and Analysis can be defined
as the "act of examining images for the purpose
of identifying objects and judging their
significance“.
 Image analyst study the remotely sensed data
and attempt through logical process in detecting,
identifying, classifying, measuring and
evaluating the significance of physical and
cultural objects, their patterns and spatial
relationship.
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 CONT..
 Interpretation and analysis of remote sensing imagery involves the
identification and measurement of various to extract useful
information about them.
 Image interpretation :the process of identifying objects or
conditions in images and determining their meaning or
significance .
 Geographic knowledge is needed to relate the visible
characteristics on the image to real-world geographic features even
though some of these features may not be physically visible.
 Interpretation and identification of targets in remote sensing is
performed manually or visually i.e.by
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 Analog Image Processing
 The analog image processing is applied on analog signals and it
processes only two-dimensional signals.
 The images are manipulated by electrical signals.
 In analog image processing, analog signals can be periodic or non-
periodic
 Examples of analog images are television images, photographs,
paintings, and medical images etc.
Digital Image Processing
 A digital image processing is applied to digital images (a matrix of
small pixels and elements).
 For manipulating the images, there is a number of software and
algorithms that are applied to perform changes.
 Digital image processing is one of the fastest growing industry
which affects everyone's life.
 Examples of digital images are color processing, image
recognition, video processing, etc.
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Manual vs. Digital Interpretation

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 Target Identification
 What makes interpretation of imagery more difficult than that
everyday visual interpretation of our surroundings
i. We lose our sense of depth when viewing a two dimensional image
unless we can view it stereoscopically so as to simulate the third
dimension of height.
ii. Viewing objects from directly above also provides a very different
perspective than what we are familiar with.
iii. Combining an unfamiliar perspective with a very different scale
and lack of recognizable detail can make even the most familiar
object unrecognizable image
iv. Finally we are used to seeing only the visible wavelength and the
imaging of wavelengths outside of this window is more difficult
for us to comprehend.

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 Elements of interpretation
 Observing the difference between targets and their background
involves comparing different targets based on any or all of the visual
elements.
 These elements are:-
 Shape: The external form, outline or configuration of the object.
This includes natural features.
 Size : This property depends on the scale and resolution of the
image/photo. Smaller feature will be easily indented in large scale
image/photo.
 Pattern: Spatial arrangement of an object into distinctive recurring
forms: This can be easily explained through the pattern of a road and
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 Shadow: Indicates the outline of an object and its length which is
useful is measuring the height of an object. The shadow effect in
Radar images is due to look angle and slope of the terrain. Taller
features cast larger shadows than shorter features.
 Tone: Refers to the color or relative brightness of an object. The
tonal variation is due to the reflection, emittance, transmission or
absorption character of an objects.
 Texture: This property depends upon the size, shape, pattern and
shadow
 Association: Occurrence of features in relation to others.

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 Issues in interpretation.
 Unfamiliar scale and resolutions.
 Lack of understanding of physics of Remote
sensing.
 Understanding proper spectral character of each
object
 visually interpret 3 layers of information at a time.

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 Digital image processing may involve numerous procedures
including
 formatting and correcting of the data,
 digital enhancement to facilitate better visual interpretation,
 even automated classification of targets and features entirely by
computer.
 Requirement for digital image processing
 In order to process remote sensing imagery digitally, the data must
be recorded and available in a digital form suitable for storage on a
computer tape or disk.
 The computer system, sometimes referred to as an image analysis
system, with the appropriate hardware and software to process the
data.
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 Digital Image processing

 Image processing functions available in image analysis systems

can be categorized into the following four categories:
 Preprocessing
 Image Enhancement
 Image Transformation
 Image Classification and Analysis

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 Preprocessing
Preprocessing functions involve those operations:-
 normally required prior to the main data analysis and extraction of
information,
 Remotely sensed data obtained from satellites or aircraft are
usually geometrically and radiometrically distorted
The distortion can be caused by
 Acquisition system and the movements of the platform
 Variations in scene illumination and viewing geometry
 Atmospheric conditions and
 Sensor noise and response
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 Reading assignment

 Image Enhancement
 Image Transformation
 Image Classification and Analysis

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 Project (25%)
 Use ArcGIS SOFTWARE
DOWNLOAD THE ADMINSTRATIVE SHAPEFILE (SAMPLE)
DESIGN THE SPECFIC MAP FOR YOUR GIVEN LOCATION AND EXPORT
INTO IMAGE FILE(USE THE RASTER FILE)
GROUP 1:-GAMO ZONE
GROUP 2:-GAMO ZONE
GROUP 3:-GAMO ZONE
GROUP 4:-GAMO ZONE
GROUP 5:- GAMO ZONE
GROUP 6:- GAMO ZONE
GROUP 7:- GAMO ZONE
GROUP 8:- GAMO ZONE
GROUP 9:- GAMO ZONE
GROUP 10:- GAMO ZONE
N.B.:-THE PROJECT ACCEPTABLE AFTER THE PRESENTATION

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Thank you for
your attention!!

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