2nd.

Worksheet Grade 12
Immune response
This is the body's response to the non-self-antigens such as the antigens of pathogens. It
involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens.
Phagocytes
(macrophages and neutrophils) are produced throughout life by bone marrow and are stored
there before they are distributed around the body by blood. They remove dead cells as well as
invasive microorganisms. (Non-specific)

Neutrophils
These make up 60% of white blood cells. They leave the blood through capillary walls to enter
tissues. They are short lived and often die after ingesting and destroying bacteria.
Macrophages
- These are present in the passage through which lymph flows into lymph nodes and also
found on the inside surfaces of alveolar walls. They are long lived and they engulf foreign
particles and microorganism.
- They are also known as antigen presenting cells (APC's). They present the antigens of
pathogens on their cell surface membrane. This signals the lymphocytes to destroy the
pathogens.
stages of Phagocytosis
1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
2. 2.Ingestion of microbe
3. Formation of phagosome ( cell membrane fuse around bacteria, trapping it in a vesicle)
4. 4.Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
5. 5.Digestion of ingested microb by enzymes
6. 6.Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7. Discharge of waste material

B lymphocytes (B cells)
Humoral response. The cell is produced and develop in bone marrow. When mature, each
cells makes on type of antibody molecule.
There's plasma cells and memory cells. Antibody molecules stay within Plasma cells and each
antibody is specific and complementary to an antigen. Once bind to an antigen, clonal
selection will occur (binding to antigen and selecting antibodies specific to antigen from pre-
existing cell pool). This is for when antigen has been stored in __ memory cells.

T lymphocytes (T cells)
Produced in bone marrow and develop in the thymus until mature. It's highly specialized cell
and will only respond when they encounter antigen on the APC (antigen presenting cell).
When __ cell is activated, __ helper cells, __ killer cells, Memory cells and suppressor __ cell is
produced

T killer cells
they attach themselves to the surface of infected cells and secrete toxic substances (perforin)
that kill the cells and pathogens within them.

T helper cells
They secrete chemicals known as cytokines which stimulate other cells (macrophages and
B-cells) to fight against the invaders.

T memory cells
T lymphocytes that live a long time and are part of the immunological memory.

Define the following terms.

1. Koch’s postulates Koch's postulates were formulated in the late nineteenth century as guidelines
for establishing that microbes cause specific diseases.
2. interferon
Cells infected by viruses produce anti-viral proteins called interferons
Interferons prevent viruses from spreading to uninfected cells
3. histamine
Body cells called mast cells respond to tissue damage by secreting the molecule
histamine
Histamine is a chemical signalling molecule that enables cell signalling
 4. natural killer cell
lymphocytes of the innate immune system that control several types of tumors
and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage.
5. plasma cell
A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.
6. antigen
Antigens are molecules present on the surface of cells, which trigger an immune
response.
7. memory cell
a. lymphocytes are produced in response to the specific antigens on a pathogen.
After the pathogen is removed some of the lymphocytes continue to remain in
the immune system.
8. antibody
a. A protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to
antigens as a part of the immune response.
9. Allergy
a. Allergies occur when the body treats a harmless substance as a threat and the
immune system produces an unnecessary response to it
Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Mucus serves as a nonspecific defense to pathogens by
a. being secreted by the skin.
b. capturing pathogens.
c. digesting pathogens.
d. secreting cytokines.
2. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Fever stimulates the body’s defense mechanisms.
b. Fever suppresses the growth of certain bacteria.
c. Fever activates cellular enzymes.
d. Fever promotes the action of white blood cells.
3. Macrophages
a. are white blood cells.
b. cross blood-vessel walls.
c. engulf and destroy large pathogens.
d. All of the above
4. Natural killer cells are
a. specialized red blood cells.
b. infected cells.
c. phagocytes.
d. None of the above

5. An inflammatory response is initiated by

a. release of histamines. b. pathogens.
c. fever. d. drying of mucous membranes

6. Which of the following are not lymphocytes?

a. memory cells b. helper T cells c. macrophages d. B cells
7. Bone marrow is considered part of the immune system because it
a. filters pathogens from blood.
b. drains into the lymphatic system.
c. produces white blood cells.
d. produces plasma cells.
8. B cells
a. are involved with the humoral immune response.
b. kill infected cells.
c. mature within the thymus.
d. are derived from plasma cells.

9. Interleukins are secreted by

a. cytotoxic T cells. b. helper T cells. c. plasma cells. d. All of the above
10. Cell-mediated immune responses require
a. production of antibodies.
b. helper T cells.
c. B cells.
d. a secondary immune response

11. Which of the following is not an aspect nonspecific immunity?

a. Nonspecific immunity involves B cells and T cells to kill pathogens.
b. Nonspecific immunity involves white blood cells and phagocytosis.
c. Nonspecific immunity is not aimed at a specific pathogen.
d. Nonspecific immunity involves skin barriers and chemical barriers.

12. What is a pathogen?

a. A virus that causes a disease.
b. Any organism or virus that causes a disease.
c. A disease caused by bacteria or viruses.
d. Any organism transmitted from humans to humans.

Which of the following is/are necessary to produce monoclonal antibodies?

I. Tumour cells II. Plasma (B) cells III. Macrophages
a. II only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. I, II and III

Answer the questions in the space provided.

1. How are neutrophils involved in the body’s defense against pathogens?
Neutrophils are white blood cells that are involved in the body's defense against pathogens by
engulfing and destroying them through a process called phagocytosis. They also release
enzymes and chemicals that help to break down pathogens and attract other immune cells to
the site of infection.
2. How does interferon inhibit viruses?
Interferons are proteins that are produced by infected cells and signal neighboring cells to
become resistant to viral infections. They can also activate immune cells to attack virus-
infected cells.
3. How does the first line of defense protect the body against pathogens?
The first line of defense against pathogens includes physical and chemical barriers, such as the
skin and mucous membranes, which prevent pathogens from entering the body. Other
mechanisms include the flushing action of tears and saliva, the acidic environment of the
stomach, and the presence of beneficial microorganisms in the gut.
4. How do vaccinations produce immunity?
Vaccinations produce immunity by exposing the immune system to a weakened or inactivated
form of a pathogen, which triggers an immune response and the production of memory cells.
These memory cells remember how to recognize and attack the pathogen if it is encountered
again in the future, providing immunity to the disease
4. How do antibodies provide defense from viruses?
Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens
on the surface of viruses. This can prevent the virus from infecting cells and mark it for
destruction by other immune cells, such as macrophages. Antibodies can also neutralize toxins
and prevent them from causing harm to the body.
Immunity can be defined as the ability to resist infection.
Q1
(a) A person can acquire immunity actively or passively. Complete the table to show some of
the features of passive and active immunity. Place a tick in the box if the feature applies and a
cross if it does not apply.
The person produces The person produces The immunity can be
an immune response memory cells acquired naturally and
artificially
Passive x x ✔
immunity

Active ✔ ✔ ✔
immunity
(b)Some vaccinations contain attenuated microorganisms, others contain killed
microorganisms. It is now thought preferable to develop vaccines containing attenuated
microorganisms wherever possible.
(i) What is an attenuated microorganism? ...the weakened version of a virus so it will not harm
our
body................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why vaccines containing attenuated microorganisms might be preferred to those
containing killed microorganisms. Vaccines containing attenuated microorganisms are often
preferred to those containing killed microorganisms because attenuated vaccines mimic
natural infections more closely..

Q2. The diagram below shows the general structure of an antibody molecule.

(i) Name the cells which release antibodies during the immune response.
Plasma cell

(ii) Describe how an antibody, such as the one shown above, works.

(iii) State the roles of the helper T-cells in the immune response.

They help to activate and coordinate both the humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses. Specifically, helper T-cells recognize antigen fragments presented on the surface
of antigen-presenting cells
(b) Explain the roles of memory cells in immunity
They store the antibody used for the antigen or pathogen and use it incase if thet detect the
pathogen has same antigen