6.What are the benefits of the mining sector to the economy of Ethiopia?

Please
give a brief account?

Economic benefits
* Generates revenue from sales, taxes, royalty: The federal government has been collecting
royalty of about 48.5 million birr (4.4 million USD) from the large-scale production of gold every
year for the last three years. The regional administrations also collect royalty from the small
scale and artisanal production of precious minerals, industrial and construction materials.
*Generates foreign currency earnings: The amount of foreign currency earning is about 135
million dollars every year for the last couple of years from the sales of export of minerals such as
gold, tantalite concentrate platinum, decorative dimension stones and gemstones. This export
earning contributes up to 7-10 % of the total export foreign currency earnings of the country.

* Employment opportunity: The contribution of mining to employment in Ethiopia is today small

(a few thousand), as the sector is small and mining is not a labour-intensive industry. Artisanal
mining on the other hand is likely to involve several hundred thousand workers.Even though the
country is believed to have wide mineral potential, the contribution of the mining sector to the
national economy has been a maximum of 6%.

Social Benefits
* Expansion of infrastructures such as roads, electric power, telecommunication etc
* Expansion of social services such as health facilities, schools service, schools, water facilities as
well as airstrips for the local communities.

7.What is an api culture? Discuss api culture as a significance of forest.

*Apiculture is an important occupation that involves taking care of bees and nurturing them for
livelihood. Beekeeping has an important significance because some of the most useful products
like honey, wax, and royal jelly come from bees. Several bee products like propolis and venom
are used for medicinal purposes.

*Crop pollination by bees is one of the well-recognized ecosystem services in agricultural

landscapes, which plays a key role in global food production . Therefore, we can improve
production per unit area through increasing pollination rather than expanding agricultural land.

8.In Ethiopia, Heave brasiliensis plantation is part of the species introduced in

Southwestern Ethiopian forests What is its main economic importance?

*Hevea brasiliensis is the primary commercial source of natural rubber in the world and its latex
is a source for many industrial inputs. The latex yield potential of rubber tree plantations has
been lower than the estimated potential due to latex yield variation among rubber tree clones.

9.How do you account for 'forest exploitation'?

*Forests have been exploited over the centuries as a source of wood and for obtaining land for
agricultural use. The mismanagement of forest lands and forest resources has led to a situation
where the forest is now in rapid retreat. The main aspects of the situation are: serious shortages
in the supply of industrial wood; the catastrophic erosion and floods accompanying the stripping
of forests from mountainous land; the acute shortages of fuel wood in much of the developing
 world; the spread of desert conditions at an alarming rate in the arid and semi-arid regions of
the world; and the many environmental effects of the destruction of tropical rainforests.

10. What are some of the factors that can be considered as constraints in forest
exploitation in Ethiopia?

*Deforestation and forest degradation, overgrazing, an ever-increasing demand for forest

products, forest fire and conversion of forest to farmland, etc are becoming the main challenges
threating forest development and conservation efforts in Ethiopia.

References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012824135600009X

https://www.vedantu.com/biology/apiculture-beekeeping

https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-022-00360-
x#:~:text=Crop%20pollination%20by%20bees%20is,rather%20than%20expanding%20agricultural
%20land.

https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556286.php#:~:text=Deforestation%20and
%20forest%20degradation%2C%20overgrazing,and%20conservation%20efforts%20in%20Ethiopia.

Geography module final