ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

PHYSICS MODULE-1011
UNIT-3
KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSION

Instructor name:

March 17,2023
GROUP MEMBERS
 Aziza Musa
 Beamlake Haile
 Betelhem Wubu
 Bezawit Taye
 Robel Bogale
 Ruhama Dereje
OUT LINE OF PRESENTATION

3.1 Displacement, velocity and Acceleration in 2D

3.1.1 position and Displacement
3.1.2 Velocity
3.1.3 Acceleration
3.2 Projectile Motion
3.2.1 projectile motion with constant acceleration
3.3 Kinematics in circular motion
3.3.1 uniform circular motion
3.3.2 Tangential and Radial acceleration
LEARNING OUTCOME
 After completing this section, students are
expected to do:
 Drive motion of equation for an arbitrary particle
in two dimension
 Define displacement, velocity and acceleration in
2D.
 Define instantaneous velocity and acceleration

 Solve problem related with this section

After getting some
weight Mr. x start
running daily to back to
his normal body beside
the healthy benefit Mr.
x show a lot of things
around the street when
he run today we run
with him all the road
and discover some
interesting facts
specially about motion .
Let’s start!
CHAPTER THREE
MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION
3.1 DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN 2D

3.1.1 position and displacement

 Position vector is a straight line having one end attached to a
moving point and is used to describe the position of the point
relative to the body.

• Displacement is a vector that points from where the object started

to where it ended, regardless of the path it took.
3.1.2 VELOCITY
• Velocity defined as the displacement vector Δs by the
elapsed time Δt.
• Average velocity: velocity of a body b/n two points
Vave=sf-si / tf-ti

• Instantaneous velocity: the velocity of a body at

particular time or at a specific point.
• Vinst = Δs/Δt as Δt→0
EXAMPLE 1
• A car moves along the x-axis in such a way that its distance as
function of time is s(t)=14t-t2
1, Distance moved when t=3sec
s(t)=14*3-32
s(t)=42-9
s(t)=33 meters
2,The average velocity during the 4th second
vave= Δs/Δt
Vave= (14*4-4 )-(14*3-3 )/ 4-3
2 2

vave= 7m/s
3,Instantaneous velocity at t=4sec
vinst= dx/dt
vinst= 14-2t
vinst= 6m/s
3.1.3 ACCELERATION
• Average 𝒂 : is acceleration of a body b/n two points or
velocity divided by time taken.
• 𝑎 = Δv/Δt
• Instantaneous 𝒂 ∶ is acceleration of a body at particular
instant of time or at a point.
𝑎inst=Δv/Δt as Δt→0
EXAMPLE 2
• A helicopter along the x axis in such a way that its distance
as function of time is s(t)=20t2-t3
• 1,the average acceleration during 3rd sec.
• v=dx/dt = 40t-3t2
𝑎ave= v-u/ tf-ti
𝑎ave= (40*3-(3*32))-(40*2-(3*22)/4-3
𝑎ave= 25m/s2
2,the instantaneous acceleration at t= 2sec
𝑎= dv/dt= 40-9t
𝑎= 22m/s2
 here we are at
the middle of the
exercise. mr.x
stopped and get
some energy
drinks so the
whole velocity of
Mr.x is not
constant some
time it get to zero
as mentioned
above sometimes
it decrease or
increase but we
continue to run.
ohhh I see some
children playing
basket when they
score at the basket
the ball undergoes
curved motion
what we call this
thing?
Let’s discover
3.2 PROJECTILE MOTION
• Projectile motion is the motion of an
object thrown (projected) into the air
and then allowed to follow a path solely
determined by the influence of gravity.
• at projectile motion:
→ the only force acting is gravity
→perpendicular components of motion are independent
of each other
→constant velocity in the horizontal direction constantly
changing velocity in the vertical direction
→the trajectory is parabolic
 CONT…
• Formula of projectile
ux= ucosθ , uy=usinθ
at any time t
v= u+at but 𝑎x= 0
vx= ucosθ ( constant through its motion)
vy= uy+ ayt 𝑎= g
sy= uy + 1/2gt2, sx= uxt
Range and maximum height
• Two point in this motion are interesting
1 (R/2,h) , maximum height
2 ( R,0) horizontal range
CONT…
• At maximum height (half time) vy=0
Vy= usinθ-gt
thalf= usinθ/g heightmax= u2sin2θ/2g
ttotal= 2usinθ/g
Range= sx=uxt
sx= ucosθtT
sx= ucosθ(2usinθ/g)
Sx= 2u sinθcosθ/g=u sin2θ/g
2 2
EXAMPLE 3
 A stone is thrown in to the air with initial velocity of 40m/s at
37° from horizontal.
1, the component of initial velocity
ux=ucosθ= 40m/s*0.8=32m/s
uy=usinθ=40m/s*0.6=24m/s
2, half time of the projectile motion
t=usinθ/g
t=24m/s/10=2.4sec
3,range of projectile motion
R=2u2sinθcosθ/g
R= 2(40)20.6*0.8/10
R= 153.6m
4, hmax of projectile motion
hmax= uy2/2g
hmax= (24)2/2*10= 57.6m
EXAMPLE 4
Two arrow are launched at the same time with the same
speed. Arrow A at an angle greater than 45° and arrow B at
an angle less than 45°. Both land at the same spot on the
ground. which arrow arrive first?
A, arrow A arrive first
B, arrow B arrive first
C, they both arrive together
D, it depends on the elevation where the arrow land

Ans: B since its angle is below 45 when we compare with A it

has small range so the time flight of B is short
EXAMPLE 5
 A ball is thrown with a velocity of 20 m/s at an
angle of 60° above the horizontal. What is the
horizontal component of its instantaneous
velocity at the exact top of its trajectory?
A) 10 m/s B) 17 m/s C)20 m/s D) zero
Solution
UX=Ucosθ=20xcos60=10m/s
EXAMPLE-6
The velocity of projectile is (15i+20j)m/s. The maximum
height of the projectile is _______.
A.10m B.20m C.30m D.40m
Solution
H= 𝑼𝒀2/ 𝟐𝒈 = 𝟐𝟎𝑿𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝑿𝟏𝟎 =20m
EXAMPLE-7
A ball is thrown and follows the parabolic path
shown above. Air friction is negligible. Point Q is
the highest point on the path. Points P and R are
the same height above the ground. How do the
speeds of the ball at the three points compare?
(A) VP<VQ<VR
(B) VR<VQ<VP

(C) VQ<VR<VP

(D) VQ<VP = VR

SOLUTION:
At highest point VQ=0 so it is the least one andVP=VQ
beside the direction change both have equal speed.
After watching the
basketball game
high lightly we
continue to run.
Accidentally we
saw red car try
hardly to cope
with the circular
path what is the
issue on this
scenario
3.3 KINEMATICS IN CIRCULAR MOTION
3.3.UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

• Circular motion is movement of an object along

circular path.
• It called uniform because it have constant speed
but the velocity is not constant due to constant
changing direction.
• Velocity vector tangent to the circle and
perpendicular to the radius.
CONT…
• period(T):The time interval it takes the particle
to go around circle Completing one revolution
called 1 rev = 2π v=2πr/T=θ/T
• angular velocity(ω): measure of rotational rate
refers to how fast an object rotates
ωave= θf-θi/tf-ti
• Angular acceleration( ): it is change on
angular velocity
= ωf-ωi/tf-ti
• There is Some relation b/n linear and angular
kinematics
s=rΔθ but θ=2π so s=2πr
CONT…
• Centripetal acceleration: centripetal means
center seeking it always points toward the center
of rotation and perpendicular to the linear
velocity.
𝑎𝑐 = v2/r
EXAMPLE 8
9. A 4kg ball swings in a horizontal circular path at
the end of a string. The radius of the circle is 10m
and the tension in the string is 1000N. The ball's
tangential speed is :
A.40m/s. B. 30m/s. C.20 m/s. D. 50m/s
Solution
T=ma=m𝑽𝟐𝒓 V= √𝑻𝒓/𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟒 =50m/s
EXAMPLE 9
An object of mass m moves at a constant speed v
around a horizontal circular path of radius r. The
net force applied on the object is F. What
happens to the net force if speed is doubled and
radius is quadrupled?
A. It doubles C. It quadruples
B. Stays the same D. It is cut to one-half
Solution: F=mv2/r
F= m(2v)2/4r
F=m4v2/4
F=mv2/r B, stay the same
3.3.2 TANGENTIAL AND RADIAL
ACCELERATION

• Tangential acceleration(𝒂𝒕):cause the change

in speed of the particle.
• Radial acceleration(𝒂𝒓): the acceleration of the
object along the radius, directed towards the
center.
• 𝒂𝒓 is larger when radius of curvature is small &
small when radius is large.
• The direction of 𝒂𝒕 is either in the same direction
as v if v is increasing or opposite if v is
decreasing.
• 𝑎 = √ 𝒂𝒓 2 + 𝒂𝒕 2
CONT…