DYNAMICS INCLUDES

 Kinematics, which is the study of the geometry of

motion. Kinematics is used to relate displacement,
velocity, acceleration, and time, without reference
to the cause of the motion.
 Kinetics, which is the study of the relation
existing between the forces acting on a body, the
mass of the body, and the motion of the body.
Kinetics is used to predict the motion caused by
given forces or to determine the forces required to
produce a given motion.
RECTILINEAR MOTION OF PARTICLES
A particle moving along a straight line is said to be in
rectilinear motion.
POSITION, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
 The position of a particle is described by means of its distance
from the established point of origin. This distance is usually
written as a function of time.
2
Example: x = 6t – 3t
 The change in position is called displacement.
 The average velocity of the particle over the time interval Δt is
defined as the quotient of the displacement Δx and the time
interval Δt:
Average velocity = Δx/Δt
 The instantaneous velocity v of the particle at the
instant t is obtained from the average velocity by choosing
shorter and shorter time intervals Δt and displacements
Δx:

 The average acceleration a of the particle over the time

interval Δt is defined as the quotient of change of velocity
Δv and Δt .
Average acceleration = a = Δv/Δt
 The instantaneous acceleration a of the particle at the
instant t is obtained from the average acceleration by
choosing smaller and smaller values for Δt and Δv:
 Another expression for the acceleration
a = v ∙ dv/dx
MOTION OF A PARTICLE
Three conditions of motion of particles
 When a = f (t)
 When a = f (x)
 When a = f (v)
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
The acceleration of a particle along a straight line
is defined by a = (2t – 9) m/s2, where t is in
seconds. At t = 0, S = 1 m and v = 10 m/s. When t =
9 s, determine (a) the particle’s position, (b) the
total distance travelled, and (c) the velocity.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
A particle moves along a straight line with an
acceleration a = 2v1/2 m/s2, where v is in m/s. If S =
0, v = 4 m/s when t = 0, determine the time for the
particle to achieve a velocity of 20 m/s. Also, find
the displacement of particle when t = 2 s.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Based on observations, the speed of a jogger can be
0.3
approximated by the relation v = 7.5(1 – 0.04x) ,
where v and x are expressed in mi/h and miles,
respectively. Knowing that x = 0 at t = 0, determine
(a) the distance the jogger has run in miles when t
= 1 h, (b) the jogger’s acceleration in mi/min2 at t =
0, (c) the time required for the jogger to run 6 mi
in min.
 UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED RECTILINEAR MOTION

SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
A train starts from rest at station A and accelerates at
0.5 m/s2 for 60 s. Afterwards it travels with a constant
velocity for 15 min. It then decelerates at 1 m/s2 until it
is brought to rest at station B. Determine the distance
between the stations.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Tests reveal that a normal driver takes about 0.75 s
before he or she can react to a situation to avoid a
collision. It takes about 3 s for a driver having 0.1%
alcohol in his system to do the same. If such drivers are
travelling on a straight road at 30 mph (44 ft/s) and
their cars can decelerate at 2 ft/s2, determine the
shortest stopping sight distance d for each from the
moment they see the pedestrians.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
A ball is thrown vertically upward from the 12-m level
in an elevator shaft with an initial velocity of 18 m/s. At
the same instant an open-platform elevator passes the
5-m level, moving upward with a constant velocity of 2
m/s. Determine (a) when and where the ball will hit
the elevator, (b) the relative velocity of the ball with
respect to the elevator when the ball hits the elevator.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
The depth of the crater of the Taal volcano was
calculated in the following manner: From a
helicopter flying vertically upward at 6 m/s, a
small bomb was released at the instant the
helicopter was 20 m above the crater surface. The
sound of explosion was heard 9 seconds later. If
the speed of sound is 50 m/s, what is the depth of
the crater?
 ERRATIC MOTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
The dragster starts from rest and has an acceleration described
by the graph. Determine the time t’ for it to stop. Also what is the
maximum speed? Construct the v-t and s-t graphs for the time
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ t’.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
The v-t graph for the motion of a car at it moves along a
straight road is shown. Draw the a-t and S-t graph and
determine the average speed and the distance traveled for
the 10-s time interval. The car starts from rest at S = 0.
 CURVILINEAR MOTION:
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
POSITION
If the particle is at point (x, y, z) on the curved path s as shown, where
x, y and z are functions of t, then its location at any time t is defined by
the position vector
r = xi + yj + zk
The magnitude of r is defined by r = [x2 + y2 + z2]1/2
VELOCITY
The first derivative r with respect to time is the velocity of the
particle denoted by
v = dr/dt = d/dt [xi] + d/dt [yj] + d/dt [zk]
= vxi + vyj + vzk
1/2
The magnitude of v is found from v = [(vx)2 + (vy)2 + (vz)2]
ACCELERATION
The v with respect to time is the acceleration of the particle
denoted by
a = dv/dt = d/dt [vxi] + d/dt [vyj] + d/dt [vzk]
= axi + ayj + azk
1/2
The magnitude of a is found from a = [(ax)2 + (ay)2 + (az)2]
SAMPLE PROBLEM
 PROJECTILE MOTION
 Motion in horizontal direction is uniform.
 Motion in vertical direction is uniformly accelerated.
 Motion of projectile could be replaced by two independent
rectilinear motions.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
The chipping machine is designed to eject wood chips at vo = 25
ft/s as shown. If the tube is oriented at 30o from the horizontal,
determine how high, h, the chips strike the pile if at this instant
they land on the pile 20 ft from the tube.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
It is observed that the skier leaves the ramp A at an angle θA = 25o
with the horizontal. If he strikes the ground at B, determine his
initial speed vA and the speed at which he strikes the ground.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Measurements of a shot recorded on a videotape during a
basketball game are shown. The ball passed through the hoop
even though it barely cleared the hands of the player B who
attempted to block it. Neglecting the size of the ball, determine
the magnitude vA of its initial velocity, the time for which the
ball reaches the basket at C, the height h of the ball when it
passes over the player B, and the highest elevation above the
floor reached by the ball.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
The baseball player A hits the baseball at vA = 40 ft/s and θA =
60o from the horizontal. When the ball is directly overhead of
player B he begins to run under it. Determine the constant speed
at which B must run and the distance d in order to make the
catch at the same elevation at which the ball was hit.
 CURVILINEAR MOTION
Three coordinate systems are commonly used for
describing the vector relationships (for plane
curvilinear motion of a particle):
 Rectangular coordinates (x-y)
 Normal and tangential coordinates (n-t)
 Polar coordinates (r-θ)
 TANGENTIAL AND NORMAL COMPONENTS
 When the path along which a particle is moving is known,
then it is often convenient to describe the motion using n
and t coordinate which acts normal and tangential to the
path y
et
e’t
P P’

en

0 x
 et
e’t

Δet
Δθ
en

where:
et = unit vector in the t – direction at point A
en = unit vector in the n – direction at point A
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
 Velocity vector of particle is tangent to path of particle. In general,
acceleration vector is not.
 During differential increment of time dt, the particle moves a
differential distance ds from A to A’.
v = ds/dt tangential velocity
at = dv/dt tangential acceleration
an = v2/ρ normal acceleration
Acceleration Vector a

a = at et + an en = dv/dt et + v2/ρ en
1/2
a = [(at)2 + (an)2]
NOTE:
 Tangential component of acceleration reflects change of
speed and normal component reflects change of
direction.
 When the radius of curvature is infinite (path is
straight), an = 0.
 When the path is curve, an > 0, and the normal
acceleration points to the center of curvature of path.
 When the particle is speeding up, at > 0.
 When the particle is slowing down, at < 0.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
A motorist is travelling on curved section of highway at 90
kph. The motorist applies brakes causing a constant
deceleration rate. Knowing that after 8 s the speed has
been reduced to 72 kph, determine the acceleration of the
automobile immediately after the brakes are applied.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150 m high building with
an initial velocity of 180 m/s at an angle of 30o with the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find (a) the horizontal
distance from the gun to the point where the bullet strikes the
ground, (b) the greatest elevation above the ground reached by
the projectile, (c) the tangential and normal acceleration at the
point where the bullet hits the ground. Also determine the
radius of curvature at that point.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
3
The position of a particle travelling along a curved path is s = (3t
2
– 4t + 4) m, where t is in seconds. When t =2 s, the particle is at
a position on the path where the radius of curvature is 25 m.
Determine the magnitude of the particle’s acceleration at this
instant.