Temperature regulation

Temperature-sensitive (thermo-sensitive) neurons, which are found in the

preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus nuclei, receive input from peripheral
thermo-sensitive neurons found in the skin and may detect and react to tiny
temperature changes in the body's core temperature.
The anterior hypothalamus regulates processes that prevent heat loss. Preoptic
warming causes the skin's blood vessels to dilate and sweat, increasing blood flow
into the skin, activating sweat glands, and inhibiting heat-generating mechanisms
by the posterior hypothalamus, which lowers body temperature. Preoptic
warming increases the firing rate in warm-sensitive neurons and elicits heat loss
responses such as panting and sweating.
The regulatory system of the posterior hypothalamus reduces heat loss,
Preoptic cooling causes heat retention responses (such as cutaneous
vasoconstriction and thermoregulatory behavior), constriction of skin blood
vessels, and inhibition of sweating. It may also cause shivering because skeletal
muscles generate heat and a thyroid hormone-mediated increase in metabolism.
Normally, the hypothalamus adjusts body temperature at 98.08° to 98.68°F when
measured orally and 18°F higher when measured rectally. The temperature range
can be altered in response to extreme conditions, such as environmental
temperatures or in the event of infection.

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/hypothalamus
https://europepmc.org/article/med/6273235
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Is a bilateral structure that may be found in the hypothalamus' anterior region,

As the body's main pacemaker for the circadian timing system, it is frequently
referred to as the "master clock" of the body.
To the SCN, numerous afferent neural pathways are connected. Nerve impulses
produced in response to changes in light intensity are transmitted via the optic
nerve to this nucleus to affect the activities of many hypothalamic nuclei. Its main
tract, the retinohypothalamic tract, which originates from photosensitive ganglion
cells of the retina, appears to play an important role in controlling the biologic
rhythms.
Efferent projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus innervate structures like
the pineal gland, During the night, these fibers release norepinephrine and
stimulate postsynaptic beta-1 and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on pinealocytes,
causing the production of melatonin for the purpose of inducing sleep.
Many mood problems and sleep issues have been reported to be associated with
SCN circadian rhythm disruptions.

https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk546664
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546664/?
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