Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NAME ID NO
Prepared By: - Samrawit Tessema 02906
February, 2023
Dessie, Ethiopia
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Table of Contents
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ III
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ IV
Chapter One ......................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Backgrounds of the Study .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statements of the problem ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Objective of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Specific Objective ................................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Research Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Procedures for data collection ............................................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Data processing and analysis ................................................................................................ 3
1.5. Significance of the Study .................................................................................................................... 3
1.6. Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.7. Limitation of the Study....................................................................................................................... 4
1.8. Organization of the study .................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................6
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................................................................................6
2.1. Tax Administration ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2. Theoretical Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 6
2.3. Challenges to Tax Administration ...................................................................................................... 8
2.4. Empirical Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 8
2.5. Value Added Tax (VAT) Administration Practice.............................................................................. 10
2.6. Advantage of VAT............................................................................................................................. 10
2.7. Types of VAT .................................................................................................................................... 11
Time Budget ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Cost Budget ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Team composition ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 15
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List of Tables
Table 1: Time Budgets ................................................................................................................................ 12
Table 2: Cost Budgets ................................................................................................................................. 13
Table 3: Team Composition........................................................................................................................ 14
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Abstract
This paper examines the assessment of VAT administration in Dessie towns and identifies key
problems including lack of sufficient number of skilled personnel and gaps in the administration
in such areas as refunding, invoicing and filing requirements. The paper suggests that in Dessie
attempting to implement what is legislated in the main areas (such as refunds) deserves the
government’s due attention. The study also emphasizes the need to strengthen the administration
capacity in general and the tax audit program in particular. Furthermore, the paper assesses the
assignment of VAT revenue to regional governments and the decentralization of its
administration as a way forward for future research. There may be weaknesses in how VAT
administrators perform their duties. Weaknesses in VAT administration, in turn, may adversely
impact on the salient features of the tax and government’s policy objectives as a whole. In this
Dessie town noted that poor tax administration would change the manner in which taxation
affects government’s policy objectives, namely economic stabilization, resource allocation and
redistribution of income. In developing countries, the poor performance of taxes is likely to be
due to weak tax administration.
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Chapter One
1. Introduction
According to Lee and Richard (1998), in different tax regimes of many countries, taxes are
levied on different sources of income classified in to some number of segments. Largely,
countries set their source of income tax taxpayers in to small, medium, and large taxpayers
mainly depending on the amount of income derived by the taxpayers. Tax law frameworks of
different countries including Ethiopia provide specific rules governing the assessment method,
tax rate, accounting period, deduction, exemption, and other related guidelines for each of the
above listed group of taxpayers. Although the impacts of application of different types of income
tax assessment mechanisms would also deserve discussion, the theme of this article is on the
‘efficiency ‘of the standard assessment as implemented for assessing income tax liability of the
small businesses.
VAT has been introduced in Ethiopia to maximize the revenue that the government collects out
of tax. Identification and registration of the taxable persons, filling and payments, VAT
invoicing, refunding, auditing and penalties for non-compliance partly attributes to the salient
features of VAT to be different. This may help to be VAT less vulnerable to evasion and fraud
compared to other taxes but if not well implemented; non-compliance, evasion, tax avoidance
and fraud will ensue affecting the entire tax system, the revenue generated, disturb smooth
market operation and entail unnecessary administrative costs. Failure to register, failure to file
tax return, underreporting tax liability, illicit claim of refunds and issuing improper invoices are
among the major challenges. Thus, given the significance of the revenue for the national
economy and ultimately the role of VAT system to ensure smooth, uniform and competitive
business environment throughout the country, this research investigated the major determinants
of productivity of VAT in Ethiopia.
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1.3. Objective of the Study
1.3.1. General Objective
The general Objective of the Study is to investigate the assessment of VAT administration and
identifying the source of revenue in Dessie towns.
To assess the VAT revenue productivity over the period 2023 A.D in case of Dessie towns.
To assess the major factors affecting VAT revenue productivity in Ethiopia.
To identify the problems associated with tax collectors related to tax assessment and
collection
to drive and implement appropriate policies for enhancing VAT productivity and improve
the tax system
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for an increase or decrease of the yield of tax over time, interims of collection problem for the
tax over time, interims of collection problem for the tax payer side and other in this paper are
expected to contribute some knowledge and understanding of the society and alarm on the unit to
improve its weakness mostly the following are expected:-
The following are some of the limitation that is occurs while conducting the study.
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Time constraint
Miscellaneous cost like transportation cost, paper and other material.
Shortage of clear information from different respondents.
Lack of experience on conducting research on the side of researcher.
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CHAPTER TWO
Tax assessment refers to the initial review by the tax authority of the tax declaration and
attached supplementary documents submitted by a taxpayer and verification of the arithmetical
and technical accuracy of the declared tax liability and tax payable shortly after the submission
of the declaration. An inefficient tax administration weakens the willingness of the taxpayers to
comply and create room for political manipulation and in the process the government losses
revenue. (Bird), According to Musgrave’s (1989), the solution to poor assessment and
registration method is to employ well trained and skilled personnel who are well paid and also to
employ good equipment like computers. That is the basis for efficient tax administration lies in
the choice of appropriate technology and clear administrative procedures, good methods of
conducting tax payer registration, assessment and the provision of public goods. (Gebeyehu,
2008)
A tax is a compulsory levy made by public authorities for which nothing is received directly in
return. Taxes are, therefore, transfers of money to the public sector, but they exclude loan
transactions and direct payments for publicly produced goods and services. The classification by
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nominal source of taxation meaning by the way of collecting taxes can be direct and indirect
taxes. Direct tax is assessed and collected directly from the individuals who are intended to bear
it. It is usually collected through an intermediary and the most popular intermediary is the
employer (income tax) of the tax payer. In this aspect the tax payer may not have contact with
tax authorities but can depend on individual circumstances. The average tax rate could be
changed according to conditions. The indirect tax is not collected directly from the individuals
who are intended to bear it. It is paid by one person but collected from another. Mostly the tax is
included in the price but not always visible on a bill. The amount of tax paid depends on the
object one buys but not on the individual circumstances (Keen, 2007)
A VAT taxes the value-added in production through the various stages of production. Value
added is simply the difference between the value of the goods and services sold and the value of
goods and services purchased as intermediate inputs. Under a VAT, the sum of purchases and
value added by the firm itself equals (by definition) the value of the inputs (which have a full tax
credit attached to them) of the next firm in the production distribution process. As a result, the
same value-added is never taxed twice; that is, cumulative effects do not occur. Moreover, at the
final retail stage the sum of all values added throughout the process and, by the same token, the
sum of all the differences between sales and pure has equal the consumer price, excluding tax.
The final price, that is the price paid by consumers, has therefore to cover all the values added at
the successive stages. VAT thus provides a systematic mechanism for taxing final consumption
while relieving transactions in intermediate goods. In comparison, the retail sale tax is levied
only at the time of sale to the consumer. The total tax collected piecemeal under the V AT from
all stages of production and distribution is equal to a tax collected on the sale from retailer to the
final consumer or user, that is, a retailer-sales-tax. This equivalence has sometimes led to a VAT
being term a national sales tax (Metcalf, 1995:123 cited in Bergen, 1995).
There are three alternative methods of VAT computation. These are the addition method, the
invoice-based credit method and subtraction method. By the addition, the tax liability is equal to
the tax rate multiplied by the value added defined as the sum of wages and profits. By the
subtraction method, the tax liability at any stage is equal to the tax rate multiplied by the tax base
or value added measured as the difference between the values of outputs and inputs. The final
one is the invoice-based credit method. Under the invoice based credit method, a firm at any
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stage of the production-distribution chain charges its customers the VAT on its output, submits
the tax to the treasury, and then claims for the VAT already paid on its input purchase.
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And also, tax efficiency and effectiveness has not been attained in the district he conclude that
the office is ineffective. The author recommended that urgency in tax education effort, strict
enforcement of laws on taxation and severe punishment of employees who misconduct
themselves in fraudulent activities, the utilization of IT in tax system, tax promotions, training
the personnel of tax system, reduction in bureaucratic formalities in tax collection process,
increase in manpower and quality of personnel, increase in resources devoted to the tax office if
well implemented help the office to be efficient and effective. Assesses the effectiveness of
Ethiopian revenue and customs authority (ERCA) with special emphasis on VAT administration
and identifies factors which can result in tax noncompliance behavior of taxpayers by
implementing mixed method approach and descriptive and comparative analysis method.
(Abuye, 2013)His study reveals that Ethiopian VAT administration appears with a slight
progress in some of its VAT administrative functions however in major functions such as
taxpayer identification and registration, VAT audit program, self assessment process, VAT
returns and arrears collection and controlling and following non-compliant tax payers did not
show much change even if there are slim improvements (Mulat, 2011). Then he recommended
enhancing revenue collection performance, apply consistent and effective taxpayer education,
enforcement measures, give due attention for VAT refund system (Bogetic, 1993). Analyzes
VAT administration effectiveness in Ethiopian context. (Kassu, 2011)The study discussed major
issues related to VAT administration such as assessment, collection, investigation, refund and
Tax payers Service Delivery to address factors affecting VAT revenue performance. The author
found that the main constraints for VAT administration are lack of well trained and credible tax
officials mainly in taxpayers identification and registration process; lack of well-trained officials
to use SIGTAS (Standard Integrated Government Tax Administration System) so not possible to
know the exact number of active VAT registrants, to identify and control non-filers or stop filers
using the computer system. In addition; the office facilities and procedures are not supportive to
comply for taxpayer and tax officer, no audit plan based on risk assessment, weak enforcement,
absence of well-organized taxpayers’ education and assistance program about VAT, poor refund
management and low voluntary compliance of taxpayers. Improving taxpayer identification and
registration, improving VAT collection, develop planned auditing; establish effective
enforcement mechanisms and improving service delivery improving voluntary compliance of
taxpayers and refund management are solutions recommended by the researcher.
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2.5. Value Added Tax (VAT) Administration Practice
VAT is a tax on consumer expenditure. It is collected on business transactions and imports. A
taxable person can be an individual, firm, company, as long as such a person is required to be
registered for VAT. Most business transactions involve supplies of goods or services. VAT is
payable if they are: Supplies made in Ethiopia Made by a taxable person; Made in the course or
furtherance of a business is not specifically exempted or zero-rated. The Value Added Tax would
be levied at the rate of 15% of the value of: Every taxable transaction by a registered person;
every import of goods, other than an exempt import; and Import of services. A person who
carries on taxable activity and is not registered is required to file an application for VAT
registration with the Authority if: At the end of any period of 12 calendar months the person
made, during that period, taxable transactions the total value of which exceeded 500,000 Birr or
at the beginning of any period of 12 calendar months there are reasonable grounds to expect that
the total value of taxable transactions to be made by the person during that period will exceed
500,000 Birr (EFDR Proclamation 78/2002).
Even though the ultimate burden of VAT falls on the final consumer, VAT is collected by the
government from all sectors, that is, from import, manufacturing, who sales and retail sectors.
Therefore, it is a more comprehensive and equitable tax system.
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in the case of VAT, the tax is divided in to several parts depending on the number of stages of
production and sale. In each stage, every transaction is made using VAT invoice approved by the
Tax Authority.
Under VAT system, the tax is collected in small fragment at different stages of production and
sales.
VAT is a consumption tax since one pay VAT on its expenditure and has the option to save so
as not to be taxed. Furthermore, relief from tax on capital goods may encourage investment.
Potential investors also consider tax legislation as one of the factors in making investment
decision.
➢ It enhances exports
Exports of goods and services in most countries that implement VAT are liable to VAT at zero-
rate. This may make export internationally competitive and, thus, encourages export.
In this type of VAT, taxes paid on purchases of capital goods fixed capitals and
depreciations there to are not allowed to be refunded. If a person registered for VAT
purchases equipment’s, buildings, different machineries, though there exists obvious
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depreciation value rebut is prohibited this type of VAT is not common as it raises stiff
resistance on the part of tax payers
Here, again refund ion the purchase value of capital goods is prohibited like in case of goods
product type of treatment. But, unlike the previous one, it allows refund on the periodic
allowance for the depreciation value of capital goods.
This type of VAT is the most used and widely accepted one. It is almost prevalent in most
states of the world. This is basically related with the fact that all business purchases including
that of capital goods and related depreciations are allowed to be rebated. Thus, it is accepted
easily on the part of the community subject to VAT registration. Stated otherwise in this kind
of VAT, there is no discrimination among tax payers.
Time Budget
Time plan or time budget is a time table explaining how the researcher expected to carry out his
project. It is a time table explaining how the researcher expected to carry out his project. It is a
plan in a term of months and expected completion.
1 Title Selection
2 Proposal writing
3 Proposal
submission
4 Data Collection
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5 Data processing
and analyzing
6 Report writing
and presentation
Cost Budget
There are different cost table incurred to undertake this study. The researcher estimates the
following minimum cost per item.
Transportation 400
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Team composition
This section of our research paper consists of the team members that are participated in this
research study
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3. Reference
Abehodie, W. (2009). Value Added Tax Administration in Ethiopia: A Reflection of Problems.
Abuye, T. (2013). Tessema Abuye, (2013) assesses the effectiveness of Ethiopian revenue and customs
authority (ERCA) with special emphasis on VAT .
Bogetic, Z. &. (1993). Determinants of Value Added Tax Revenue: Cross Section Analysis. World Bank
Policy Research Paper , 1993. Brown-Collier, EK, & Collier, BE (1995). .
Emiru, E. (2021). Challenges of Tax Administration on Category “B” Taxpayers in case of Sheka Zone,
SNNPR, South West Ethiopia.
Gebeyehu, M. (2008). Tax assessment practice and its significance in increasing revenue in Ethiopia the
case of Federal government.
Keen, M. a. (2007). The Value Added Tax: Its Causes and consequences. Available at:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc .
Mamo, H. (2011). Implementation of Value Added Tax and Its Related Problems in Ethiopia .
Mulat, S. (2011). Business Income Tax Administration: Challenges and Opportunities in Bahir Dar City
Administration in Amhara Regional State. Master‟s Thesis Submitted to Ethiopian Civil service
University: Ethiopia.
Sandford, C. G. (1989). Administrative and Compliance costs of Taxation. Great Britain: Fiscal
Publication. .
Zakariyau, G. a. (2015). Tax Administration Problems and prospects: A case of Gambo State:
International Journal of Arts and commerce Vol.4 No.2.
Harvey S. Rosen (1995), Public Finance, Value Added Tax Implementation Issues. The United states
revenue system.
John F. Due (1976), Value Added Tax in developing Economies: taxation and Development: edited by N.T
Wang, Published by Praeger Publishers, Inc, With The Cooperation of the United Nations, New York.
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