Library Hi Tech

Internet of Things and its applications in libraries: a literature review

Xueling Liang,
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IoT and its

Internet of Things and its applications
applications in libraries: a in libraries

literature review
Xueling Liang
Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Received 23 January 2018
Shanghai, China Revised 26 May 2018
13 June 2018
Accepted 15 June 2018
Abstract
Purpose – Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that draws academia and industry attention in
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the past few years. The purpose of this paper is to review the current research on IoT in library operation, and
report the future trends and research challenges as well.
Design/methodology/approach – To conduct this research, the literature on IoT and its application in
libraries was retrieved from major databases such as Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, Scopus and Inspec for the
period between 2010 and 2018.
Findings – This study identifies IoT potential impact on libraries, and excavates some valuable literature on
IoT and its application in libraries from managerial perspective, especially focuses on library service
innovation in IoT era.
Originality/value – The IoT application in libraries is a new subject. This study provides an overview
of IoT application in libraries. The findings of this study contribute to the research on IoT and its role in
library management.
Keywords Academic libraries, Library management, Internet of Things, Service innovation, RFID,
IoT application
Paper type Literature review

1. Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the cyber-physical systems through which any object
can be connected anytime and anywhere (Atzori et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2014; Dijkman et al.
2015; Li et al., 2015).
Nowadays, the IoT gains more attention from academia, industry and government due to
its potential impact on society, environment and economy. According to McKinsey &
Company (2015): “The Internet of Things has a total potential economic impact of
$3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion per year in 2025, the value of this impact would be equivalent to
about 11 percent of the world economy in 2025.” The IoT devices worldwide will up to 26bn,
IoT market will up to $1.9 trillion, total investment for smart cities worldwide will up to
$120bn by 2020 (CAICT, 2016). Many countries focus on IoT strategies. In the USA, IoT is
considered as one of the six “disruptive civil technologies” for its potential impacts on
the nation. In China, IoT is in the list of the China’s 12th Five Year Plan (2011–2015)
(Atzori et al., 2010). “Sensing China” project was launched in 2010 (Li et al., 2015). The IoT
center was established in Shanghai (Gubbi et al., 2013). In the UK, the government has
launched projects to develop IoT; in Europe, the IoT European Research Cluster FP7 has
proposed a number of IoT projects and created an international IoT forum to develop a joint
strategic and technical vision for the use of IoT; in Japan, u-Japan and i-Japan projects are
used for daily lives; and in Korea, radio frequency identification (RFID) and “New IT
Strategy” program are used to enhance the IoT infrastructure development (Li et al., 2015).
The IoT as the Future Internet will bring profound changes to everyone and everything;
meanwhile, the arising opportunities and challenges are enormous. It is stressed that Library Hi Tech
“to the extent everyday objects will become information security risks, the IoT could © Emerald Publishing Limited
0737-8831
distribute those risks far more widely than the Internet has to date” (Atzori et al., 2010). DOI 10.1108/LHT-01-2018-0014
 LHT As Peter indicates, “With a trillion sensors embedded in the environment – all connected by
computing systems, software, and services – it will be possible to hear the heart beat of the
Earth, impacting human interaction with the globe as profoundly as the Internet has
revolutionized communication” (Evans, 2011). It is a promising future for libraries to use IoT
technologies to improve workflow and service, integrate existing resource and system to
achieve service innovation, connect library resources and services to more people than
before (OCLC, 2015).
The research on the IoT has greatly increased in recent years. Liu et al. (2017) presented
the knowledge networks and progress in the field of IoT, focused on 30 most impactful IoT
articles and analyzed their main path of codification and diffusion. The IoT literature
was dominated by research related to IoT technology relatively, not well represented
in the management literature (Whitmore et al., 2015). IoT application in library is
emerging, this paper reviews relevant literature in this field and is intended to provide
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some valuable information.

In particular, this study explores potential impact of IoT in library, reviews the literature
of IoT application in libraries and introduces future trends and challenges.
The paper is structured as follows: following the Introduction, Section 2 introduces IoT
and its enabling technology. Section 3 presents IoT applications in libraries. Section 4
describes future research directions and challenges. Section 5 concludes with discussions on
libraries service innovation.

2. The IoT concepts and technologies

2.1 IoT concept
The IoT is coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 (Gubbi et al., 2013; Li et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015;
Zafari et al., 2016; Mehmood et al., 2016). IoT was proposed based on the RFID – enabled
identification and tracking technologies (Li et al., 2015). RFID’s key element is the electronic
barcode used to identify, track and detect data (Whitmore et al., 2015).
The concept of IoT has been described by researchers. Gartner’s definition of the IoT is:
“The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects that contain embedded
technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internals states or the external
environment” (Hahn, 2017). A common definition for IoT is “a dynamic global network
infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘Things’ have identities, physical
attribute, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into the information network” (Xu et al., 2014; Olson et al., 2015; Li et al., 2015;
Wojick, 2016; Liu et al., 2017).

2.2 IoT enabling technology

The IoT development has gone through several evolutionary stages – the first stage:
World Wide Web, a network of linked HTML; the second stage: Web 2.0, relevant
technologies include social network services, blogs, etc.; and the third stage: Web 3.0,
regarded as Semantic Web, that makes machine to machine communication directly via the
internet, and allow machine and search engines to behave more intelligently. The vision has
nurtured a paradigm being referred to as the IoT (Whitmore et al., 2015). IoT represents the
next evolution of the internet (Evans, 2011). The 5G technologies are expected to match
the needs of the future IoT application (Li et al., 2018).
IoT aims to connect different things over the network, its related technologies are
evolving from RFID (1999) to wireless sensor network (WSN) (2005) to Smart Things (2012)
to IoT (2017) (Li et al., 2015). The IoT depends on advanced ICT that can help identify,
communicate and interact (Miorandi et al., 2012). IoT’s key enabling technologies include
 identification and tracking technologies, communication technologies, networking IoT and its
technologies and service management, these technologies form four-layer architecture of applications
IoT. RFID is one foundational technology of IoT, WSN is another foundational technology, in libraries
service-oriented architecture as a key technology in integrating heterogeneous systems or
devices can be applied to support IoT (Xu et al., 2014).
What IoT represents is an evolution of the deployment of these existing technologies with
various devices and the interconnection of networks of these devices via the internet
(Whitmore et al., 2015). RFID is the key technology of IoT used in objects’ automatic
identification and tracking through internet to transfer data and share information and self-
service, due to its low cost and high performance (Hua and Yang, 2012; Mohideen et al., 2017).
IoT has provided opportunities and platforms to build industrial systems and applications
by the growing ubiquity of RFID, wireless, mobile and sensor devices (Xu et al., 2014;
Gubbi et al., 2013). IoT has been used in smart infrastructure, healthcare, supply chains/
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logistics, social applications (Whitmore et al., 2015), environmental monitoring, service

optimization (Gubbi et al., 2013), remote monitoring, monitoring and managing energy use
(Dutton, 2014). IoT is expected to be used in inventory control, access and monitoring of
collection storage (Wojick, 2016).

3. IoT applications in libraries

3.1 IoT’s impacts on libraries and service innovation
Fleisch (2010) identified the value drivers of IoT application to businesses and users,
examined all value drivers for the reduction of transaction cost between the real world and
virtual world, proposed that the IoT could provide management systems with low-cost
data about the real world and discussed IoT applications in self-checkout in libraries,
stock-taking in libraries, access control in building, asset tracking, monitoring network,
access control, robot stock-taking in libraries, etc. Nolin and Olson (2016) analyzed the
value drivers of the IoT as “Future Internet,” and discussed IoT’s applications when
the IoT combined with artificial intelligence. Buckland (2017) described the dialectic
between library and technology, library “hi tech” and the origin of library science,
and proposed the ideal library should be “with a unique identifier for each volume, a good
catalog, and a link from the catalog record to the volume’s shelf location anyone could
make satisfactory use of the collection whatever the arrangement of books on the shelves
without requiring the help of a librarian.”
Fernandez (2015) put forward the concept of “The library of Things,” discussed IoT
technology’s impact on libraries. Pujar and Satyanarayana (2015) discussed the IoT’s
possible impact on libraries, including access to library and its resources, collection
management, information literary, recommendation services, location-based services and
appliances management, and proposed innovative approaches, such as a virtual library
card, smart digital shelve, cloud services, integrating of RFID tags into member cards to
access to library and its resource, fine collection management and better inventory
management. Wojick (2016) developed a theoretical model of IoT application in library
service, and explored the IoT’s potential impact on library services based on IoT applied in
commercial sectors, and proposed that librarians being a source of information, particularly
in academic libraries, can improve library services by innovative ways, and IoT can provide
more tools and opportunities in sharing information, tracking and tracing service, and
pushing notification service.
Scupola and Nicolajsen (2010) explored library service innovations and the role of
customer involvement in library service innovations in academic libraries based on a
Danish academic library case. Morville and Sullenger (2010) proposed a concept of
ambient findability, which refers to the connection by navigation and retrieval anyone
or anything from anywhere at anytime. Oyelude (2016) introduced an innovative
 LHT application of IoT in Oracle Digital, delivering value-added service through the
Cloud Platform for library use.
Godon et al. (2011) proposed that interaction pattern library for IoT user created
application in smart environment can enhance user experience and bring value to user.
Miorandi et al. (2012) presented IoT perspective on providing value-added services for end
users, always responsive situated services and tailored service, and predicted the IoT
technologies will be used in environmental monitoring, inventory and product management,
workplace, etc. Zou et al. (2015) discussed social media used in public library can promote
library services and effective user engagement, and proposed that social media as
an innovative method for library participatory service can provide an effective connection
with library users.
Ju and Shen (2015) proposed “Internet of Knowledge” and integrated innovative solution,
which can be used to organize scattered resources into a value-added knowledge asset for
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serving any specific objective via internet connection. Olson et al. (2015) introduced
publication trends in terms of IoT, semantic web and ubiquitous computing based on a
macro-analysis of scholarly publications, and found that IoT has its strongest presence in
China. Makori (2017) discussed the innovative service of IoT application in academic and
research information organizations, reported trends in education and knowledge practices
in academic institutions. Kim et al. (2017) discussed academia perception of IoT, and
examined the trends of academic research on IoT.
Mohideen et al. (2017) discussed the automation and the QoS in the digital library, and
proposed IoT reference mode for evaluating digital library.
Hoy (2015) analyzed the IoT benefits for libraries in inventory control, mobile payments,
mobile reference, resource availability, room configuration, etc., and discussed that Beacon
as an available IoT device can provide location information, event announcements,
way-finding and item recommendations. Hahn (2017) explored the IoT role in libraries
location services via mobile technology, library mobile app, library automation, Internet of
Everything, service development and innovation, and possible business opportunity.
Massis (2016) explored IoT and its potential impact on the library from the security and
privacy points of view, and proposed the Security of Things, security management
approaches and the IoT potential disrupt services for libraries. Libraries can benefit from
IoT in saving staff time, improving patron service, tailored service and recommendation
service by collecting real-time data. Kamalrudin et al.(2018) analyzed the IoT-related
business application, the security requirement for IoT application in libraries, and proposed
a method to identify the security concern with IoT application.

3.2 Next-generation digital library

Noh (2015) proposed Library 4.0 based on Web 4.0, and discussed the Library 4.0 models as
a form of next-generation digital libraries can be adapted to different library, and analyzed
the features of library 4.0 that is intelligence-based, massive data, augmented reality,
context aware, cutting-edge display, infinite creative space, cloud service and open source.
Fortino et al. (2016) reported that “Next-Generation Digital library” is toward Cyber-Physical
Digital Libraries integrating IoT smart objects into library. Ding (2017) introduced a cyber-
physical framework for academic libraries, and proposed service-oriented five-layer
architecture for constructing the next-generation library.

3.3 Smart library and intelligent library

Yan (2010) proposed that smart library is composed of library, IoT, cloud computing, and
smart devices, and smart library is expected to realize smart management and smart
service via IoT. Wang (2011) discussed that smart library as a new mode of future library
can realize interconnection, efficiency and convenience. Miao and Wang (2012) explored
 RFID application in library for the library intelligent management. Luo et al. (2012) IoT and its
proposed intelligent library model. Li and Li (2013) summarized the current research on applications
smart library, introduced RFID application in library collection system based on IoT, and in libraries
smart library features with smart management and smart service and smart environment.
Liu and Yuan (2013) reviewed the literature of IoT technology in libraries, and introduced
IoT application and research trends. Zhao (2013) discussed smart campus role in digital
resources sharing, library management, campus card and information system integration,
and proposed the campus model, intelligent services and management based on IoT.
Chen (2013) introduced RFID application in university libraries, and proposed intelligent
reservation bookshelf in the intelligent library. Luo et al. (2013) discussed the system of
smart library based on RFID, cloud service, data process, privacy protection and
standardization. Xu (2014) reviewed the development of library from traditional library to
automated library to digital library and to smart (intelligent) library. van de Pas (2014)
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analyzed the future of library in the internet era, and proposed that the virtual library can
provide information services with internet-based services and free access to information.
Guo et al. (2014) described smart library features with digitalization, networking and
intelligentizing. Wang and Zhao (2015) discussed intelligent library features, and IoT
impacts on academic library management and service. Liu (2015) analyzed library
intelligent service in big data era, and discussed management platform, system
framework and security issues when IoT used in libraries. Ma (2015) designed a digital
library network model based on IoT, and provided the performance evaluation.

3.4 Library management systems based on IoT technologies

Ma et al. (2011) proposed library management system of study room seating and
library resource utilization based on IoT technology. Chiu et al. (2014) developed a
“Mobile Library APP System,” and discussed the mobile application service in library
management. Li et al. (2016) developed an IoT system for library materials management.
Hua and Yang (2012) designed a personal item positioning system and remote monitoring
management system using RFID technology, this system can be extended to libraries.
Renold and Rani (2013) designed a system with RFID technology for the use of library
management, the system includes perception layer, network layer and service layer, can
identify the problems in library, such as the library materials selection, stock
management, misplace books and materials, mis-shelved, stack maintenance, etc.,
promote easy access to the books, articles, journals, etc. and form an internet-based
application for library management. Li (2014) discussed IoT and RFID application in
university library management by integrating and optimizing the book resource,
self-borrowing and self-returning, smart inventory, intelligent query. Liu (2016)
introduced a library management system using RFID technology under the Qt Creator
software platform to realize the library information inputting, lending and returning,
and library information management. Cheng et al. (2016) proposed library books search
and management system using RFID technology and Wi-Fi wireless technology. Sun and
Gou (2016) proposed IoT technology based on RFID to accelerate the books and journals
searching process in the bookshelf or warehouse. Gao et al. (2017) proposed an accuracy
indoor RFID localization algorithm named NMDS-RFID (F) to realize a RFID multi-tag
cooperative localization method in the indoor environment.
Maki et al. (2016) introduced diversification on the interfaces of IoT operating systems
and library symbol diversification method, and explored a security approach for IoT
operating systems based on memory layout shuffling and symbol diversification.
Mushunuri et al. (2017) proposed optimizing libraries within the Robot Operating System by
deploying robotic sensor-actuators in simulation environment for runtime optimization,
which could open up a wide range of use-cases in mobile IoT deployments.
 LHT Yao and Song (2014) designed a library intelligent lighting energy saving control system
based on IoT. Liu (2017) introduced library data information resources and the integration
of library information resources in digital way, and proposed library data resource object
model and the process of library personalized information service management. Lee and
Yun (2017) designed a system of Noise Information Storage based on IoT. The system can
sense raw noise with IoT devices, transmitting noise-data from IoT devices to a server,
processing the noise-data at the server and storing the processed data in a database. The
data can be used for restraining the issues and addressing noise sources. Galvao et al. (2017)
proposed a new energy model in managing public building energy use to enhance the
sustainability of library, through the retrofit of the current energy system, based on concept
of the IoT in smart cities. This model consists of a mix of energy generation processes based
on photovoltaic panels and biomass boilers.
Gokalp et al. (2016) discussed the trend in building libraries, and presented a conceptual
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framework to increase adoption of big data technologies. Stergiou and Psannis (2017)
reported technologies of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) and IoT based on the big data to
examine the common features, to discover the MCC and IoT benefits, and improving the use
of the big data applications. Bi et al. (2018) proposed a conceptual design of real-time force
monitoring of smart grippers for IoT applications to meet the requirements of accuracy and
sampling rate with a minimal cost.

4. Future research direction and challenges

4.1 Future research direction
Library development is closely tied with technological advance, and technology trends can
impact on library services (Varnum 2017). A few future research trends of IoT were
examined. The Web of Things, Social Internet of Things (Atzori et al. 2012), cloud
computing in IoT, green IoT technologies, context-aware IoT, sensing as a service on the
cloud (Xu et al., 2014), the Internet of Nano-Things (Miorandi et al., 2012; Whitmore et al.,
2015) and 5G IoT (Li et al., 2018) were discussed. 5G technologies are expected to optimize
IoT applications.
Library core service is still the mediation of access to information, IoT could be potential
used for consulting and training, tracking and tracing services, sharing information, and
retrieving and navigating information through virtual resources, directory information,
access to traditional and online collection (Wojick, 2016). IoT can make value addition to
library resources and service (Pujar and Satyanarayana, 2015).

4.2 Challenges
The IoT applications are still at early stage (Xu et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015). There are many
research challenges including technology, standardization, security and privacy.
Technology. The IoT is deploying in an ICT environment and could be affected by
all connected objects. It is a challenge to integrate IoT with the current ICT systems
(Li et al., 2015). The automated service composition based on the requirements of
applications is still a challenge (Li et al., 2015). IoT technical architecture has impact on the
security and privacy of involved stakeholders (Weber, 2010).
Standardization. The rapid development of IoT makes the standardization difficult. The
standardization plays a key role for the full deployment of IoT in different industries
(Li et al., 2015). The IoT standardization is an integral part of the Future Internet definition
and the standardization process needs to be paid more attention (Atzori et al., 2010).
Security. Encryption, identity management, security and privacy protection mechanism are
regarded as key approaches to ensure information security in the IoT (Whitmore et al., 2015;
Li et al., 2015). Innovative approaches were proposed, including role-based access control,
 end-to-end encrypted techniques, public-key encryption, the access control mechanisms, IoT and its
IoT trust services including designing trust management framework and trust negotiation applications
mechanism (Miorandi et al., 2012), asymmetric public-key cryptography for public libraries in libraries
(Sethi et al., 2012).
Privacy. Information privacy is a key issue for IoT. More things become traceable via
IoT, threats to personal privacy become more serious, IoT security protection is necessary
(Li et al., 2015; Whitmore et al., 2015). Researchers have presented innovative
solutions, privacy enhancing technologies (Weber, 2010) and privacy by design process
(Weinberg et al., 2015). A system called privacy broker (Atzori et al., 2010) was proposed.
Privacy issue may become a limit for the IoT development, building privacy-preserving
mechanism for IoT applications is still a big challenge (Miorandi et al., 2012). Innovative
solutions need to be identified and further developed.
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5. Conclusion
This paper presents the literature of IoT and its application in libraries, only most recent IoT
papers were included. IoT application in library has huge potential. IoT is not the sensor on
the object, but also is the ability to automate the tracking and sharing of information.
Libraries should actively find a niche to create a library working ecosystem and develop
library IoT. Libraries are repositories of resources that can turn data into information,
knowledge and wisdom. In the future, innovative technologies will be further extended. IoT
has potential to reshape library service.

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Corresponding author
Xueling Liang can be contacted at: xlliang@sjtu.edu.cn

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