Nefas Silk Polytechnic College

Farm Tractor

BY

1. GONFA WAKUMA
2. SHELLEMA TEFARI
3. DENEKE DESALEGN
4. AYELE GENENE
5. EPHREM TADESSE

Jan , 2022

ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

Contents
Chapter one ......................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
1.1. Background .........................................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Current status of farming in Ethiopia ....................................................................................4
1.2 Statement of Problem ................................................................................................................4
1.2. Objective of the Study ........................................................................................................5
1.2.1 General objectives...............................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Specific objective ................................................................................................................5
1.3. Significance of the project ....................................................................................................5
1.4 Scope of the study ..............................................................................................................6
1.5 Value chain...............................................................................................................................6
To Be .........................................................................................................................................7
1.5.1 Value chain mapping (Rise Production)................................................................................0
1.5.2 Mapping the TO-BE Farm Tractor Value Chain, India ...........................................................1
1.1.4 Description of constraints in the AS-IS value chain with respect to the benchmark ..................0
Chapter Two.....................................................................................................................................1
Review of literature ..........................................................................................................................1
2.1 Theoretical review .....................................................................................................................1
2.2 Empirical review .......................................................................................................................1
2.3 Conceptual Framework of the project .........................................................................................2
Chapter Three ..................................................................................................................................4
Methodology .....................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................4
3.2 Method of Data collection ..........................................................................................................4
3.3 SME’s Technology need assessment...........................................................................................4
3.3.1 Identifying ..........................................................................................................................4
3.3.2 Analysis .............................................................................................................................5
3.3.3 Utilization ..........................................................................................................................5
3.3.4 Evaluation ..........................................................................................................................5

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 3.4 Data Sources.............................................................................................................................5
3.5 Selecting the possible Mechanisms .............................................................................................5
3.6 Geometrical and Force Analysis .................................................................................................6
3.8 Material selection ......................................................................................................................7
Chapter four .......................................................................................................................................8
Project analysis ..................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Concepts Required in Technology Design ...................................................................................8
4.2. Design of parts and components ................................................................................................8
4.3. Modification ............................................................................................................................9
4.3. Detailed Drawings .................................................................................................................. 10
4.3.1. Part Drawing.................................................................................................................... 10
4.3.2. Assembly Drawing ........................................................................................................... 10
4.3.3. Exploded Drawing ........................................................................................................... 26
4.4 Manufacturing plan procedures ................................................................................................ 27
4.4.1 Operation process Sheet for manufacturing parts, Components and Assembling .................... 27
4.4.2 Structure of process sheet for manufacturing ....................................................................... 27
The following tools and equipment along with their quantity has been listed below. ...................... 27
4.5 Quality Checking .................................................................................................................... 28
4.6 Cost analysis........................................................................................................................... 29
4.6.1 Cost Analysis and Material ................................................................................................ 29
4.6.2. Raw Material Cost ........................................................................................................... 29
4.6.3 The cost of making the base of the of Farm tractor .................................................................. 29
4.6.4 Project Budget...................................................................................................................... 29
4.6.5 Material costs ....................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter Five ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Technical Technology Manual ........................................................................................................... 34
5.1 Introductions ........................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.1 How to prepare installation Manual ....................................................................................... 34
5.1.2 How to prepare operating Manual .......................................................................................... 34
What to consider when writing an Operations Manual? ................................................................ 35
5.1.3 How to prepare maintenance Manual ..................................................................................... 35
5.2 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 36

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 Chapter one
Introduction
1.1.Background

Farm Tractor is a self-propelled power unit having wheels or tracks for operating Agricultural
implement and machine include trailer. Tractor engine is used as a Prime mover for active tools
and stationary farm machinery through power-take off or belt pulley. The two main types are
wheeled, which is the earliest form, and continuous track. Tractors are used in agriculture,
construction, road building, etc. A notable feature of tractors in many applications is the power-
takeoff accessory, used to operate stationary or drawn machinery and implements.

The first tractors, in the sense of powered traction vehicles, grew out of the stationary and
portable steam engines operated on farms in the late 19th century and used to haul plows by the
1890s. In 1892 an Iowa blacksmith, John Froehlich, built the first farm vehicle powered by a
gasoline engine. The first commercially successful manufacturers were C.W. Hart and C.H. Parr
of Charles City, Iowa. By World War I the tractor was well established, and the U.S. Holt tractor
(see also Caterpillar Inc.) was an inspiration for the tanks built for use in the war by the British
and French.

Tillage is a process of preparing a field for planting and growing different kinds of crops. It is a
very old and a very familiar process where the world’s food supply is obtained from. In Ethiopia,
farmers have been using animal traction ard plough, known as Maresha, for thousands of years.
An ard plough or maresha is an assemblage of pointed steel tipped tine attached to drought of a
pair of animals at an adjustable shallow angle with narrow side wings. It totally weights 17 to 25
kilogram(Gebresenbet & Kaumbutho, 1997). It has a travel speed of 0.35 to 0.5 m/s (Goe, 1997).
Ploughing the land using these tools is labor intensive and time consuming. About 2 to 5 passes
will have to be made by the maresha before the land is ready for planting. Each pass is made
perpendicular to the previous one. The average time required for such type of land preparation is
100-150 h/ha depending on the soil type (FAO, 2015). Ethiopian farmers plow the second and
the next passes when the farm is wet enough by rainfall, especially when the crop to be planted is

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Teff (Eragrostis tef). The primary reason is, when the plow is done after the land is wet enough,
the draft force required becomes 2.5 times less than that of plowing the dry land (Mari et al.,
2015). Furthermore, frequent tilling improves soil pulverization, thereby increasing the
compaction (Soil compaction affects almost all yield and yield components) and decreasing the
soil porosity (Gebretsadik, Haile, & Yamoah, 2009).
Using animal drawn tillage equipment, sufficient soil preparations are not achievable. Temesgen
et al., (2009), states due to the profile of the maresha, incomplete turnover of furrows is
achieved. As a result of the poor pulverizing nature of the equipment, the farmers are obliged to
make multiple pass. In addition to these, shallow depth of plows hinders the water infiltration
and root growth. This significantly limits the plant growth and annual yields.

1.1.1 Current status of farming in Ethiopia

Currently, Ethiopia is an agrarian country with most of its population engaged in agriculture.
Agriculture forms the largest component of the Ethiopian economy. It constitutes 34% the annual
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Among the total agricultural GDP, crop production makes 72%
while livestock accounts 20% and other areas 8.6%. The principal staple food grains are cereals
such as tef, wheat, maize, sorghum and millet. From the total export incomes, the agricultural
products share is 75% (ATA, 2018). Ethiopia has a great potential of cultivation due to its large
land mass and population.
Among the total of 111.5 million hectares of land, 74.5 million hectare is cultivable, about 66%.
Surprisingly, only 13.5 million hectare is under cultivation, nearly 18%. The survey made by
CSA in 2012 indicates that, the youth (18 to 29 years old) account 21% of the rural land holders
in Ethiopia. However, the quality of labor has also deteriorated as a result of an ageing
population and stemming from rural–urban migration (Gebretsadik et al.,2009).

1.2 Statement of Problem

The traditional animal drawn plowing system has a travel speed of 0.35 to 0.5 m/s. Because of
this slowness, using this system, farmers spend an average of 24 working hours per hectare only
for a single pass. Before planting, a hectare of land needs 100 to 150hrs of preparation depending
on the strength of the soil. Farming and plantation operations of small cereals like teff
(Eragrostis tef) are performed in the late June, which gives an operation window time of less
than 88hrs (or 11 days). However, using the traditional plowing system, these tasks require 56hrs

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per hectare. This imbalance of the demand and the capacity of plowing has made tillage very
difficult. Along with the time intensiveness of tillage, it is labor intensive as well to that extent.
The price of two wheeled tractors is very expensive when compared to the economic status of the
small holder farmers. Even though the time these tractors are introduced to Ethiopia is earlier,
they have remained unaffordable by the farmers. The Ethiopian agricultural equipment and
technical service share company (AETS) sells DF121L (the smallest among its stock) two
wheeled tractors for ETB 66,092.9 (sixty six thousand ninety two birr and ninety cents). As a
consequence of these problems, the agricultural sector has remained un-mechanized, un-
productive, time consuming and labor intensive. This study tries to resolve those problems by
designing and developing a two wheeled tractor faster than the animal drawn tillage system and
much cheaper than those in the market.
1.2.Objective of the Study

1.2.1 General objectives

To transfer cost–effective farming Tractor Technology to small, medium and large enterprises
according

1.2.2 Specific objective

 To design and manufacture a local fabricated Farm Tractor using available local
technology.
 To construct a machine with a size specification.
 To construct a machine which can perform a domestic operation
 To construct a machine which has adequate capacity, lighter in weight, lesser fatigue and
portable.
 To identify the value chain /as is/ in production manufacturing and production product
 To minimize unnecessary cost and Making the community aware of appropriate
technology.

1.3.Significance of the project

Today the Ethiopian government plan for wheat export. But it’s not covered by traditional
farming method. So there for technology support is very important to improve traditional
farming method to modern Farm. In other way Ethiopia did not produce enough wheat
production for domestic food supply.

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To solve this problem Technology based production is important. This technology planned to
transfer to medium and large enterprise, and then enterprises supply Tractor to Ethiopian
Farmers by producing in multi-production.

1.4 Scope of the study

The purpose of this study was to analyze the value chain of small and micro enterprises in the
town of Addis Ababa, focusing on the production of Farm tractor. Accordingly, this study
focuses primarily from input selection to service delivery, identifying capacity, competitiveness
and making product nationally viable in terms of cost and quality.
1.1. Limitation.
 Scarcity of required materials in the Market
 Financial problem
 Lack of awareness in the community.

1.5 Value chain

The value chain describes the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or
service from conception, through the different phases of production (involving a combination of
physical transformation and the input of various producer services), delivery to final consumers,
and final disposal after use (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000)

“The value chain describes the full range of activities that firms and workers do to bring a
product from its conception to its end use and beyond. This includes activities such as design,
production, marketing, distribution and support to the final consumer. The activities that
comprise a value chain can be contained within a single firm or divided among different firms.
Value chain activities can produce goods or services, and can be contained within a single
geographical location or spread over wider areas” (WBCSD, 2011)

Value chain development

Value chain development consists of the following three basic elements

AS IS:
It shows the actual or existing sequence of activities the existing value chain development is
done through analyzing the existing activities (As Is) of enterprises

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To Be
 Benchmark (TO BE) :represents the benchmark or the standard, Bench marking
international standards as a basis of identifying gaps.
Gap Analysis
It is process identifying gaps by comparing own performance with other standards constraints to
come up with technological intervention.

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1.5.1 Value chain mapping (Rise Production)

4.1. Mapping the AS-IS Farm Tractor Value Chain, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Polishing Measuring

Testing
Painting
1.5.2 Mapping the TO-BE Farm Tractor Value Chain, India

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1.1.4 Description of constraints in the AS-IS value chain with respect to the benchmark

Process Problem
Input -Seed hybrid/inbred,
- Low land /highland
-Regularly changing moisture

Cultivation and planting -land preparation (mechanized )

Quality checking and inspection
Production management
Post harvesting
-Seeding (soaking 24 incubation period)
-transplanting , well dried
- lack of having precision measuring
instrument
Lack of quality assurance and reporting
system
- harvesting (mechanized )
- Post harvesting, threshing and drying
(mechanized )
- Storage (wooden plastic)
- Transporting(Plastic)
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Chapter Two
Review of literature
2.1 Theoretical review
The rural road upgrades in South Africa and in general on the African continent it is considered
to be the key to poverty relief and growth of rural areas. Roads for Africa, a project initiated by
Terragrader (Pty) Ltd under a Public Private Partnership, is formulated to achieve fast track
empowerment, job creation and poverty relief. The program is aimed at poor and unemployed
semi-skilled/unskilled women from rural areas that will receive training, full equipment and all
logistical needs in order to start refurbishing rural roads.
Furthermore the equipment is to be locally manufactured at a lower cost than imported
machinery, therefore boosting local manufacturing industry and create more jobs. At present, a
multifunctional grader machine have been designed and produced, that will mechanically
refurbish existing earth roads or create new such roads in rural or informal areas in South Africa.
The grader machine is not autonomous hence a tractor with adequate power needs to tow it.
Research shows that the agricultural sector in South Africa depends mainly on imported
machinery. The prices of imported tractors according to AGRIFACTS [1] were in 2012 between
R7070 and R 9400 per kW power, making them expensive for the project consequently the
decision was to design a low cost tractor that can be locally assembled.

2.2 Empirical review

The design process started with the background search on tractors that showed a brief history and
classification of tractors in terms of uses or in terms of power delivered. The research revealed
that there is a great variety of designs specific to the task required to perform and sometimes to
the industry. Tractors are used on farms for farming operations like plowing, tilling, planting,
harvesting, insecticide spraying, etc. or transport of farming products. Specially designed tractors
are used in orchards and vineyards and also in forestry. Apart for the agricultural applications,
tractors are used in constructions and mining industries. It was found that IITA (International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture) classifieds tractors into six main types.
B. Design Requirements and Constrains
The general design requirements have been established as follows:

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• The main function of the tractor is to provide traction means and hydraulic power for
Terragrader machine hence deliver the required power as well as be equipped with an hydraulic
power system;
• The tractor should be versatile such as, when not towing the Terragrader, it must be able to be
used as an agricultural tractor for farming activities (i.e. consider a three-point hitch at the rear
for attachment of agricultural implements);
• The machine should be simple in design therefore easy to run and maintain by semiskilled
operators. That implies no electronic controlled components and basic controlled board.
• The machine will be built as a combination of ready to use, off the shelf components and
locally manufactured parts that are assembled locally.
• The cost must be at least 20% less than a tractor sold on South African market with the same
engine power rating.
• The machine must conform to safety regulations and road regulations, i.e. to be fitted with
brakes and ROPS as well as all mirrors, lights and signals. The design constrains have been
summarized as follows:
• Low cost of components, assembly of the machine, service and maintenance;
• Robustness and simplicity of design;
• Ease of operation and maintenance;
• Good reliability.

2.3 Conceptual Framework of the project

When designing and manufacturing a machine tool and transfer to SBE requires, the information
related to the need of the customer, logistics (budget, raw, material , tool and equipment, skill
man power, conducive environment), primary and secondary data, design of the machine e.tc.
Conceptual frame work shows how we can easily manufacture cost effective simple homemade
farm tractor.

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Figure 1 Conceptual frame work of the project

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Chapter Three
Methodology

3.1 Introduction
The Farm Tractor was developed using locally-available materials. This sections cover method
of data collection, SME’s technology need assessment, farm tractor manufacturing process and
tools and material needed for farm tractor manufacturing. The choices of the material and
component used here are based on the consideration of the following factors, cost analysis of
the material, durability of the materials, availability of the materials, properties of the material
such as; physical properties, thermal properties, relative properties, chemical properties and
mechanical properties.

3.2 Method of Data collection

The methods which were used in the Projects include the descriptive and analytical research
methods. Besides that, the descriptive research process was used in describing the tools,
materials and all other things that makes up the project. In analyzing, the analytical research
method was used. Recommendations were given and conclusions drawn from the analysis made.
The research team collected all the specifications of the designed project parts by measuring the
dimensions of all components.

3.3 SME’s Technology need assessment

A needs assessment is an effective tool to identify and clarify problems so that finite resources
can be directed towards implementing feasible solutions. In the beginning of this project the need
assessment were taken from SME’s and the required information are recorded in generalized
summery form.

3.3.1 Identifying
This is the first phase of the needs assessment where it needs to go through the needs of the
organization that it already knows about. It includes information about market expansion,
new technologies, and additional resources. It needs to explore where it is and where it wants to
be and discover hidden needs that are stopping it from moving towards its destination. Rank the
needs in order of importance and set up it r scope of research.

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3.3.2 Analysis
This is the second stage of needs assessment, where it will have to gather the required
information to understand the needs between the product and desired wants. It is easy to collect
the data internally from the company records and even externally with the help of market
research like surveys and statistical data collected by the federal governme nt.
Once all the data and information is in hands, just organize it properly for analyzing.

3.3.3 Utilization
In this phase, the analyzed data is used for creating an action plan. Set it r priorities as desired,
evaluate all the solutions, and apply the cost-benefit analysis so that it can identify the solution
which is appropriate for the customer. Now make a viable plan so that it can implement the
solution that it has zeroed on. Allocate all the resources that will be needed for this step so that it
can close the gaps between the desired and current wants of the organization.

3.3.4 Evaluation
An evaluation plan helps an organization to inch successfully towards its goal. Compare and
evaluate the action plan against the result and see whether these are nearer to it r goals or not.

3.4 Data Sources

Target groups of peoples who are relative to metal manufacturing and food processing micro
enterprise in this project area, direct practical observation of already existing Farm tractor
machine and the internet service is using as data sources.
3.4.1 Primary Data
we used when practical observation, to understand different machine availability and Demands
of the existing/ Manual using snip as follows interviews, capture picture and video. It is
important to secure additional facts through observation at the respective sites, an observation
and semi- structured interview checklist comprising points regarding the followings

3.5 Selecting the possible Mechanisms

After synthesize the different mechanism for the required motions the furrow opener was
designed and manufactured in such way that it has a provision to alter depth of furrow. Siemen et
al., (1965) suggested that a rake angle 30⁰ be used for planter furrow openers though Similarly,
Darmora and Pandey (1995) reported that lower draft was observedwith furrow openers having

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smaller width and a rake angle of 40° or less. The average soil force acting on the furrow opener
was calculated using Eqn. (14) (Sharma, 2010).

3.6 Geometrical and Force Analysis

3.6.1 Design of furrow opener

F f  w  d  ko 14

where:- Ff = average soil force acting on the furrow opener, N

w = width of furrow, 10.00 cm
d = depth of furrow, 12.50 cm
o= specific soil resistance = 0.20 kg/cm2 (Dubey, 2003)

The horizontal soil resistance is assumed to be three to five times higher than specific resistance.
In this design, the horizontal soil force was calculated as follows assuming that it will be three
times greater than the nominal value.

F f  w  d  k o  10cm 12.5cm  5.88 N  735N

cm 2

The force acting on the furrow opener was obtained by using the Eqn. (15) where the factor of
safety is 3.

Fo  3 F f 15

Fo  3 F f  3  735N  2205N

This force was acting at the one third of sweep height from its tip. The tine can be considered
as a cantilever as shown in the Figure 6, so the maximum bending moment for a cantilever with
a length of 40.00 cm using Eqn. (16) (Kurtz et al., 1984).

M b  Fo (H 1  (h o  a)) 16

where: - Mb = Bending moment, Nmm

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Fo = horizontal soil resistance, Fo = 2205 N

H1 = 30 cm = 300 mm as shown in the (Figure 6)
ho = height of inclined sweep, 10 cm = 100 mm a = ho /3=100.00
mm/3=33.33 mm

Thus,

M b  Fo (H1  (ho  a))

Mb = 2250 N x (300 mm + (100 mm-33.33 mm) = 825007.50 Nmm

3.8 Material selection

Taking in to account the best-suited materials for the different components ,the following
material has been selected.

List of material needed and their cost

Cost of Consumable materials
No. Name of the Specification quantity Unit price Total
material price
1. RHS 50*30*2mm 1/2 1000.00 500.00 birr
2. RHS 40*40*2mm ½ 700.00 350.00 birr
3. Angle Iran 40*40*2mm ½ 500.00 250.00 birr
4. Plate 1000*2000*5 mm 1/10 500.00 250.00 birr
5. Plate 1000*2000*10 mm 1/40 10.000.00 500.00 birr
6. Plate 1000*2000*20 mm 1/40 30.000.00 750.00 birr
7. Sheet metal 1000*2000*2 mm 1 1700.00 1700.00 birr
8. Stainless steel 1000*2000*1.5 mm ½ 2000.00 1000.00 birr
9. Round bar ᶲ50*6000 mm 1/3 6000.00 2000 birr
10. Aluminum ingot ᶲ120*500 mm ½ 6000.00 3000.00 birr
Total 10,300
birrs

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Chapter four
Project analysis

4.1 Concepts Required in Technology Design

The following wide range of skill and knowledge has been applied to design and manufacture
and then transfer to SBE

1. Sketching, technical drawing, and 2D and 3D computer-aided design.

2. Properties of materials, materials processing, and manufacturing processes.

3. Applications of chemistry such as corrosion protection, plating, and painting.

4. Statics, dynamics, strength of materials, kinematics, and mechanisms.

5. Oral communication, listening, technical writing, and teamwork skills.

8. Experimental design, performance testing of materials and mechanical systems, and use
of computer-aided engineering software.

9. Creativity, problem solving, and project management.

10. Stress analysis.

11. Specialized knowledge of the behavior of machine elements such as gears, belt drives,
chain drives, shafts, bearings, keys, splines, couplings, seals, springs, connections
(bolted, riveted, welded, adhesive), electric motors, linear motion devices, clutches,
and brakes

4.2. Design of parts and components

The machine has been designed in such a way that it that should accept the operation conditions
as well as it should withstand for a longer life. For that, we need to analyses the size and stresses
acting in different elements in the machine by considering the forces acting on the machine
elements. we should check these stresses with the permissible stress of each material we have
used in the making of machine elements.

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4.3. Modification

In order to reduce the overall cost of productions and due to resource availability, we have made
some considerations to accommodate the changes on furrow opener. We should resize, or other
changes need to be made. In this case, The SBE might be interested to further make changes to
the design.

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4.3. Detailed Drawings

4.3.1. Part Drawing

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4.3.2. Assembly Drawing

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4.3.3. Exploded Drawing

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4.4 Manufacturing plan procedures

4.4.1 Operation process Sheet for manufacturing parts, Components and Assembling
After the completion of the detail drawing, the next step will be how to manufacture the project
.The following operation sequences were undertaken in the fabrication of Farm tractor.

1. Measurement and Marking Out: The measurements are used according to the design
specification and the marking out was done accordingly.
2. Cutting of Materials: Sheet metal (stainless plate) of 1mm thickness, sheet metal (mild
steel) 1mm thickness and angle iron were marked out according to the dimension. The
cutting operation was carried out manually using shearing machine to cut angle bar, pipe and
shaft while hand cutting machine is used to cut sheet metal manually.
3. Welding Operation: All materials being cut out were joined by the use of arc welding
machine.
4. Drilling Operation: The drum, rotating plate and the base of the machine were drilled
accordingly, using drilling machine with (21mm) drill bit.

4.4.2 Structure of process sheet for manufacturing

The following tools and equipment along with their quantity has been listed below.
Tools needed for making Farm tractor

No List of tools QTY

1 Try square 1
2 Tape rule 1
3 Steel rule 1
4 Verniercaliper 1
5 Scriber 1
6 Ball pin hammer 1
7 Snips 1
8 Hacksaw 1
9 Wrench 1
 Consumable materials needed.
No Consumable materials QTY

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1 Cutter disc 2
2 Grinding disc 2
3 Drill bit (6,8,10,12,14 ,16, 18 ,20) 10
4 End mill (10,12) 2
5 Hacksaw blade 2
6 HSS forfacing, turning, boring and parting tools 4
7 Sand paper (60, 120, 180) 12
8 Electrode (2.5, 3.2) 2pack
 Equipment’s and Machines Needed:
No List of machines QTY
1 Welding machine 1
2 Lathe machine 1
3 Milling machine 1
4 Grinding machine 1
5 Drilling machine 1
6 Power hacksaw 1
7 Bending machine 1
8 Shearing machine 1
9 Portable grinding machine 1

4.5 Quality Checking

 The project has been checked for its quality specification and tested; the problem related to
its functionality has been corrected. Each machine element is has been manufactured as per
detailed drawings. The project was safe to use and operate, met the design requirement, ease
of manufacturing and service or replacement of parts and components. In addition to this, the
project was found to be cost effective, small in size and low weight, low noise and vibration
and manufactured in locally available resource, but lot has to be done regarding the
appearance more attractive.

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4.6 Cost analysis

4.6.1 Cost Analysis and Material

 Economic analysis is one of the most important manufacturing systems, the process
needs certain specification to meat service requirement. According to cost of production
must also be reasonable market place. Three different cost types. There are: -
 The material cost
 The direct cost
 Miscellaneous cost
The basic estimating the three cost categories can be expressed the following factors.

 Weight of the material.

 Cost of unit weight of the material.
 Type of operation to be used.
 Time duration to produce the past.
 Cost per unit time.
 Cost of labor per grade of skill.
 Labor expenses per unit time.

4.6.2. Raw Material Cost

Before making the product determining cost analyses is very essential and important since to
make high production rate. So that selection of material is always depending on its cost
which is available in our area.

4.6.3 The cost of making the base of the of Farm tractor

Most of the material to use should be available locally, such as wire netting, sheet iron, angle
iron, bolts and nuts, & any other tools.

4.6.4 Project Budget

It is important that the designer develops skills in estimating costs of designs in order to secure
the most economic features. This entails being aware of the breakdown of products cost and the
various cost stops that exist in an organization. These have to be broken down in to individual
units to calculate the overall cost of the product.

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To put together these individual costs but they can be represented by three basic costs which are;
Material cost, Labor costs, Overhead cost.

4.6.5 Material costs

Material cost consumes in order to produce each part is composed of different areas each
component with these material costs is listed as follows.

List of material needed and their cost

Cost of Consumable materials

No. Name of the Specification quantity Unit price Total
material price
11. RHS 50*30*2mm 1/2 1000.00 500.00 birr
12. RHS 40*40*2mm ½ 700.00 350.00 birr
13. Angle Iran 40*40*2mm ½ 500.00 250.00 birr
14. Plate 1000*2000*5 mm 1/10 500.00 250.00 birr
15. Plate 1000*2000*10 mm 1/40 10.000.00 500.00 birr
16. Plate 1000*2000*20 mm 1/40 30.000.00 750.00 birr
17. Sheet metal 1000*2000*2 mm 1 1700.00 1700.00 birr
18. Stainless steel 1000*2000*1.5 mm ½ 2000.00 1000.00 birr
19. Round bar ᶲ50*6000 mm 1/3 6000.00 2000 birr
20. Aluminum ingot ᶲ120*500 mm ½ 6000.00 3000.00 birr
Total 10,300
birrs

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Cost of standard item

No. Name of the Specification quantity Unit price Total price
material
1. Motor 1.5hp 01 12000.00 12000.00
birr birr
2. Bearing 20 03 ZZC2 02 150.00 150.00 birr
3. Bolt and nut M8 &M10 20 20.00 400.00 birr
4. Drill bit ᶲ 4, 03 10.birr 30 birrs
5. Paint Blue& brown 1 kg 400.00 400.00 birr
6. Brush standard 3 pc 50.00 150.00 birr
7. Sand paper P120 ½ meter 32.00 32 birrs
8. Battery 12v 4 5000 20000
9. Wheel 3 7000 21,000
Total 54,162birrs

Total material cost = Cost of Consumable materials + Cost of standard item

= 10300 + 54,162
=64,462birrs
Miscellaneous cost =Total material cost x 10%

= 64462x 10/100

= 64,462 x 0.1

= 6,446.2Birr

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4.6.6 Labor cost

No of people Total Cost per Hour Total
No Duties engage Time ( BIRR) Cost
1 Cutting all necessary parts 2 4hr 80 740
3 Plow cover making 1 20hr 50 1000
4 Machining and drilling 1 6hr 20 120
5 welding and grinding 2 8hr 30 240
6 Painting and polishing 1 4hrs 30 120
2220Birr
TOTAL LABOR COST 36 HRS

4.6.7 Overhead cost

No Item Total time Cost per Hour Total Cost
( BIRR)
1 Welding 4hr 50 200

2 Grinding 4hr 30 120

3 Machine 6hr 20 120
4 Drilling 2hr 20 40
5 Painting (using by 1hrs 50 50
compressor)
Total 530Birr

Total Production Cost = Labor cost + Overhead cost + Miscellaneous

cost + Total Material cost =2220 +530 +6446.2+ 64462

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Total Production Cost = 73,658.2Birr per unit

We need to have a 20% Profit of our Product.

Profit = Total Production Cost x 20%

Profit = 73658.2 x 0.2

Profit = 14,731.64 Birr

Tax 15% =14731.64x 0.15 = 2209.75birr

Unit Selling Price :

Unit Selling Price = Unit production Cost + Profit + Tax

= 73,658.2+14,731.64 + 2209.75

Unit Selling Price =90,599.6Birr

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Chapter Five
Technical Technology Manual

5.1 Introductions
This technology was planned to transfer the project to medium and large enterprise, and then
enterprises supply Tractor to Ethiopian Farmers by producing in multi-production. Accordingly,
this study focuses primarily from input selection to service delivery, identifying capacity,
competitiveness and making product nationally viable in terms of cost and quality. After the
prototype is made and transferred, SBE should prepare the following installation manual,
operation manual and maintenance manual based on the following guidelines.

5.1.1 How to prepare installation Manual

An installation manual or installation guide is a technical communication document intended to
instruct people how to install a particular product in this case the Technology. In this section the
projector provides Information’s like:

 Connection of Electrical (Input and Output) lines described with attached

Installation Diagram.
 Power line, Power Switch connections and Control Devises assembling Steps
and Procedures.
 Installation Procedures of each Sub assembly and assembly Components with
Diagram and Images.
 Installation Checking Procedures and Notices
 Equipment’s required for Installation will be included

5.1.2 How to prepare operating Manual

Manuals must be written in formal structure, which requires a:

 Cover page
 Index
 Dissemination of information
 Visual support

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What to consider when writing an Operations Manual?

The writer must keep in mind that the reader of this manual may not have even come to contact
with the equipment. For this reason, it is of vital importance to:

 Identify operations procedures. Activities must be broken down and presented on a step-
by-step basis.
 Keep it simple. Don’t use words that are too technical, because most of the enterprise
staffs will not be experts in using this new equipment.
 Use visuals. Visuals should specify appropriate places in which the equipment should be
handled, as well as all of the operations steps. This helps the operator understand the
information and remember it later.
 It is important to divulge any information that is directly linked to the operation. For
example, the manual should clearly state what safety equipment to wear, what to do in
the case of emergencies, etc.
 The manual must be approved by an expert or experienced operators that can authorize
the manual’s accuracy with confidence.
 The manual may be as detailed as you wish. It is important to remember that as
specificity increases, doubt decreases.
 The operations manual is a live document that must be open to modification by all
enterprise staff-members, as its effectiveness can only be confirmed with active use.

5.1.3 How to prepare maintenance Manual

Maintenance Manual outlines proactive and corrective maintenance programs to ensure good
working condition. Procedures summarize equipment test requirements, troubleshooting
processes, and scheduling protocols.

In this Section the following issues at least should be mentioned:

 Troubles shooting Procedures (Tabular presented)

 Failures and their debugging operations
 Should have to formulate plan and cost estimation for maintenance of facilities.
 What and where to conduct Regular, periodic and unscheduled facilities inspection.
 How to conduct monitoring with facilities that need monitoring.

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 Facility maintenance. Quality inspection when necessary (similar to detail survey)

 Periodic and unscheduled repair. h. Prepare and manage facility maintenance records.
 Establish and approve facilities maintenance procedure manual.

5.2 Conclusion
It can be inferred from the developed model of the domestic farm tractor and from its design
analysis as well as from the results obtained that the machine will serve its intended design
purpose when fully developed and evaluated. The machine will absolutely require no skill or
professionalism to be operated effectively when fully developed. The machine is relatively light
in weight and it has the required strength and capacity to operate without vibration. It is also
noteworthy to say that the machine will be highly cost-effective and will require cheap
maintenance since all the materials used for the fabrication of the machine’s prototype were
sourced locally.

As it has been discussed through out of this farm tractor could be manufactured under the
available material and processing condition in most metal workshops to food processor. The
manufacturing process including the most common type like turning facing drilling, welding,
grinding, bending etc. The technical that is going to manufacture the farm tractor has the
freedom to achieve the goal farm tractor is easy for maintenance and repair. This farm tractor
project is made by reducing time and cost and also efforts. Finally, we are very much hopeful
that this farm tractor can solve the problem of required observed problem and maximize
agricultural productivity

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Reference

1. CSA (Central Statistics Authority). 2013/14. Central Statistics Authority of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey 2003/2004 (1996
E.C).Vol. V. Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Statistical bulletin 302.
pp. 1-30.
2. Darmora, D.P. and Pandey, K.P. 1995. Evaluation of performance of furrow openers of
combined seed and fertilizer drills. In: Soil and Till. Res. 34(1): 127- 139.
3. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations). 2008. International year of
the potato.Available: http://www.potato2008.org/en/world/Africa.html(Accessed
February 27,2018) FDRE 2003. Council of Minister Regulations on Investment
Incentives andInvestment Areas, Reserved for Domestic Investors No 84/2003Federal
Negarit Gazeta,7 February 2003.
4. Gebremedhin, W.G., Endale, G., and Berga, L. 2008. Root and Tuber Crops. EIAR.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. siemen,J.C., Weher, J.A. and Thornborn, H. 1965. Mechanics of
soil influence by tillage. Transaction of ASAE. 8(1): pp 1-7.

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