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Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
Student Problem Set
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Phone No.: 9000770927
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Phone No.: 9000770927
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Fluid Mechanics
Contents
1. Fluid Properties ............................................................................................. 5
2. Pressure measurement (Manometry) ........................................................... 10
3. Buoyancy and Flotation ............................................................................... 17
4. Hydrostatic Forces ...................................................................................... 21
5. Fluid Kinematics .......................................................................................... 26
6. Fluid Dynamics ............................................................................................ 36
7. Laminar Flow .............................................................................................. 44
8. Turbulent flow ............................................................................................. 50
9. Flow Through Pipes ..................................................................................... 53
10. Boundary Layer Theory .............................................................................. 59
11. Vortex Motion ............................................................................................. 68

SYLLABUS
Syllabus
Fluid Mechanics: Properties and classification of fluids,
Manometry, forces on immersed surfaces, Centre of Pressure,
Buoyancy, Elements of stability of floating bodies, Kinematics
and Dynamics.
Irrotational and incompressible, Inviscid flow, Velocity potential,
Pressure field and Forces on immersed bodies, Bernoulli’s
equation. Fully developed flow through pipes. Pressure drop
calculations, Measurements of flow rate and Pressure, Elements
of boundary layer theory, Integral approach, Laminar and
turbulent flow, Separations. Dimensionless number, Dimensional
analysis, Similitude and modelling.
Student Problem Set Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 1
Fluid Properties
1. A fluid is one which can be defined as a 4. The saturation vapour pressure of three
substance that liquids at 20ºC is as given below
(a) Has the same shear stress at all points Methyl Alcohol 12,500 Pa
(b) Can deform indefinitely under the action Ethyl Alcohol 5900 Pa
of the smallest shear force Benzene 10,000 Pa
(c) Has the same shear stress in all Select the correct statement from the
directions following
(d) Is practically incompressible (a) Benzene vaporizes faster than methyl
alcohol at the same temperature
2. The equation of a state for a liquid is (b) Methyl alcohol vaporizes faster than

p  3500  1/ 2
 2
 2500 N / m . The Bulk ethyl alcohol at the same temperature
(c) Ethyl alcohol vaporizes faster than
modulus of liquid at a pressure of 100 KPa
benzene at the same temperature
is
(d) benzene vaporizes faster than both
(a) 3500 N/m2 (b) 2500 N/m2
methyl and ethyl alcohols at the same
(c) 48750 N/m2 (d) 6250 N/m2 temperature
3. A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a
5. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20ºC is 1.6 ×
volume of 0.04 m3 at 50 Kg/cm2 and a
10–5 m2/s, its kinematic viscosity at 70ºC
volume of 0.039m3 at 150 Kg/cm2 . The
will be approximately
bulk modulus of liquid is
(a) 2.2 × 10–5 m2/s (b)1.6 × 10–5 m2/s
(a) 400 Kg/cm2
(c) 1.2 × 10–5 m2/s (d)10–5 m2/s
(b) 4000 Kg/cm2
(c) 40 × 106 Kg/cm2
(d) 40 × 105 Kg/cm2
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[5]
Fluid Mechanics Student Problem Set
6. With increase in temperature, while keeping (c) 30 K Pa (d) 40 KPa

the pressure constant, the dynamic
10. A fluid obeying the constitutive equation
viscosity  , and the kinematic viscosity  ,
behave in the following manner for gases.  du 
  0  K  
(a) Both  &  increases at the same rate  dy 
(b) Both  &  decreases at the same rate
is held between two parallel plates a
(c)  increases, while  increases faster distance 'd' apart. If the stress applied to
(d)  decreases, while  increases faster the top plate is 3 0 , then the velocity with
7. A 20 cm Cubical box slides on oil (mass which the top plate moves relative to the
density = 800 kg/m3 ), over a large plane bottom plate would be
surface with a steady state velocity of 0.4 2 2
m/s. The plane surface is inclined at an  0   0 
(a) 2   d (b) 4   d
angle of 30º with the horizontal plane. The K K
oil film between the block and the plane
2 2
surface is 0.4 mm thick. The weight of the  0   0 
(c) 3   d (d) 9   d
box is 64 N. The kinematic viscosity of the K K
oil is
(a) 0.8 Pa.S (b) 0.001 m2/s 11. Consider a fluid of viscosity  between two
circular parallel plates of radii R separated
(c)1.6 Pa.s (d) 0.002 m2 /s by a distance h. The upper plate is rotated
8. Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is at an angular velocity  . Whereas the
proportional to bottom plate is held stationary. The velocity
(a) Pressure profile between the two plates is linear. The
torque experienced by the bottom plate is
(b) Strain
(c) Strain Rate (a)    R 4 / 2h
(d) The inverse of the viscosity
(b)    R 4 / 4h
9. A Bingham fluid of viscosity  = 10 Pa s,
(c)    2R 3 / 3h
and yield stress 0 = 10 K Pa , is sheared
between flat parallel plates separated by a (d)    R 3 / h
distance 10–3 m. The top plate is moving 12. A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 40
with a velocity of 1 m/s. The shear stress mm and length 40 mm. The shaft is rotating
on the plate is at 20 rad / sec and the viscosity of lubricant
(a) 10 K Pa (b) 20 KPa
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is 20 mPa - S. The clearance is 0.02 mm.

The loss of torque due to the viscosity of
lubricant is approximately 
(a) 0.04 Nm (b) 0.252 Nm Z
(c) 0.4 Nm (d) 0.652 Nm
13. Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are
separated by a small gap (d = 20 mm) as
shown in figure. Th bottom plate is fixed r1
L
and the gap between the plates is filled with
oil having density of 890 kg/m3 and kinematic
r2
viscosity of 0.00033 m2/s. A shear flow is
induced by moving the upper plate with a
velocity of 5 m/s. Assume, linear velocity 
profile between the plates and the oil to be a
Newtonian fluid. The shear stress (N/m2) at
the upper plate is____
T 1 T 1
a) 4L 2 b) 4L
Moving plate r1 r22
d
y
T 
r22  r12 
c)
4L r12 r22
x
Fixed plate T 
r22  r12 
d)
4L r12 r22
14. Couette viscometer consists of fluid filled
15. Match the items between the two groups.
between two concentric cylinders as shown
in the figure. The inner cylinder (radius r1) Choose the correct matching
rotates inside an outer cylinder of radius r2 Group I
at uniform angular velocity  , while the (P) Ideal fluid
outer one is restrained by means of a
(Q)Dilatant fluid
torsional spring. The torque acting on the
outer cylinder is measured by means of (R) Newtonian Fluid
spring deflection. Assuming the flow to be (S) Pseudo Plastic Fluid
steady, laminar, purely circular and
independent of Z direction, expression for
the dynamic viscosity in terms of the
measured torque (T), angular velocity
  and other geometric parameters are,
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Group II PQRS
1) Is the one for which shear stress is (a) 1 2 4 5
linearly proportional to the rate of (b) 2 4 5 1
deformation (c) 4 2 5 1
2) Is the one for which there is no (d) 1 2 3 4
resistance to shear
17. Match list I with list II and select the
3) Is the one for which apparent viscosity
correct answer using codes given below the
increases with increasing deformation rate
list
List I List II
4) Is the one for which the apparent
viscosity decreases with the increasing (A) Specific Weight 1) L/T2
deformation rate. (B) Density 2) F/L3
(a) P  2, Q  3, R  1, S  4 (C) Shear Stress 3) F/L2
(D)Viscosity 4) FT/L4
(b) P  2, Q  4, R  1,S  3
5) FT2 /L4
(c) P  3, Q  1, R  4, S  2
A B CD
(d) P  4, Q  3, R  1, S  2 (a) 4 4 1 2
(b) 4 3 2 5
16. Match list I (Description) with list II
(c) 4 3 5 2
(Property of fluid) and select the correct
answer using codes given below (d) 2 5 3 4
List I 18. A piston of 60 mm diameter moves inside
(P) Property which explains the spherical cylinder of 60.1 mm diameter. The
shape of the liquid drop percentage decrease in force necessary to
(Q)Property which explain the phenomenon move the piston when the lubricant warms
of cavitation in a fluid flow up from 0ºC to 120ºC.
(Q)Property which explains rise of sap in 2
(  00 C  0.0182 N S / m and
a tree
(S) Property which explains the flow of jet
of oil in a unbroken stream
1200 C  0.00206 N s / m 2 )
List II (a) 11.32 (b) 88.68

1) Viscosity (c) 66.67 (d) 33.33
2) Surface Tension
19. A skater weighing 800 N skates at a speed
3) Compressibility of 15 m/s on ice at 0ºC The average skating
4) Vapour pressure area supporting him is 10 cm2 and the co-
5) Capillarity efficient of friction between skates and ice

is 0.02, if there is actually a thin film of coefficient = 0.484 N/m and gravitational
water between skates and ice, then its acceleration 9.81 m/s2, the depression of
mercury in the capillary tube below the free
thickness is    103 N  s / m 2  surface in the cistern, in mm, is______
(a) 9.375 × 10–4 m (b) 9.375 × 10–5 m
(c) 9.375 × 10–6 m (d) 9.375 × 10–7 m Glass
capillary
20. Consider a soap film bubble of diameter D. tube
if the external pressure is P0 and the surface
tension of the soap film is  , the Meniscus
expression for the pressure inside the bubble Mercury
is
Depression Air
2
(a) P0 (b) P0 
D
4 8
(c) P0  (d) P0 
D D
21. A small drop of water at 20ºC in contact
with air has a diameter of 0.05 mm. If the 24. A spherical water drop of radius 'R' splits
pressure within the droplet is 0.6 kPa higher up in air into 'n' smaller drops of equal size
that of the atmosphere, the surface tension the work required in splitting up the drop
is (  = Surface tension of water) is
(a) 7.5  10 3 N / m (b) 7.5  102 N / m (a) 4 r 2  n
(c) 7.5  101 N / m (d) 7.5 N / m
22. If the diameter of tube is 1 mm then the

(b) 4 R
2
n 1/3

1
capillary rise is 3 cm. What will be the 1

(c) 4 R 2 n 3
capillary rise when diameter changes to 0.2
mm?
(a) 3 cm (b) 0.6 cm (d) 4 R
2
n 2/3
1 
(c) 15 cm (d) 7.5 cm
23. An open glass capillary tube of 2 mm bore

is lowered into a cistern containing mercury
(density = 13600 kg/m3) as shown in the
figure. Given that the contact angle between
mercury and glass = 1400, surface tension

Chapter 2
Pressure measurement (Manometry)
1. In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is

(a) Equal to the weight of the fluid above
G2
(b) Equal in all directions Patm =1.01.bar
(c) Equal in all directions only if its viscosity
is zero G1
P
(d) Always directed downwards
2. Three containers are filled with water upto

the same height as shown. The pressure at
the bottom of the containers are denoted as (a) 1.01 bar (b) 2.01 bar
P1, P2 and P3. Which one of the following (c) 5 bar (d) 7.01 bar
relationships is true? 4. A diver descends 200 m in a sea (where the
density of sea water is 1050 kg/m3 ) to a
sunken ship wherein a container is found
with a pressure gauge reading of 225 kPa.
Taking the pressure at the surface of the
P1 P2 P3 sea to be atmospheric (Patm = 100 KPa),
the absolute pressure in the container is
(a) P3  P2  P1 (b) P2  P1  P3 (g = 10m/s2)

(a) 225 kPa (b) 325 kPa
(c) P1  P2  P3 (d) P1  P2  P3
(c) 2325 kPa(d) 2425 kPa
3. The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed
on the system show pressures of PG1 = 5
and PG2 = 1 bar. The value of unknown
pressure P is

5. Choose the correct combination of true A

statements from the following:
For a fluid at rest in equilibrium.
Air
P. The pressure must be the same over
any horizontal plane
Q. The density must be the same over any Oil 150 cm
S=0.75
horizontal plane
200 cm
R. the shear stress must have the same
Water
non-zero value over any horizontal plane
dp 10 cm
S.  g
dz
(a) P, Q, R (b) Q, R, S
Mercury
(c) P, R, S (d) P, Q, S
(a) –3.573 KPa (b) –4.573 KPa
6. An open tank contains water to a depth of
(c) –6.573 KPa (d) –7.573 KPa
2m and oil over it to a depth of 1 m. If the
specific gravity of oil is 0.8, then the 09. Pressures have been observed at four
pressure intensity at the interface of the two different points in different units of
fluid layers will be measurement as follows
(a) 9750 N/m2 (b) 8720 N/m2 (1) 150 KPa
(c) 9347 N/m2 (d) 7848 N/m2 (2) 1800 milli bar
7. A manometer measures the pressure (3) 20 m of water
differential between two locations of a pipe (4) 1240 mm of mercury
carrying water. If the manometric liquid is Then the points arranged in descending
mercury (S = 13.6) and the manometer order of pressure are
showed a level difference of 20 cm, then
(a) 1,2,3, and 4 (b) 3, 2, 1 and 4
the pressure head difference of water
(c) 3, 2, 4 and 1 (d) 2, 1, 4 and 3
between the two tappings will be
(a) 1.26 m (b) 2.72 m 10. The pressure at the base of the mountain
(c) 1.36 m (d) 2.52 m is 750 mm of mercury and at the top, the
pressure is 600 mm of mercury. If the
8. The tank shown in the figure is closed at
density of air is 1 kg/m3, then the height
top and contains air at a pressure PA. The
of mountain is approximately
value of P A for the manometer reading
shown will be (a) 3 km (b) 2 km
(c) 5 km (d) 7 km

11. When can a piezometer be not used for measured above absolute zero pressure
pressure measurement in pipes?
15. Three immiscible liquids of densities  , 2 
(a) The pressure difference is low
(b) The velocity is high and 3  are kept in a jar as shown in figure.
Then the ratio H/h is
(c) The fluid in pipe is a gas
(d) The fluid in the pipe is highly viscous
12. Multi U- tube manometers with different
fluids are used to measure
(a) Low pressures 3h
(b) Medium pressures

(c) High pressures 1.5 h
(d) Very low pressure

H
13. In order to increase sensitivity of U-tube

h
manometer, one leg is usually inclined by
an angle  . What is the sensitivity of
inclined tube compared to sensitivity of U-
tube
(a) 9 (b) 3.5
1 (c) 3 (d) 2.5
(a) sin  (b)
sin 
16. the standard atmospheric pressure is 762
1 mm of mercury. At a specific location, the
(c) (d) tan  barometer reads 700 mm of mercury. At
cos 
this place, what does an absolute pressure
14. Which one of the following statements is of 380 mm of mercury corresponds to
NOT CORRECT
(a) 320 mm of mercury vacuum
(a) A gauge always measures pressure
(b) 382 mm of mercury vacuum
above the surrounding atmospheric pressure
(c) 62 mm of mercury vacuum
(b) At a point in a static fluid, pressure is
(d) 700 mm of mercury vacuum
equal in all directions
(c) Typical actual variation of pressure with
elevation in atmosphere is more adiabatic
than isothermal
(d) Vacuum pressure at a point is always

17. The force F needed to support the liquid of (c) 767.35 mm Hg (d) 748.8 mm Hg
density d and the vessel on top of figure is
19. In given figure, if the pressure of gas in
bulb A is 50 cm Hg vacuum and Patm = 76
Tube of
cm of Hg, then height of column H is equal
area=a to
Vessel h
Liquid
A
Patm
F
H
Frictionless
Piston of area = A
Hg
(a) gd  ha   H  h  A  (b) gdHA

(a) 26 cm (b) 50 cm
(c) gdHa(d) gd (H - h) A
(c) 76 cm (d) 126 cm
18. Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas
A in the bulb is 20. Two pipelines, one carrying oil (mass
density 900 kg/m3) and the other water, are
connected to a manometer as shown in the
figure. By what amount the pressure in the
water pipe should be increased so that the
mercury levels in both the limbs of the
manometer become equal? (mass density of
mercury = 13,500 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/
s2 )
(a) 771.2 mm Hg (b) 752.65 mm Hg

22. A differential U-tube manometer with

mercury as the manometric fluid is used to
Oil measure the pressure difference between
two sections P and Q in a horizontal pipe
Water carrying water at steady state as shown in
1.5m the figure. If the difference in mercury
3m
levels in the two limbs of the manometer is
20 0.75 m, the difference in pressure (kPa)
cm between sections P and Q is
Mercury
0.75 m
(a) 24.7 kPa(b) 26.5 kPa
(c) 26.7 kPa(d) 28.9 kPa Mercury
Water
21. In the inclined manometer shown in the
figure, the reservoir is large. Its surface
may be assumed to remain at a fixed P Q
elevation. A is connected to a gas pipeline
and the deflection noted on the inclined
(a) 49.275 (b) 94.275
glass tube is 100 mm. Assuming  = 30º
(c) 9.4275 (d) 492.75
and the manometer fluid as oil with specific
gravity of 0.86, the pressure at A is 23. A U-tube manometer, as shown in figure has
water as a manometric fluid. When an
unknown pressure 'P' acts at 5mm diameter
limb, the water rises in the limb by 100 mm
from initial level; if the other limb is open
to atmospheric (pressure Pa), the pressure
differential (P - Pa) is
(a) –1225 N/m2 (b) –980 N/m2
(a) 43 mm water (vacuum)

(c) +1250 N/m2 (d) +1000 N/m2
(b) 43 mm water
(c) 86 mm water
(d) 100 mm water

26. Atmospheric pressure at a place is equal to

10 m of water. A liquid has a specific
weight of 12KN/m3. The absolute pressure
at a point 2m below the free surface of
liquid in K Pa is
(a) 2.4 (b) 12.4 (c) 24 (d) 122.1
27. Which one of the following figures
correctly represents the Mohrs circle for a
static fluid (hydrostatic condition)
(a)
24. A manometer is made of a tube of uniform

bore of 0.5 cm2 cross-sectional area, with
one limb vertical and the other limb inclined
at 300 to the horizontal. Both of its limbs
(b)
are open to atmosphere and initially, it is
partly filled with a liquid of specific gravity
1.25. If an additional volume of 7.5 cm3 of
water is added to inclined tube, calcualte the
rise of the liquid in vertical tube from initial
level?
(a) 4 cm (b) 7.5 cm
(c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm (c)
25. Which property of mercury is the main

reason for its use in barometers?
(a) High density
(b) Neglibile capillary effect
(c) Low vapour pressure
(d) Low compressibility
(d)

28. 5 m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is

 g 
filled up to a level of 3 m from the bottom    h  h1 
and the remaining space is filled with oil of a)  e  RT 
1
specific gravity 0.88. Assume density of
water as 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due g
to gravity to be 10 m/s2. The gauge pressure    h1  h 
b)  e RT
(in kN/m2, rounded off to the first decimal 1
place) at a depth of 2.5 m from the top of
the tank will be_____ 
RT
 h  h1 
29. The figure below shows the pressure  g
c) e
measured in a well at different depths. AB is 1
gas cap, B is gas oil contact and C is water
- oil contact. Density of gas in cap is 2 Kg/ RT
   h1  h 
g
m3, oil density is 800 Kg/m3 and water d)  e
denstiy is 1000 Kg/m3. The difference 1
between pressure at point D an point B 31. Which of the following pressure units
 PD  PB  5 2
is_____  10 N / m . (Take represent the LEAST preassure
a) millibar
g=9.81 m/s2) b) mm of mercury
c) N/mm2
d) Kg/fcm2
1000m A
1010m B
1060m C
depth
1100m D
Pressure
30. Consider the density and altitude at the base

of an isothermal layer in the standard
atmosphere to be 1 and h1 respectively..
The density variation with altitude (  versus
h) in that layer is governed by (R = gas
constant; T = temperature; g = acceleration
due to gravity)

Chapter 3
Buoyancy And Flotation
1. Force of buoyancy on a floating body 4. A metallic cube of side 10 cm, density 6.8
equals gm/cm3 is floating in liquid mercury
(a) Total pressure on the vertical projection (density = 13.69 gm/cm3) with 5 cm height
of the body of cube exposed above the mercury level.
(b) Total pressure on the horizontal Water (density = 1 gm / cm3) is filled over
projection of the body to submerge cube fully. The new height of
cube exposed above mercury level is
(c) Weight of liquid equal to the volume of
the body (a) 4.6 cm (b) 5.4 cm
(d) Weight of the liquid equal to the (c) 5.0 cm (d) 5.8 cm
immersed volume of the body
5. The following terms relate to floating bodies:
2. When a ship moving on sea water enters a Centre of gravity - G; Metacentre - M;
river, it is expected to Weight of floating body - W; Buoyant force
(a) Rise a little - FB.
(b) Sink a little Match List I which List II and select the
correct answer
(c) Maintain the same level of draft
List I List II
(d) Rise or fall depending on whether it is
made of wood or steel (A) G is above M 1) Stable equilibrium
(B) G and M coincide 2) Unstable
3. In an ice berg, 15% of the volume projects equilibrium
above the sea surface. If the specific weight
(C) G is below M 3) Floating body
of sea water is 10.5KN/m3 ¸ the specific
weight of ice berg in KN/m3 is (D) FB  W 4) Neutral
(a) 12.52 (b) 9.81 equilibrium
(c) 8.93 (d) 7.83

A BC D in water just fully submerged, the diameter

(a) 1 3 2 4 of sphere is
(b) 3 1 4 2 (a) 112 mm (b) 213 mm
(c) 2 4 1 3 (c) 269 mm (d) 315 mm
(d) 2 3 4 1 10. The metacentric height for a floating
spherical ball of radius R and depth of
6. Match List I with List II and select the immersion also equal to R is
correct answer
List I List II (a) R (b) 1 R 2
(A) Stable equilibrium 1) B below G
6R
of a floating body (c) (d) 0
5
(B) Stable equilibrium 2) M above G
of a submerged body 11. The least radius of gyration of ship is 9 m
(C) Unstable equilibrium3) B above G and the metacentric height is 750 mm. The
of a floating body time period oscillation of the ship is
(D)Unstable equilibrium 4) M below G (a) 42.41 S (b) 75.4 S
of a submerged body (c) 20.85 S (d) 85 S
A BCD
12. A solid cylinder (density =600 Kg/m3) of
(a) 2 1 4 3
length L and diameter D floats in water
(b) 4 3 2 1 under neutral equilibrium conditions with its
(c) 2 3 4 1 axis vertical. Then L/D is
(d) 2 3 1 4
5 5
(a) (b)
7. A body weighs 100 N in air and 80 N in 3 4 3
water. The density of the body is
(a) 4000 Kg/m3(b) 5000 Kg/m3 7 7
(c) (d)
(c) 8000 Kg/m3(d) 7000 Kg/m3 3 4 3
8. A body weighs 30 N in a liquid of density Linked Answer Questions (13 to 14)

800 Kg/m3 and 15 N in a liquid of density A metallic sphere of volume Vm  0.1m3 ¸
1200 Kg/m3. The volume of body is
(a) 3.82 × 10–3 m3 (b) 2.82 × 10–3 m3 density 2000 Kg / m 3 and fully submerged
(c) 5.76 × 10–3 m3 (d) 8.98 × 10–3 m3 in water is attached by a flexible wire to a
buoy of volume VB  1m3 and density =
9. The weight of a sphere is 100 N. If it floats
100 Kg/m3

I
VB
of buoyancy is
Vsub , where I and Vsub are
area moment of inertia of the cross-section
and submerged volume respectively. Neglect
the weight of the container.
Which one of the following is the correct

condition for stability?
Vm
13. The tension in the wire is

(a) 1962 N (b) 981 N 
(c) 491 N (d) 768 N
h

14. The volume of the buoy that is submerged
is
(a) 0.1 m3 (b) 0.6 m3
(c) 0.8 m3 (d) 0.2 m3 h
15. A spherical balloon of diameter 15 m is
supposed to lift a load of 3000 N. The lifting
of load is achieved by heating the air inside 2 b h  1 
the balloon. Asume, air to be an ideal gas a)  1    0
61 h b  2 
and atmospheric pressure either outside or
inside the balloon. The value of acceleration
due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2 and the values of 2 b h  1 
b)  1    0
temperature and density of atmospheric air 61 h b  2 
are 150 C and 1.2 kg/m3, respectively. In
order to lift the specified load, the air inside 2 b h  1 
the balloon should be heated to a temperature c)  1    0
(0C) of___ 61 h b  2 
16. A container of square cross-section is
partially filled with a liquid of density 1. 2 b h  1 
d)  1    0
The cylinder is intended to float in another 61 h b  2 
liqud of density 2 as shown in the figure.
The distance between metacentre and centre

17. A rectangular boat 6 m wide and 15 m long

(dimension perpendicular to the plane of the
figure) has a draught of 2 m. The side view
of the boat is as shown in the figure. The
centre of gravity G of the boat is at the free
surface level. The metacentric height of the
boat in m
Width  6m
G 

Draught
 2m
a) - 1.0 b) 0.5
c) 1.5 d) 2.0
18. A homogenous right circular cylinder of
length L, radius R and specific gravity SG is
floating in water with its axis vertical. If SG
= 0.8, then the minimum value of R/L above
which the body will always be stable is
a) 0.16 b) 0.36
c) 0.56
d) cannot predict due to insufficient data
19. During floods, water entered an office having
wooden tables. The position of tables,if
floating, will be
a) legs upwards b) legs on sides
c) legs downwards d) Any position

Chapter 4
Hydrostatic Forces
1. The centre of pressure of a liquid on a
plane surface immersed vertically in a static
body of liquid, always lies below the
450
centroid of the surface area, because
(a) In liquids the pressure acting is same
in all directions
m
(b) There is no shear stress in liquids at 1
rest
(c) The liquid pressure is constant over
depth
(d) The liquid pressure increases linearly
with depth
g
2. A plate of rectangular shape having the (a) 2 g (\b)
2
dimensions of 0.4 m × 0.6 m is immersed
in water with its longer side vertical. The g 2
total hydrostatic thrust on one side of the (c) (d)
2 2 g
plate is estimated as 18.3 kN. All other
conditions remaining the same, the plate is 04. A circular plate 1.5 m diameter is
turned through 900 such that its longer side submerged in water with its greatest and
remains vertical. What would be the total least depths below the surface being 2 m
force on one face of the plate? and 0.7 m respectively. What is the total
(a) 9.15 kN (b) 18.3 kN pressure (approximately) on one face of the
(c) 36.6 kN (d) 12.2 kN plate?
(a) 12 kN (b) 16 kN
03. The force on the door submerged in a liquid
(c) 24 kN (d) None of these
of density  (See figure) is

05. The point of application of a horizontal

force on curved surface submerged in liquid
is
(R) d 3) d/2
2
IG IG  Ah
(a) h (b)
Ah Ah
Ah IG
(c) h (d) hA
IG h
(S) d 4) 2d/3
06. A vertical dock gate 2 metre wide remains
in position due to horizontal force of water
on one side. The gate weighs 800 kg and
just starts sliding down when the depth of (a) P  1, Q  2, R  3, S  4
water upto the bottom of the gate decreases
(b) P  4, Q  2, R  3, S  1
to 4 metres. Then the coefficient of friction
between dock gate and dock wall will be (c) P  4, Q  3, R  1, S  2
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.2 (d) P  1, Q  2, R  4,S  3
(c) 0.05 (d) 0.02
08. The figure below show a hydraulic gate
07. Math List I with List II and select the PQR whose weight is negligibly small
correct answer compared to the hydrostatic forces. The
List I List II gate opens when h exceeds
(Type of vertical (Depth ofcentre
surface) of pressure)
P
d 1) 5d/8 h
(P)
Q
R
ge
Hin
(Q) d 2) 3d/4

(a) 1.414 b (b) 0.500 b (c) It is equal to the projected area of the
(c) 2.732 b (d) 1.732 b surface on a vertical plane multiplied by
the pressure at the centre of gravity of
09. A vertical gate 6m x 6m holds water on
area
one side with the free surface at its top. The
(d) It is equal to the weight of the liquid
moment about the bottom edge of the gate
above the curved surface multiplied by
of the water force will be (  w is the specific the projected area on a vertical plane.
weight of water) 13. The vertical force on a submerged curved
(a) 18 w (b) 36 w surface is equal to the
(a) Force on the vertical projection of the
(c) 72 w (d) 216 w curved surface
(b) Force on the horizontal projection of
10. A container having a square cross-section
the curve surface
has water filled up to a height of 0.6 m. The
(c) Weight of the liquid vertically above the
net force on one side and the location of
curved surface
the centre of pressure from the bottom are
given respectively by (d) Product of the pressure at the centroid
and the area of the curved surface
(a) 264.5 N and 0. 1 m
(b) 600.5 N and 0.4 m 14. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic
(c) 1058.4 N and 0.3 m forces Fx and Fy on the semi-circular gate,
(d) 529.2 N and 0.2 m having a width w into the plane of figure,
are
11. A rectangular tank with length, width and
height in the ratio 2 : 1 : 2 is filled
completely with water. The ratio of
hydrostatic force at the bottom to that on l2
Fy
any LARGER vertical surface is r
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2(d) 4 Fx
12. Choose the correct statements about Gate width w

horizontal component of resultant
hydrostatic pressure on a curved
submerged surface
(a) It is equal to the product of pressure (a) Fx =  ghrw and Fy = 0
at the centroid and the curved area (b) Fx = 2  ghrw and Fy = 0
(b) It is equal to the weight of the liquid (c) Fx =2  ghrw and Fy =  gwr2/2
above the curved surface acting at 0.5
(d) Fx = 2  ghrw and Fy =  rgwr2/2
depth of the surface

15. A dam is having a curved surface as shown 17. A circular cylinder of diameter 2 m and
in the figure. span-wise length 3 m placed in a tank of
The height of the water retained by the dam water divides it in two parts as shown in
is 20m, density of water is 1000 kg/m3 . figure. The net vertical force on the cylinder
Assuming g as 9.81 m/s2, the horizontal
force acting on the dam per unit length is

due to the fluid is g  10 m / s
2

x2
Y= Water
4
y 2m
Wa ter 1m
20 m
(a) 9428 N (b) 47124 N
(c) 70686 N (d) 23562 N
x 18. A cylindrical gate rests on the crest of a
spillway and water stands up to the top of
the gate. Diameter of the gate is 1 m. The
(a) 1.962 10 2 N (b) 2  105 N
vertical component of the pressure force per
(c) 1.962  106 N (d) 3.924  10 6 N meter length of the gate is
16. Choose the correct combination of true  

(a) gkN (b) gkN
statements from the following: 8 4
P. For a horizontal plane surface in a liquid

at rest, the centre of pressure is at the (c) gkN (d)  gkN
2
centroid of the surface
Q. For an inclined plane surface 19. Find the vertical hydrostatic force, fz, on
submerged in a liquid at rest, the centre the surface P-Q due to the water in the
of pressure is always lower than the tank. Note, fz is the fore per unit width
centroid of the surface. along y. The surface P - Q is shaped like a
quarter-cylinder of radius R. The
R. The horizontal component of the force
exerted on a curved surface in a liquid atmospheric pressure is  0
at rest acts at the centroid of the
curved surface.
(a) P,Q (b) Q, R
(c) P, R (d) P, Q, R

P0
(c)
R
P
+
R
Q g (d)
z
y
x 21. Assertion (A) : For a vertically immersed
surface, the depth of the centre of pressure
is independent of the density of the liquid.
Reason (R) : Centre of pressure lies above
 2 the centroid of area of the immersed
 2
(a) w g  R  R  surface.
 4 
(a) Both A and R are individually true and
R is the correct explanation of A
 2  2
(b) P0 R   w g  R  R  (b) Both A and R are individually true but
 4 
R is not the correct explanation of A
 2 (c) A is true but R is false
(c)  w g R  (d) A is false but R is true
4 
22. A semi-circular gate of radius 1 m is placed
at the bottom of a water reservoir as shown
 2
(d) P0 R   w g  R  in figure. The hydrostatic force per unit
4  width of the cylindrical gate in y-direction
20. In which one of the following arrangement is_____kN. The gravitational acceleration g
= 9.8 m/s2 and density of water = 1000 kg/
would the vertical force on the cylinder due
m3 .
to water be the maximum

(a) (b) 2m
y
x gate

Chapter 5
Fluid Kinematics
1. Which of the following statements is true? (b) two-dimensional and steady

(a) Eulerian description of fluid motion (c) two- dimensional and unsteady
follows individual fluid particles (d) three- dimensional and unsteady
(b) Largrangian description of fluid motion
4. A fluid element is said to have vorticity with
is a field description
respect to a reference frame if in that
(c) Both Eulerian and Lagrangian description
reference frame
follows individual fluid particles but in
(a) it travels along a circular streamline
different reference frames
(b) it travels along a circular pathline
(d) Eulerian description is a field description
(c) it revolves about its arbitrary point in
while Lagrangian description follows
the flow-field
individual fluid particles.
(d) it rotates about its own centre of mass
2. A streamline in a fluid flow is a hypothetical as it moves
line at any instant such that
(a) The fluid velocity is not varying along 5. The shape of the streamline, passing
it through the origin, in a flow field u =
(b) There is no flow across it cos(  ), v = sin(  ) for a constant  is
(c) Fluid can flow across it determined as
(d) It is always perpendicular to the main (a) y = x3 (b) y = xcot2(  )
direction of the flow (c) y = x tan(  ) (d) y = x sin(  )
3. The flow field represented by the velocity 6. Consider the following statements:

vector V  axi  by 2 j  czt 2 k where a, b 1) Streak line indicates instantaneous
position of particles of fluid passing through
and c are constants is
a fixed point
(a) three-dimensional and steady
AT-13-SM-05-06

2) Streamlines are paths traced by a fluid 9. The velocity field for flow is given by
particle with constant velocity 
V   5x  6y  7z  i   6x  5y  9z  j   3x  2y  z  k
(3) Fluid particles cannot cross steramlines
irrespective of the type of flow and the density varies as   0 exp  2t 
(4) Streamlines converge as the fluid is In order that the mass is conserved, the
accelerated, and diverge when retarded.
value of  should be
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) - 12 (b) - 10
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) - 8 (d) 10
(c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
10. A steady flow occurs in an open channel
7. A compressible fluid is flowing steadily
with lateral inflow of qm3/s per unit width
through a duct whose area reduces by 40
as shown in the figure. The mass
percent from section (1) to section (2). It
conservation equation is
is further known that the corresponding
reduction in density of the fluid is 15
percent. Compared to the velocity of the q m3 /s / m
fluid at section (1), the resulting velocity at

section (2) is increased by a factor of
(a) 1.67 (b) 1.96 Q m 3 /s + x
(c) 2.69 (d) 2.96
8. The velocity components in the x and y

directions are given by q Q
(a) 0 (b) 0
x x
3 4 .The value
u  xy3  x 2 y, v  xy 2  y
4
Q Q
(c) q  0 (d) q  0
of  for a possible flow field involving an x x
incompressible fluid is 11. Which of the following two-dimensional
incompressible velocity fields satisfies the
3 4
(a)  (b)  conservation of mass
4 3
(a) u = x, v = y
4 (b) u = – 2x, v = 2y
(c) (d) 3 (c) u = xy, v = xy
3
(d) u = x2 – y2, v = 0

12. In a steady one dimensional flow the (a) 0.5 s–1 (b) –0.5 s–1
(c) –2 s–1 (d) 2 s–1
 x 
velocity 'u' is given by u  5 / 1  . 16. Water enters a pipe of cross-sectional area
 3
A1 that branches out into sections of equal
The acceleration at x = 0 is given by
areas A2 and A3 , as shown in the figure
(a) –14.43 m/s2 (b) +25 m/s2 below.
(c) +43.3 m/s2 (d) +0.069 3m/s2 At one instant, the flow velocities are V1 =
13. In a two-dimensional flow with velocities 2m/s, V2 = 3m/s and V3 = 5m/s. At another
'u' and v along the x- and y-directions, instant, V1 = 3m/s and V2 = 4m/s . What
respectively, the convective acceleration is the value of V3 at this instant?
along the y-direction is
v v v v
(a) u v (b) v v V2
x y x y
A2
V1
u v u u A1
(c) u v (d) u v V3
x y x y
A3
14. For a two-dimensional incompressible
irrotational flow, the x-component of
velocity u = 2x + 3y. The corresponding (a) 5m/s (b) 6 m/s
y-component of velocity is (c) 7 m/s (d) 8 m/s
(a) 2y – 3x (b) 2y + 3x 17. The velocity of an incompressible fluid flow
(c) –2y + 3x (d) –2y – 3x 
is given U   Px  Q  i  Ryj  St k m / s
15. For a given location in a flow, the rate of
change of density following a fluid particle where, P  3s 1 , Q  4 m / s, R  3s 1
 D      and S  5m / s2 , x and y are in m and t in

 Dt  t  u x  v y  w z  , is 2.4
  s: The local and convective acceleration
components at x = 1 m, y = 2 m and t =
kg/(m3/s). If the density at that point is 1.2
5s, are respectively
kg/m3¸then the divergence of the velocity
 (a) 5k m / s and 3i  18j m / s
 
2 2
 
field .V at the point is
(b) zero and 3i  18j m / s

 2

20. The area of a 2m long tapered duct

(c) 5k m / s and 18i  3j m / s
 
2 2
decreases as A = (0.5 -02. x) where 'x' is
the distance in metres. At a given instant a
(d) 5k m / s and 3i  18j m / s
 
2 2
discharge of 0.5m3/s is flowing in the duct
and is found to increase at a rate of 0.2m3/
18. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow
s. The local acceleration (in m2/s) at x = 0
velocity on the nozzle axis is given by
will be
v  u 0 1  3x / L  i, where x is the distance (a) 1.4 (b) 1.0
along the axis of the nozzle from its inlet (c) 0.4 (d) 0.667
plane and L is the length of the nozzle. The 21. The relation that must hold for the flow to
time required for a fluid particle on the axis be irrotational is
to travel from the inlet to the exit plane of
the nozzle is u v u v
(a)  0 (b) 
y x x y
L L
(a) u (b) ln 4
0 3u 0
2 u  2 v u v
(c)  0 (d) 
x 2 y 2 y x
L L
(c) (d)
4u 0 2.5u 0 22. Choose the correct combination of true
statements from the following
19. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe
P. For a steady two-dimensional flow, a
of length L having inlet and outlet radii of
streamline is identical to a streakline
R1 and R2 respectively and a constant flow
rate of Q assuming the velocity to be axial Q. For a steady two-dimensional irrotational
and uniform at any cross-section, the flow, equipotential lines are parallel to the
acceleration at the exit is streamlines.
R. For a steady two-dimensional irrotational
2Q  R1  R 2  2Q2  R1  R 2  flow, equipotential lines are orthogonal to the
(a) (b) streaklines
LR 2 LR 32
S. For a unsteady flow, the steraklines are
identical to the streamlines at any given
2Q 2  R1  R 2  2Q 2  R 2  R 1  instant
(c) (d)
 2 LR 52  2 LR 52 (a) P, R (b) P, R, S
(c) Q, S (d) P, Q

23. The differential form of the mass balance 27. The circulation around a circle of radius 2
equation .V  0 is valid for units for the velocity field u = 2x + 3y and
(a) Any flow v = – 2y is
(b) Steady flows only (a) 6  units (b) 12  units
(c) Any incompressible flow (c) 18 units (d) 24  units
(d) Only incompressible flows that are
steady 28. Consider two-dimensional flow with stream
1
24. For a two-dimensional flow, it is given that
the values of the steam function and
function  
2
ln  
x 2  y 2 .The absolute
value of circulation along a unit circle

potential function are, respectively,  A and
centred at (x = 0, y = 0) is
A at a point A. The corresponding values (a) Zero (b) 1
(c)  / 2 (d) 
at another point B are  B and A ,
29. For a certain two-dimensional steady
respectively. The volume flow rate across
incompressible flow, the horizontal and
A and B is proportional to
vertical velocity components are given by
(a)  A   B (b) A  B u = 6y, v = 0, where 'y' is the vertical
distance. The angular velocity and rate of
(c)  A   B (d) A  B
shear strain respectively are
25. A potential function can be defined for a (a) - 3 and 3 (b) 3 and - 3
flow if and only if it is (c) 3 and - 6 (d) - 6 and 3
(a) Laminar 30. If for a flow, stream function exists and
(b) Incompressible satisfies the Lapalce equation, then which
(c) Steady one of the following is the correct
(d) Irrotational statements?
a) The continuity equation is satisfied and
26. A stream function is given by the flow is irrotational
  2x 2 y   x  1 y 2 . The flow rate across b) The continuity equation is satisfied and
the flow is rotational
a line joining points A (3,0) and B(0,2) is
c) The flow is irrotational but does not
(a) 0.4 units (b) 1.1 units
satisfy the continuity equation
(c) 4 units (d) 5 units
d) The flow is rotational

31. The stream function in xy-plane is given with the condition (  =0) at x = y = 0?
below (a) 2xy (b) x2 + y2
1 2 3 (c) x2 – y2 (d) 2x2y2
 x y
2 34. If the stream function is given by y = 3xy,
The velocity vector for this stream function then the velocity at a point (2, 3) will be
is (a) 7.21 unit (b) 10.82 unit
(c) 18 unit (d) 54 unit
 3 2 2
3 3 2 2 3

(a) xy i  x y j (b) x y i  xy j 35. In a certain 2-D potential flow the stream
2 2
line passing through a point A = (1, 1) has
3 2 2  the following equation, xy = 1. In the
(c) x y i  xy3 j (d) neighbourhood of A, the equi-potential line
2
passing through A may be approximated by
 3  (a) x=y (b) x = 2y -1
xy 2 i  x 2 y 2 j
2 (c) 2x = y + 1 (d) x = 2 - y
32. Match the Group I (Condition) with Group 36. A pipe has a porous section of length L as
II (Regulating Fact) and select the correct shown in the figure. Velocity at the start of
answer using the code given below the lists this section is V0 If fluid leaks into the pipe
Group I Group II through the porous section at a volumetric
(P) Existence of stream 1) Irrotationality of rate per unit area q(x/L)2, what will be the
function flow axial velocity in the pipe at any x? Assume
(Q) Existence of Velocity 2) Continuity of incompressible one-dimensional flow i.e., no
flow potential gradients in the radial direction
(R) Absence of temporal 3) Uniform flow
variations
(S) Constant velocity (4) Steady flow
V0 D
(a) P  2, Q  1, R  4,S  3
(b) P  2, Q  1, R  3, S  4 X =O X=L
X
(c) P  1, Q  2, R  4,S  3
(d) P  1, Q  2, R  3, S  4
qx 3
33. Potential function  is given as  = x2 – (a) Vx  V0 
L2 D
y2 What will be the stream function (  )
AT-13-SM-09-06
[31] Midas Publications, 131/13, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar, Bhopal. Call : 0755-4292639, 9229201024
(b) Vx  V0 
qx3
2
(c) v  3xy  2 x  y 
2

3L2
3
2

(d) v  2xy  3 x  y
2

2qx
(c) Vx  V0  39. The stream function for a two-dimensional
LD
incompressible flow is given by  = (px2
4qx 3 + qy2 ) ¸where p and q are non - zero
(d) Vx  V0  2 constants. A potential function for this flow
3L D
can be determined only when
37. Let  and  represent, respectively, the (a) p = q/2 (b) p = q
velocity potential and stream function of a (c) p = - q (d) p = 2q
flow field of an incompressible fluid. Which 40. For a general 3 - dimensional
of the following statements are TRUE? incompressible, irrotational flow, which one
P.  exists for irrotational flows only of the following statements is true?
(a) Velocity potential function can be
Q.  exists for both irrotational and
defined but stream function cannot be
rotational flows
defined
R.  exists for rotational flows only (b) Velocity potential function cannot be
defined but stream function can be defined
S.  exists for both rotational and
(c) Both velocity potential and stream
irrotational flows
function can be defined
(a) P,R (b) Q,S
(d) Both velocity potential and stream
(c) Q,R (d) P,Q
function cannot be defined
38. In an incompressible irrotational fluid
Common data For Q.41 to 42
motion, if the y - component of velocity at
The velocity field for a 2 - dimensional flow
2 2
any point (x, y) is v  6xy  x  y , the U0 x U0 y
is u  ;v 
x-component of velocity at that point is L L
given by 41. The above flow can be described as
(a) Rotational and compressible
2

(a) v  2xy  3 x  y
2
 (b) Irrotational and compressible
(c) Rotational and incompressible
2

(b) v  3xy  2 x  y
2
 (d) Irrotational and incompressible

42. If L = 0.2 m and the result of total

v
acceleration in x - and y - directions at (x (b) y  0; z  
h
= L; y = L) is 10 m/s2; the value of U0 in
m/s is y v
(a) 1.414 (b) 2.38 (c)  y  ; z 
h h
(c) 1.19 (d) 11.90
y v
Common data for 43 to 44 are given (d) y  ; z  
h h
below. Solve the problems and choose
the correct answers. 44. The power required to keep the plate in
The laminar flow takes place between steady motion is
closely spaced parallel plates as shown in (a) 5 × 10–4 watts (b) 10–5 watts
figure below. The velocity profile is given (c) 2.5 × 10–5 watts (d)5 × 10–5 watts
y Statement for Linked Answer Questions 45

by u  V . The gap height, h, is 5 mm to 46
h
The gap between a moving circular plate
and the space is filled with oil (specific
and a stationary surface is being
gravity = 0.86, viscosity
continuously reduced, as the circular plate
 2  10 4 N  s / m 2 ). The bottom plate is comes down at a uniform speed V towards
stationary and the top plate moves with a the stationary bottom surface, as shown in
steady velocity of V = 5 cm/s. The area of the figure. In the process, the fluid
the plate is 0.25 m2. contained between the two plates flows out
radially. The fluid is assumed to be
V
y incompressible and inviscid.
h u
x
Stationary
43. The rate of rotation of a fluid particle is given

by
v
(a)  y  0; z  
2h

45. The radial velocity at any radius r, when time T, streaklines for smoke particles
the gap width is h, is coming out of the chimney are oriented as
Vr Vr
(a) v r  (b) v r 
2h h
a) b)
2Vh Vh
(c) v r  (d) v r 
r r
46. The radial component of the fluid
acceleration at r = R is c) d)
3V 2 R V2 R
(a) (b) 49. In a given flow field, the velocity vector in
4h 2 4h 2
Cartesian coordinate system is given as:

(c)
V2 R
(d)
V2 R V  x 2  y 2  z 2 i 
 
2h 2 4h 2
47. During an experiment, the position of a fluid
 xy  yz  y 2
 j   xz  z  k
2
particle is monitored by an instrument over What is the volume dilation rate of the fluid
a time period of 10 s. The trace of the at a point where x = 1, y =2 and z = 3?
particle given by the following figure a) 6 b) 5
represents c) 10 d) 0
50. A reservoir connected to a pipe line is being
filled with water, as shown in the figure. At
Fluid particle any time t, the free surface level in the
at t  4s reservior is h. Find the time in seconds for
the reservoir to get filled upto a height of
1m. If the initial level is 0.2 m______
  D=0.5m

Fluid particle
Fluid particle at t  10s
at t  0
a) streamline b) streakline
c) pathline d) timeline
48. Smoke is released from a tall chimmney from
ABC industry. Wind blows from north to
 2m / s  1m / s
south upto time T and there after, the
direction changes from east to west. After
Dia  0.1m

51 Water (density = 1000 kg/m3) at 0.1 m3/s 3

and alcohol (specific gravity = 0.8) at 0.3
m3/s are mixed in a T-junction as shown in
the figure. Assuming all the flows to be 6cm
steady and incompressible, average density
of the mixture of alcohol and water, in kg/ 2 5cm 10cm  4
m3, is
4cm
Alcohol
1
53. A cylindrical tank of 0.8 m diameter is

completely filled with water and its top
surface is open to atmosphere as shown in
the figure. Water is being discharged to the
Water and alcohol misture atmosphere from a circular hole of 15 mm
diameter located at the bottom of the tank.
The value of acceleration due to gravity is
9.81 m/s2. How much time (in seconds)
would be required for water level to drop
from a height of 1 m to 0.5 m?
Water Atmospheric air
a) 340 b) 560
c) 680 d) 850 1m Water
52. Steady state incompressible flow through a
pipe network is shown in the figure. Inlets 15 mm
marked as (1), (2), and (3) and exit marked
as (4), are shown with their respective
diameters. The exit flow rate at (4) is 0.1
m3/s. A 20% increase in flow rate through
(3) results in a 10% increase in flow rate
through (4). The original velocity through
inlet (3) is____m/s 0.8 m
a) 188 b) 266
c) 376 d) 642

Chapter 6
Fluid Dynamics
1. The Euler's equation of motion is a 4) Effect of friction is taken into

consideration and flow is along a stream line
a) Statement of conservation of
Select the correct answer using the codes
momentum of a real fluid
given below:
b) Statement of conservation of energy for
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
incompressible flow
(c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
c) Statement of Newton's second law of
motion of an inviscid fluid 4. Bernoulli's theorem
d) Statement of generation of entropy
p V2
2. Consider Euler's equation for one-   Z  constant is valid
g 2g
dimensional horizontal unsteady flow. In a
25 cm diameter pipe, water discharge (a) Along different streamlines in rotational
increases from 30 to 150 litres / sec in 3.5 flow
seconds. What is the pressure gradient that (b) along different streamlines in irrotational
can sustain the flow? flow
(a) - 558 Pa/m(b) - 698 Pa/m (c) Only in the case of flow of gas
(c) 0 (d) - 7960 Pa/m (d) Only in the case of flow of liquid
3. Which of the following assumptions are 5. Bernoulli's equation represents

made for deriving Bernoulli's equation? (a) Momentum balance
1) Flow is steady and incompressible (b) Mechanical energy balance
2) flow is unsteady and compressible (c) Mass balance
3) Effect of friction is neglected and flow (d) Total energy balance
is along a stream line
AT-13-SM-05-06

6. Match List - I (forms of Bernoulli's

Equation) with List - II (Units of these
forms) and select the correct answer using PA
the code given below the lists: PB
List I
2
V
(P) p  wz 
2
p V2
(Q)  gz  PC
 2
p V2
(R) z
w 2g
(a) = PA (b) < PA
List II (c) > PA (d) = PC
(1) Total energy per unit volume
08 A ventruimeter of 20 mm throat diameter
(2) Total energy per unit mass
is used to measure the velocity of water in
(3) Total energy per unit weight
a horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the
(a) P  1, Q  2, R  3 pressure difference between the pipe and
(b) P  1, Q  3, R  2 throat sections is found to be 30 kPa then,
neglecting frictional losses, the flow velocity
(c) P  2, Q  1, R  3
is
(d) P  2, Q  3, R  1 (a) 0.2 m/s (b) 1.0 m/s
7 In the siphon shown in figure, assuming (c) 1.4 m/s (d) 2.0 m/s
ideal flow, pressure PB 09. Air is inducted from atmosphere through a
bell-mouthed duct by the application of
suction at the other end. A glass tube with
its lower end immersed into a vessel
containing water is attached to the
cylindrical part of the duct (see figure). If
the liquid level in the glass tube rises by 25
mm above the free surface and the density
of air is equal to 1.2 kg/m3, the velocity
of air in the cylindrical portion is

  h  h 
(a) 2gh 3 1  1 1  2 2 
Air flow  3 h 3 3 h 3 
Suction
(b) 2g  h1  h 2  h 3 
25 mm
  h   h  3 h 3 
(c) 2g  1 1 2 2 
Water
 1   2  3 
  h h   2 h 3 h1  3 h1h 2 
(d) 2g  1 2 3 
(a) 28.6 m/s (b) 14.3 m/s  1h1  2 h 2  3 h 3 
(c) 40.4 m/s (d) 20.2 m/s 11. The flow of a fluid in a pipe takes place
from
10. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains (a) Higher level to lower level
three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. (b) Small end to large end
Assuming that the changes in are negligible,
(c) Higher pressure to lower pressure
the instantaneous discharge velocity is
(d) Higher energy to lower energy
12. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and

discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.
Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is
large, the velocity at point P in the siphon
tube is
h1
h2

(a) 2gh1 (b) 2gh 2

Outlet
(c) 2g  h 2  h1  (d) 2g  h 2  h1  2 P2
13. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries

water. The pressure in the pipe at section P1 P3
S1 (elevation: 10 m) is 50 kPa. At section Inlet
S2 (elevation: 12m) the pressure is 20 kPa Outlet
and velocity is 2ms–1 . Density of water is 3
1
1000 kgm–3 and acceleration due to gravity
is 9.8 m/s2 . Which of the following is
TRUE?
(a) 202 kPa (b) 240 kPa
(a) Flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is
(c) 284 kPa (d) 355 kPa
0.53 m
(b) Flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 15. For a venturimeter , which of the following
0.53 m combination of statements will make a true
(c) Flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is realistic description?
1.06 m (P) The area ratio (Athroat/Apipe) is very close
(d) Flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is to unity
1.06 m (Q)The discharge coefficient is very close
to unity
14. A pipeline system carries crude oil of
density 800 kg/m3. The volumetric flow (R) The angle of convergence is around 60
rate at point 1 is 0.28 m3 /s. The cross (S) The angle of divergence is around 60
sectional areas of the branches 1, 2 and 3 (a) P, Q (b) Q, R
are 0.012, 0.008 and 0.004 m2 respectively. (c) Q, S (d) R, S
All the three branches are in a horizontal 16. Two venturmetrers of different area ratios
plane and the friction is negligible. If the are connected at different locations of a
pressures at the points 1 and 3 are 270 kPa pipeline to measure discharge. Similar
and 240 kPa respectively, then the pressure manometers are used across the two
at point 2 is ventruimeters to register the head
differences. The first venturimeter of area
ratio 2 registers a head difference 'h', while
the second ventruimeter registers '5h'. The
area ratio for the second venturimeter is
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6

17. The pressure differential across a vertical 18. Water is flowing with a volume flow rate
venturimeter (shown in figure) is measured Q through a pipe whose diameter reduces
with the help of a mercury manometer to to half across a reducer. If the flow is
estimate flow rate of water flowing through frictionless, compare the manometer reading
it. The expression for the velocity of water corresponding to the three different
at the throat is inclinations of the pipe  1 = 30º,  2 = 0º
and  3 = –30º Note that only the pipe
tilts, while the manometer always stays
vertical.
V2
H V1
V22  V12 xSm

(a)  (a) h1  h 2  h 3 (b) h1  h 2  h 3
2g Sw
(c) h1  h 2  h 3 (d) h1  h3andh1  h2
V22  V12 S 
(b)  x  m  1 19. An orifice plate of 60 mm diameter and
2g  Sw  discharge coefficient 0.6 is used for
measuring the flow rate of air
V22 S 
  1.2 kg / m ,   1.8 10
3 5
kgm 1s 1 
(c)  H  x  m  1
2g  Sw  through a pipe of 100 mm diameter. A
manometer (with water as the working
V22  V12 S  liquid) connected across the orifice plate
(d)  x m H
2g  Sw  reads 180 mm. The air flow rate is
approximately equal to
(a) 0.3 m3/s (b) 0.1 m3/s
(c) 0.01 m3/s (d) 0.003 m3/s

20. The diverging limb of a venturimeter is kept discharge for the nozzle is
longer than the converging limb to (a) 0.855 (b) 0.81
(a) Ensure that the flow remains laminar (c) 0.9025 (d) 0.7695
(b) Avoid separation
25. The operation of a rotameter is based on
(c) Ensure that the flow remains turbulent
(a) Variable flow area
(d) Avoid formation of boundary layer
(b) Rotation of a turbine
21. The discharge coefficients of a venturimeter (c) Pressure drop across a nozzle
and an orificemeter, both installed on a pipe (d) Pressure at a stagnation point
of internal diameter 100 mm, are 0.95 are
0.65, respectively. The venturi throat 26. Figure shows the schematic for the
diameter is the same as the orifice diameter. measurement of velocity of air (density =
If the pressure drop across the orificemeter 1.2 kg/m3 ) through a constant-area duct
is measured as 300 mm of water column, using a pitot tube and a water-tube
the corresponding pressure drop for the manometer. The differential head of water
venturimeter in mm of water column, is (density = 1000 kg/m3) in the two columns
approximately of the manometer is 10 mm. Take
(a) 205 (b) 80 acceleration due to gravity as 9.8 m/s2. The
velocity of air in m/s is
(c) 140 (d) 66
22. In an orifice meter, if the pressure drop

across the orifice is overestimated by 5%,
then the PERCENTAGE error in the
Flow
measured flow rate is
(a) + 2.47 (b) + 5
(c) - 2.47 (d) - 5
23. The discharge coefficient, Cd, of an orifice

10 mm
meter is
(a) Greater than the Cd of a venturimeter
(b) Smaller than the Cd of a venturimeter
(c) Equal to the Cd of a venturimeter
(d) Greater than one
24. A fluid jet is discharging from a 100 mm
(a) 6.4 (b) 9.0
nozzle and then vena contracta formed has
(c) 12.8 (d) 25.6
a dimeter of 90 mm. If the coefficient of
velocity is 0.95, then the coefficient of

27. Water flow through a pipeline having four 30. Group I gives a list of devices and Group
different diameters at 4 Stations is shown II gives the list of uses.
in the given figure. Group I Group II
The correct sequence of station numbers (P) Pitot tube 1) Measuring
in the decreasing order of pressure is pressure in a pipe
(Q)Manometer 2) Measuring
1.5d velocity of flow
2d in a pipe
V P 4d
d (R) Venturimeter 3) Measuring air
and gas velocity
1 (S) Anemometer 4) Measuring
2 3
4
discharge in a
pipe
(a) 3,1,4,2 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2(d) 3, 1, 2, 4 (a) P  1, Q  2, R  4,S  3
(b) P  2, Q  1, R  3, S  4
28. The following instruments are used in the
measurement of discharge through a pipe: (c) P  2, Q  1, R  4,S  3
1. Orifice meter 2. Flow meter
(d) P  4, Q  1, R  3, S  2
3. Venturimeter
The correct sequence of the ascending 31. Water is flowing at 1 m/s through a pipe
order of the headloss in these instruments (of 10 cm I.D). with a right angle bend. The
is force in Newton exerted on the bend by the
(a)1,3,2 (b) 1, 2, 3 water is
(c) 3, 2, 1 (d) 2, 3, 1 (a) 10 2 (b) 5  / 2
29. An orifice meter being used for measuring (c) 5 2 (d) 5 / 2

flow rate of a liquid in a pipe shows a
Linked Answer Questions 32 to 33
pressure differential of x meters of water
column, when the flow rate is Q. If the A free jet of water is emerging from a nozzle
flow rate is doubled the pressure differential (diameter 75 mm) attached to a pipe
in meters of water column will be (diameter 225 mm) as shown below.
(a) 2 x (b) 8 x
(c) x 2 (d) 4x

Point A
V1  2 m / s
p1  130 kPa
21 m
Pipe diameter =225 mm
V2
Inlet
p 2  100 kPa
0.5 m Outlet
Point B
Linked Answer questions 35 and 36
Water enters a symmetric forked pipe and
The velocity of water at point A is 18 m/s. discharges into atmosphere through the two
branches as shown in the figure. The cross-
Neglect friction in the pipe and nozzle. Use
sectional area of section 1 is 0.2 m2 and the
g  9.81m / s 2 and density of water = velocity accross section 1 is 3 m/s. The
density of water may be taken as 1000 kg/
1000 Kg/m3. m3 . The viscous effects and elevation
changes may be neglected.
32. The velocity of water at the tip of the nozzle
(in m/s) is
2 A 2  A1 / 4
(a) 13.4 (b) 18.0
(c) 23.2 (d) 27.1
1
33. The gauge pressure (in kPa) at point B is
60 0
(a) 80.0 (b) 100.0
60 0
(c) 239.3 (d) 367.6
34. The figure shows a reducing area conduit
carrying water. The pressure p and velocity
V are uniform across sections 1 and 2. The
density of water is 1000 kg/m3. If the total 3 A 3  A1 / 4
loss of head due to friction is just equal to
the loss of potential head between the inlet 35. The guage pressure at section 1, in kPa, is
and the outlet, the V 2 in m/s will a) 0.6 b) 13.5
be___________ c) 135 d) 600
36. The magnitude of the force, in kN, required
to hold the pipe in place, is
a) 2.7 b) 5.4
c) 19 d) 27

Chapter 7
Laminar Flow
(Viscous of Flow of incompressible fluids)
1. Flow in a pipeline of constant diameter is
said to be fully developed when 4. The Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss
(a) The flow rate in the pipeline increase is valid
along the length of the pipe (a) Only for laminar flow through smooth
(b) The flow rate in the pipeline decrease pipes
along the length of the pipe (b) Only for laminar flow through rough
pipes
(c) The flow rate in the pipeline does not
vary along the length of the pipe (c) For laminar or turbulent flow through
(d) The velocity profile does not vary along smooth pipes only
the length of the pipe (d) For laminar or turbulent flow through
smooth or rough pipes
2. The inertia force on a fluid particle in a
steady fully developed laminar flow through 5. For flow through a horizontal pipe, the
a straight pipe, at a Reynolds number of dp
100, is pressure gradient the flow direction is
dx
(a) 100 times the corresponding viscous
force (a) + ve (b) 1
(b) 0.01 times the correspond viscous force (c) zero (d) - ve
6. The minimum value of friction factor that
(c) Zero
can occur in laminar flow through circular
(d) Infinity
pipes is
3. For an ideal fluid flow the Reynolds number (a) 0.02 (b) 0.032
is (c) 0.016 (d) 0.08
(a) 2100 (b) 100
(c) Zero (d) Infinity

7. The mean shear stress in a fully developed

fluid flow in a pipe u (r ) R
(x )
(a) Is zero at the centre of the pipe and
varies linearly with distance from the centre
(b) Is constant over the cross-section
(c) Is zero at the pipe wall and increases The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is
linearly towards the centre of the pipe
R 2  dp  R 2  dp 
(d) Varies parabolically across the section (a)    (b)   
8  dx  4  dx 
8. The velocity profile in fully developed
laminar flow in a pipe of diameter D is
R 2  dp  R 2  dp 
 4r 2  (c)    (d)   
  2  dx  2  dx 
given by u 0 1  2  , where 'r' is the
 D 
10. Velocity for flow through a pipe, measured
radial distance from the center. If the at the centre is found to be 2 m/s. Reynolds
viscosity of the fluid is  , the pressure number is around 800. What is the average
drop across a length L of the pipe is velocity in the pipe?
(a) 2 m/s (b) 1.7 m/s
32u 0 L 4u 0 L
(a) (b) (c) 1 m/s (d) 0.5 m/s
D2 D2
11. The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional
8u 0 L 16u 0 L incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
(c) (d)
D2 D2 between two fixed parallel plates, is 6m/s.
The mean velocity of the flow is
9. The velocity profile of a fully developed
laminar flow in a straight circular pipe, as (a) 2 (b) 3
shown in the figure, is given by the (c) 4 (d) 5
expression
12. The pressure drop for a relatively low
Reynolds number flow in a 600 mm, 30 m
R 2  dp   r2  long pipe line is70 kPa. What is the wall
u r     1  
4  dx   R 2  shear stress?
(a) 0 Pa (b) 350 Pa
dp (c) 700 Pa (d) 1400 Pa
Where is a constant.
dx

13. Laminar flow developed at an average 18. If laminar flow takes place in two pipes,
velocity of 5 m/s occurs in a pipe of 10 cm having relative roughnesses of 0.002 and
radius. The velocity at 5 cm radius is 0.003, at a Reynolds number of 1815, then
(a) 7.5 m/s (b) 10 m/s (a) The pipe of relative roughness of 0.003
(c) 2.5 m/s d) 5 m/s has a higher friction factor.
14. For the laminar flow of a fluid in a circular b) The pipe of relative roughness of 0.003
pipe of radius R, the Hagen-Poiseuille has a lower friction factor.
equation predicts the volumetric flowrate to c) Both pipes have the same friction factor
be proportional to
d) No comparison is possible due to
(a) R (b) R2 inadequate data
(c) R4 (d) R0.5 19. Flow rate of a fluid (density = 1000 kg/m3)
in a small diameter tube is 800 mm3/s. The
15. In a laminar flow through a pipe of radius length and the diameter of the tube are 2 m
R, the fraction of the total fluid flowing and 0.5 mm, respectively. The pressure
through a circular cross-section of radius drop in 2m length is equal to 2.0 MPa. The
R/2 centered at the pipe axis is viscosity of the fluid is
3 7 (a) 0.025 N.s/m2 (b) 0.012 N.s/m2

(a) (b) (c) 0.00192 N.s/m2 (d) 0.00102 N.s/m2
8 16
20. The pipe of 20 cm diameter and 30 km
1 3 length transports oil from a tankers to the
(c) (d)
2 4 shore with a velocity of 0.318 m/s. The
16. Oil having a density of 800 kg/m3 and flow is laminar. If   0.1 Ns/m2 the power
viscosity of 0.2 Ns/m2 of is flowing required for the flow would be
through a pipeline of 50mm diameter at an
average velocity of 2 m/s. The Darcy    900 kg / m  3
fraction factor for this flow is: (a) 9.25 kW (b) 8.36 kW
(a) 3 . 2 (b) 0.07 (c) 7.63 kW (d) 10.13 kW
(c) 0.16 (d) 1.6
21. What is the discharge for laminar flow
17. Consider a fully developed laminar flow in through a pipe of diameter 40 mm having
a circular pipe. If the diameter of the pipe centre-line velocity of 1.5 m/s?
is halved, while the flow rate and length
3 3 3
of the pipe are kept constant, the head loss (a) m /s (b) m3 / s
50 2,500
increases by a factor of
(a) 4 (b) 8 3 3
(c) m3 / s (d) m3 / s
(c) 16 (d) 32 5,000 10,000

22. The value of friction factor is misjudged by 26. In a 4cm diameter pipeline carrying laminar
+25% in using Darcy-Weisbach equation. flow of a liquid with  = 1.6 centipoise,
The resulting error in the discharge will be the velocity at the axis is 2 m/s. What is
(a) + 25% (b) -18.25% the shear stress midway between the wall
(c) - 12.5% (d) + 12.5% and the axis?
(a) 0.16 N/m2 (b) 0.016 N/m2
23. It is desired to set up water flow with
Reynolds number of 2000 in a pipe of
diameter 10 mm by controlling the inlet (c) 0.02 N/m2 (d) 0.0125 N/m2
pressure. The pressure difference,  p (in 27. For a steady fully developed laminar flow
terms mm of water column) over a 4 m of an oil of specific gravity 'S" through two
length of the pipe will be pipes in series as shown in figure. The ratio
(a) 10 (b) 50 h1 /h2 of the manometric fluid deflections
(c) 25 (d) 100 consider only friction losses in the pipes is
24. Choose the correct combination of true

statements from the following L2
L1
P. The energy correction factor for
Flow
turbulent flow is less than that for laminar
flow but is greater than unity.
Q. The energy correction factor for h1 Sm
h2
turbulent flow is greater than that for Sm
laminar flow and is also greater than unity

R. The momentum correction factor for a 4 4
given flow is less than the corresponding  D1   L 2   D 2   L1 
(a)     (b)    
energy correction factor  D 2   L1   D1   L 2 
S. Both the momentum correction factor
2 2 2 2
and energy correction factor are always  D 2   L1   D1   L 2 
greater than unity (c)     (d)    
 D1   L 2   D 2   L1 
(a) P, R (b) Q, S
(c) P,R,S (d) Q, R, S 28. Water flows downwards through a vertical
straight circular pipe of 1m diameter.
25. The kinetic energy correction factor for a
Assume that the flow is laminar and fully-
fully developed laminar flow through a
developed and that there is no pressure
circular pipe is
gradient. The frictional force acting on the
(a) 1.00 (b) 1.33
(c) 2.00 (d) 1.50

pipe wall, over a length of 1m, is (a) 0 (b) 0.04

(c) 0.13 (d) 1.15

nearly g  10m / s
2

31. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume
(a) 3925 N (b) 5890 N
fully developed laminar viscous flow
(c) 7850 N (d) 15,700 N throughout the needle; the Darcy friction
29. Assertion (A) : For a fully developed factor is 64/Re. Where Re is the Reynolds
viscous flow through a pipe the velocity number. Given that the viscosity of water
distribution across any section is parabolic is 1 centipoise the force F in newtons
in shape. required on the plunger is
Reason (R) : The shear stress distribution (a) 0.13 (b) 0.16
from the centre line of pipe upto the pipe (c) 0.3 (d) 4.4
surface increases linearly.
Common Data Questions 32 to 33
(a) Both A and R are individually true and Consider fully-developed, laminar flow in a
R is the correct explanation of A circular pipe of radius R. The centre-line
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the velocity of the flow is U.
correct explanation of A
32. The velocity u at a radial distance r from
(c) A is true but R is false
the centre-line of the pipe is given by
(d) A is false but R is true
  r    r 
Common data Questions 30 to 31 (a) 1    U (b) 1    U
A syringe with a frictionless plunger   R    R 
contains water and has at its end a 100 mm
long needle of 1mm diameter. The internal   r 2    r 2 
1  U
(c)     (d) 1     U
diameter of the syringe is 10 mm. Water   R     R  
density is 1000kg/m3. The plunger is pushed
in at 10 mm/s and the water comes out as 33. The value of the radial distance from the
a jet. centre-line of the pipe at which the velocity
be equal to the average velocity of the flow
10mm is
100mm
10mm / s
(a) 0.666 R (b) 0.696 R
F
1mm (c) 0.707 R (d) 0.727 R
Needle Water jet
Syringe
Common data Questions 34 to 35
30. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons An upward flow of oil (mass density 800
required on the plunger to push out the kg/m3, dynamic viscosity 0.8 kg/m-s) takes
water is places under laminar conditions in an
inclined pipe of 0.1 m diameter as shown

in the figure. The pressures at sections 1

and 2 are measured as p1 = 435 kN/m2 and Q1
p2 = 200 kN/m2
Q
2
Q2
5m
1
37. A liquid of specific weight 9 kN/m3 flows
by gravity through a 0.3 m tank and 0.3 m
capillary tube at a rate of 1.13  10 6 m 3 / s
as shown in the figure. Top of the tank and
outlet of the capillary are open to the a
450 atmosphere. If the flow is laminar, fully
developed and incompressible, then the
viscocity of the liquid, neglecting entrance
effect, is numerically closest to
34. The discharge in the pipe is equal to
(a) 0.100 m 3 / s (b) 0.127 m 3 / s 
(c) 0.144 m 3 / s (d) 0.161m3 / s
0.3m
35. If the flow is reversed, keeping the same
discharge, and the pressure at section 1 is
maintained as 435 kN/m2 , the pressure at
section 2 is equal to 0.3m
(a) 488 kN/m2 (b) 549 kN/m2
d  1.2mm
(c) 586 kN/m2 (d) 614 kN/m2
36. A viscous, incompressible and Newtonian
fluid flowing through the main branch of a
circular pipe bifurcates into two daughter
branches whose radii are 4 cm and 2 cm.
respectivey. The flow in both the daughter Q  1.13  106 m3 / s
branches are laminar and fully developed. If
the pressure gradients in both the daughter a) 1.86 10 4 Pa.s b) 3.38  10 4 Pa.s
branches are same, then fraction of total
volumetric flow rate (rounded off to the c) 6.75  10 4 Pa.s d) 7.43  10 4 Pa.s
second decimal place) coming out from the
branch with 4 cm diameter is__________

Chapter 8
Turbulent flow
01. Turbulent flow generally occurs 2 2

(a) At very low velocities  du   du 
2
(c) l   (d) l  
(b) In flows of highly viscous fluids  dy   dy 
(c) In flows through very narrow passages
05. Friction factor in laminar and turbulent flow
(d) In flows at high velocities through large
in a circular pipe varies as Re-1 & Re-0.25
passages
respectively. If V is the average velocity, the
02. Flow in a pipe can be expected to be pressure drop for laminar and turbulent flow
turbulent when the Reynolds number based respectively will be proportional to
on mean velocity and pipe diameter is (a) V and V0.8 (b) V0.5 and V2
(a) = 0 (b) < 2000 (c) V0.5 and V1.75 (d) V and V1.75
(c) > 4000 (d) > 100
06. Consider a steady, fully developed turbulent
03. Shear stress in a turbulent flow is due to flow in a pipe of circular cross-section at
(a) The viscous property of the fluid high Reynolds number. If the pipe diameter
(b) The fluid is doubled at a constant flow rate, by what
(c) Fluctuation of velocity in the direction factor does the pressure drop decrease?
of flow (a) 2 (b) 16
(d) Fluctuation of the velocity in the (c) 8 (d) 32
direction of flow as well as transverse
07. Water flows steadily through a smooth
to it
circular tube of 5 cm diameter at a flow rate
04. Using the Prandtl's mixing length concept, of  kg/s. Take viscosity  = 0.001 Ns/
how is the turbulent shear stress expressed?
m2 and  = 1000 kg/m3 The Darcy
du 2 du friction factor is given as fD = 64/Red for
(a) l (b) l fully developed laminar flow and f D =
dy dy

0.316 Red–0.25 for fully developed turbulent m2 . The value of k s/  ' (  ' being the
flow. The approximate pressure drop per
thickness of laminar sub-layer) for this pipe
unit length in the fully developed region of
is
the tube is
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50
(a) 20 Pa/m (b) 120 Pa/m (c) 6.0 (d) 8.0
(c) 480 Pa/m (d) 960 Pa/m
08. Match the flow conditions in a circular pipe 10. A steady flow of water takes place through
of diameter D and surface roughness k to a pipe of 100 mm internal diameter and 10
the corresponding functional relationships of m length. The average velocity of the flow
friction factor. f. Choose the correct is 5 m/s and the wall shear tress is 250 N/
matching m2 . The pressure drop for the given pipe
length is
Flow in a Friction factor f
circular pipe (a) 2.5 × 105 N/m2 (b) 2.0 × 105 N/m2
(P) Laminar flow 1) f = f(Re,k/D) (c) 5.0 × 104 N/m2 (d) 105 N/m2
in smooth pipe 11. Velocity measuremens of flow through a
(Q)Turbulent flow 2) f = f (k/D) rough circular pipe indicate that the average
in smooth pipe velocity is 2.6 m/s and the centre line
(R) Turbulent flow 3) f = f (Re) velocity is 3.17 m/s. What is the friction
in rough pipe factor for the pipeline?
(at high Re)
a) 0.027 b) 0.020
(S) Turbulent flow 4) f = 64/Re
is rough pipe c) 0.015 d) 0.010
(at low Re)
Here, Re is the Reynolds number 12. Match the following flow patterns with their
characteristics
(a) P  4, Q  1, R  2,S  3
(P) Turbulent flow
(b) P  2, Q  3, R  1, S  4 (Q) Boundary layer separation
(c) P  3, Q  4, R  2, S  1 (R) Laminar flow
(d) P  4, Q  3, R  2, S  1 (S) Steady flow

1) No change in flow properties at any
09. The flow of water (mass density = 1000 point in the flow field
kg/m3) and kinematic viscosity = 10–6 m2/ 2) Highly irregular and rapid fluctuations
s ) in  commercial pipe, having equivalent of flow velocities
roughness ks a 0.12 mm, yields an average 3) Wake formation
shear stress at the pipe boundary = 600N/
4) Smooth flow without mixing of layers

(a) P  2, Q  3, R  4, S  1
(b) P  3, Q  2, R  4, S  1
(c) P  2, Q  3, R  1, S  4
(d) P  3, Q  2, R  1, S  4
13. The velocity prfile in turblent flow through
a pipe is approximated as
1/7
u y
  , where u max is the
u max R
maximum velocity, R is the radius and y is
the distance measured normal to the pipe
wall towards the centerline. If u av denotes
u av
the average velocity, the ratio is
u max
a) 2/15 b)1/5
c)1/3 d) 49/60

Chapter 9
Flow Through Pipes
(c) The mean pressure in eddying fluids is
1. The Reynolds number for flow of a certain
equal to the upstream pressure
fluid in a circular tube is specified as 2500.
What will be the Reynolds number when (d) Head lost in eddies is neglected
the tube diameter is increased by 20% and 04. Water steadily flowing from a 100 mm
the fluid velocity is decreased by 40% diameter pipe abruptly enters a 200 mm
keeping fluid the same? diameter pipe. If the velocity in the 100 mm
(a) 1200 (b) 1800 dia pipe is 5 m/s, the head loss due to abrupt
(c) 3600 (d) 200 expansion in terms of height of water is
(a) 1.276 m (b) 0.717 m
02. A pipeline is said to be equivalent to another,
(c) 0.562 m (d) 1.5 m
if in both
(a) Length and discharge are the same 05. The hydraulic diameter of an annulus of
(b) Velocity and discharge are the same inner and outer radii R i and R O
respectively is
(c) Discharge and frictional head loss are
the same (a) 4(R0 – R1) (b) R0 .R1
(d) Length and diameter are the same
(c) 2(R0 – Ri) (d) R0 + R1
03. While deriving an expression for loss of 06. Two reservoirs that differ by a surface
head due to a sudden expansion in a pipe, elevation of 40 m, are connectd by a
in addition to the continuity and impulse - commerical steel pipe of diameter 8 cm. If
momentum equations, one of the following the desired flow rate is 200 N/s of water at
assumptions is made 20 0C, determine the length of the pipe.
Assume fluid properties of water at 200C as
(a) Head loss due to friction is equal to the
head loss in eddying motion   1000 kg / m 3 and
(b) The mean pressure in eddying fluid is   0.001kg / m  s. The value of friction
equal to the downstream pressure factor (f) = 0.0185 may be chosen if

required. discharge, Q, in the pipe is

a) 20.5 m b) 205 m
c) 2050 m d) 20500 m
07. A farmer uses a long horizontal pipeline to

25 m
d = 100mm
transfer water with a 1 hp pump and the
Q
discharge is Q litres per min. If he uses 5
hp pump in the same pipe line and assuming 150 m
the friction factor is unchanged the

discharge will be approximately (a) 31.7 lit/sec (b) 24.0 lit/sec
(a) 5 Q (b) 51/2 Q (c) 15.9 lit/sec (d) 12.0 lit/sec
(c) (5Q)1/2 (d) 51/3Q
11. A 12 cm diameter straight pipe is laid at a
08. The head loss due to a sudden contraction uniform downgrade and flow rate is
in a pipeline is given by maintained such that velocity head in the
pipe is 0.5 m. If the pressure in the pipe is
 1  V2 V2 observed to be uniform along the length
(a)  2  1   2
(b) 1  CC  2g when the down slope of the pipe is 1 in 10,
 C C  2g
what is the friction factor for the pipe?
2 (a) 0.012 (b) 0.024
2
 1  V2 2 V (c) 0.042 (d) 0.050
(c)   1  
(d) cC  1
 C C  2g 2g
12. A liquid is pumped at the flow rate Q
Here CC is the contraction coefficient and through a pipe of length L. The pressure
V is the average velocity of flow in the drop of the fluid across the pipe is  P
contracted section of the pipeline. Now a leak develops at the mid-point of the
09. An elbow in a pipeline of cross sectional length of the pipe and the fluid leaks at the
area 0.01m2, has a loss coefficient of 2.0. rate of Q/2. Assuming that the friction
If the flow rate of water, through the factor in the pipe remains unchanged, the
pipeline is 360m3/hr, the head loss due to new pressure drop across the pipe for the
the elbow in metres of water column is: same inlet flow rate (Q) will be
(a) 5 (b) 2
1 5
(c) 10 (d) 1 (a)   P (b)   P
2 8
10. A fire protection system is supplied from a
water tower with a bent pipe as shown in 3
the figure. The pipe friction 'f' is 0.03. (c)   P (d)  P
4
Ignoring all minor losses, the maximum

13. A single pipe of length 1500 m and diameter

60 cm connects two reservoirs having a
HW 2HW
difference of 20 m in their water levels.
(c) 2 (d)
The pipe is to be replaced by two pipes of 4H  W H  W
the same length and equal diameter d to
convey 25% more discharge under the same 17. The energy grade line (EGL) for steady flow
head loss. If the friction factor is assumed in a uniform diameter pipe is shown in
to be the same for all the pipes, the value figure. Which of the following items is
of d is approximately equal to which of the contained in the box?
following options?
EGL
(a)37.5 cm (b) 40.0 cm
(c) 45.0 cm (d) 50.0 cm EGL
14. Two water carrying circular pipes are

Box
connected in parallel. The length L 1 ,
diameter d1 and friction factor f1 for the first
pipe are 200m, 0.5 m and 0.025 m (a) A pump
respectively, while L2 = 100m, d2 = 1.0 and (b) A turbine
f2 = 0.02. The velocity ratio V2/V1 is (c) A partially closed valve
(a) 4.0 (b) 2.0 (d) An abrupt expansion
(c) 5.0 (d) 5 18. Match the items between the following two
groups concerning flow in a pipeline.
15. In a pipe flow, the head lost due to friction Choose the most suitable matching
is 6m. If the power transmitted through the List I
pipe has to be the maximum, then the total (P) Head loss due to friction
head at the inlet of the pipe will have to be
(Q) Head loss at entrance from a reservoir
maintained at
to a pipeline
(a) 36 m (b) 30 m
(R) Head loss due to sudden expansion
(c) 24 m (d) 18 m
(S) Head loss due to a pipe bend
16. The hydraulic diameter for flow in a
List II
rectangular duct of cross-sectional
dimensions H, W is 2
 V2   L  V 
1. K L   2. f   
HW HW  2g   D   2g 
(a) (b) 2 H  W
  

20. The phenomenon of water hammer in pipe

2
 V2   V1  V2  flow originates from
3. 0.5   4.
 2g  2g (a) The microscopic form of all matter
(b) The non-Newtonian behaviour of water
(c) The critical point singularity of the phase
(a) P  3, Q  4, R  1, S  2 diagram
(b) P  2, Q  4, R  1,S  3 (d) The compressibility of water when
subjected to suddenly applied high pressure
(c) P  2, Q  1, R  3, S  4
21. 'n' identical pipes of length L, diameter d
(d) P  2, Q  3, R  4, S  1 and friction factor f are connected in parallel
19. Three reservoirs A, B and C are between two reservoirs. What is the size of
interconnected by pipes as shown in the a pipe of length L and of the same friction
figure. Water surface elevations in the factor f equivalent to the above pipe?
reservoirs and the piezometric head at the 1 1
(a) n 2 d (b) n 5 d
junction J are indicated in the figure.
2 1
(c) n 5 d (d) n 3 d
EL. 180 m 22. A centrifugal pump is used to pump water

EL. 200 m
Piezometric through a horizontal distance of 150 m and
head=160 m
then raised to an overhead tank 10 m above.
B The pipe is smooth with an I.D. of 50 mm.
A
What head (m of water) must the pump
generate at its exit (E) to deliver water at a
Q1
Q2 flow rate of 0.001 m3 /s? The Fanning
EL. 140 m
friction factor, f is 0.0062.
J
Q3
C
Discharge Q1, Q2 and Q3 are related as

(a) Q1 + Q2 = Q3 (b) Q1 = Q2 + Q3
(c) Q2 = Q1 + Q3 (d) Q1 + Q2 + Q3= 0 (a) 10 m (b)11 m
(c) 12 m (d) 20 m

23. A pipe carrying a discharge of 500 litres per

minute branches into two parallel pipes, x 1 km 2 km
and y, as shown in the figure. The length
and diameter of pipes x and y are shown P Q R
in figure. The friction factor, f, for all pipes
is 0.03. The ratio of flow in pipes x and y
is
2 km
24. What is the increase in discharge if the

additional pipe has same diameter (0.3 m)?
(a) 0% (b) 33%
(c) 41% (d) 67%
25. If there is no restriction on the diameter of

(a) 0.36 (b) 0.44 the additional pipe, what would be the
(c) 0.67 (d) 1.00 maximum increase in discharge theoretically
possible from this arrangement?
Passage 24 - 25
A pipeline (diameter 0.3 m, length 3 km) (a) 0% (b) 50%
carries water from point P to point R (see (c) 67% (d) 73%
figure). The piezometric heads at P and R
Passage 26 - 27
are to be maintained at 100 m and 80 m,
The Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss
respectively. To increase the discharge, a
second pipe is added in parallel to the fLV 2
existing pipe from Q to R. The length of through a pipe is given as h f  .A
2gD
the additional pipe is also 2 km Assume the
friction factor, f = 0.04 for all pipes and reservoir, as shown in the figure, stores
ignore minor losses. water to a height of 8 m. The entrance from
the reservoir to the pipe (length 50 m,
diameter 10 cm) is sharp, with a loss
coefficient of 0.5, and the friction factor for
the pipe is 0.017

8m
50 m
Pipe diameter = 10 m
26. What would be the discharge through the

pipe?
(a) 0.0314 m3/s (b) 0.0322 m3/s
(c) 0.0331 m3/s (d) 0.0341 m3/s
27. If it is desired to increase the discharge, the

following four options are available
1. Increase the pipe length, keeping
everything else the same
2. Increase the pipe diameter, keeping
everything else the same
3. Add a valve at the end of the pipe,
keeping everything else the same
4. Replace the sharp entrance by a
rounded entrance, keeping everything else
the same
Only two of these options serve our
purpose. Which are they?
(a)1,2 (b) 1,3
(c) 2,4 (d) 3,4

Chapter 10
Boundary Layer Theory
4. Which one of the following statements is
1. Boundary layer is a thin fluid region close
correct? While using boundary layer
to the surface of a body where
equations, Bernoulli's equation
(a) Viscous forces are negligible
(a) Can be used anywhere
(b) Velocity is uniform
(b) Can be used only outside the boundary
(c) Inertial forces can be neglected
layer
(d) Viscous forces cannot be neglected
(c) Can be used only inside the boundary
2. In the boundary la\yer, the flow is layer
(a) Viscous and rotational (d) Cannot be used either inside or outside
(b) Inviscid and irrotational the boundary layer
(c) Inviscid and rotational 05. How is the displacement thickness in
(d) Viscous and irroational boundary layer analysis defined?
3. The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness a) The layer in which the loss of energy
is defined as the distance from the surface is minimum
where the b) The thickness upto which the velocity
a) Velocity equals to the local external approaches 99%
velocity c) The distance measured perpendicular to
b) Velocity equals the approach velocity the boundary by which the free stream is
displaced on account of formation of
c) Momentum equals 99% of the
boundary layer
momentum of the free stream
d) The layer which represents reduction in
d) Velocity equals 99% of the local external
momentum caused by the boundary layer
velocity

06. Consider the following statements:

1. Boundary-layer thickness in laminar flow (a) P  1, Q  2, R  3, S  4
is greater than that of turbulent flow
(b) P  2, Q  1, R  4,S  3
2. Boundary-layer thickness in turbulent
(c) P  2, Q  1, R  3, S  4
flow is greater than that of laminar flow
3. Velocity distributes uniformly in a (d) P  1, Q  2, R  4,S  3
turbulent boundary layer
08. The displacement thickness at a section, for
4. Velocity has a gradual variation in a
laminar boundary-layer 
an air stream   1.2 kg / m
3
 moving
Which of the statements given above are with a velocity of 10 m/s over flat plate is
correct? 0.5 mm. What is the loss of mass flow rate
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 of air due to boundary layer formation in
(c) 1 and 2 only(d) 2, 3, and 4 only kg per meter width of plate per second?
7. List I give the different items related to a (a) 6 × 10–3 (b) 6 × 10–5
boundary layer while List II gives the
(c) 3 × 10–3 (d) 2 × 10–3
mathematical expression. Match List I with
List II and select the correct answer 09. Given that
(symbols have their usual meaning).  = boundary layer thickness,
List I List II
 * = displacement thickness
(P) Boundary 1. y  , u  0.99U 
 e = energy thickness
layer thickness
q = momentum thickness
  u  The shape factor H of boundary layer is
(Q)Displacement 2. 0 1  U  dy given by
Thickness e e
(a) H  (b) H 
 
 u  u 
(R) Momentum 3.  0
1 
U  U 
 dy * 
(c) H  (d) H 
 e
thickness
10. The laminar boundary layer thickness over
2
 u  u  a flat plate aligned with the flow varies as
(S) Energy 4. 
0
 1  2  dy
U  U  (a) x–1/2 (b) x4/5
(c) x1/2 (d) x2
thickness

11. The turbulent boundary - layer thickness

varies as
(a) x4/5 (b) x1/5
(c) x1/2 (d) x1/7
12. In the laminar boundary layer flow over a

flat plate, the ratio   varies as
x
(a) Re (b) Re
1
(c) (d) Re–1/2 Column I Column II
Re
(A) P 1) Transitional
13. A flat plate is kept in an infinite fluid (B) Q 2) Laminar Viscous
medium. The fluid has a uniform free- sub-layer
stream velocity parallel to the plate. For the (C) R 3) Laminar
laminar boundary layer formed on the plate, (D)S 4) Turblent
pick the correct option matching Columns (a) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4
I and II (b) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4
Column I Column II (c) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3
(P) Boundary layer 1. Decreases in the (d) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3
thickness flow direction
15. Air (kinematic viscosity = 15 × 10–6 m2/s)
(Q)Shear stress at 2. Increases in the
with a free stream velocity of 10 m/s flows
the plate flow direction
over a smooth two-dimensional flat plate.
(R) Pressure gradient 3. Remains
If the critical Reynolds number is 5 × 105 ,
along the plate unchanged
what is the maximum distance from the
leading edge upto which laminar boundary
(a) P–1, Q–2, R–3 (b) P–2, Q–2, R–2 layer exists?
(c) P–1, Q–1, R–1 (d) P–2, Q–1, R–3 (a) 30 cm (b) 75 cm
14. The development of boundary layer zones (c) 150 cm (d) 300 cm
labelled P,Q,R and S over a flat plate is
16. Velocity distribution in a boundary layer flow
shown in the given figure.
over a plate is given by (u/u  ) = 1.5 
Based on this figure, match List I (Boundary
layer zones) with list II (types of boundary where,  = y/  ; y is the distance
layer) and select the correct answer measured normal to the plate;  is the

stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has

boundary layer thickness; and u  is the
kinematic viscosity of 1.5 × 10–5 m2/s and
maximum velocity at y =  if the shear density of 1.23 kg/m3 , then wall shear
stress  , acting on the plate is given by  = stress at x = 1m, is
K(mu  )/  where,  is the dynamic (a) 2.3 × 102 N/m2
viscosity of the fluid, K takes the value of (b) 43.6 × 10–3N/m2

(c) 4.36 × 10–3 N/m2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 1.5 (d) None of these (d) 2.18 × 10–3 N/m2
17. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer 21. Consider a constant pressure boundary
on a flat plate at a point A is 2 cm and at a layer over a flat plate of length L = 3m. The
free stream velocity is u  = 60m/s and the
point B, 1 m downstream of A, is 3 cm.
What is the distance of A from the leading density and viscosity of the fluid
edge of the plate? respectively are  = 1.23kg/m3 and
(a) 0.50 m (b) 0.80 m   1.79 × 10–5 Ns/m2 . Transition occurs
(c) 1.00 m (d) 1.25 m at a distance xcr= 0.1m from the leading
edge. If the free stream velocity is changed
18. The critical value of Reynolds number for
transition from laminar to turbulent to u  = 120m/s, Xcr becomes
boundary layer in external flows is taken as (a) 0.2 m (b) 0.1 m
(a) 2300 (b) 4000 (c) 0.05 m (d) 0.005 m
(c) 5 × 105 (d) 3 × 106
22. In a laminar boundary layer over a flat
19. Which one of the following is the correct plate, what would be the ratio of wall shear
relation between the boundary layer stress  1 and  2 at the two sections which
thickness  ¸ displacement thickness  * lie at distances x1 = 30cm and x2 = 90cm
and the momentum thickness  ? from the leading edge of the plate?
(a)   *   (b) *     1 1
(a)  3.0 (b)  1/ 3
(c)      * (d)   *   2 2
20. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) 1 1

1/2 1/3
(c) 3 (d) 3
and boundary layer thickness (  ) can be 2 2
expressed respectively, as
3
U 3y 1y 4.64x
    ;  . If the free
U 2 2    Re x

23. Air flow in a square duct of side 10 cm. At separation?

the entrance, the velocity is uniform at 10 (a) Turbulent boundary layer in a favourable
m/s and the boundary layer thickness is pressure gradient
negligible. At the exit, the displacement (b) Laminar boundary layer in a favourable
thickness is 5 mm (on each wall). The pressure gradient
velocity outside the boundary layer at the
(c) Turbulent boundary layer in adverse
exit is
pressure gradient
(a) 12.35 m/s (b) 11.08 m/s
(d) Laminar boundary layer in adverse
(c) 10 m/s (d) 9 m/s
pressure gradient
24. The boundary layer flow separates from the 29. In a two-dimensional, steady, fully
surface if developed, laminar boundary layer over a flat
(a) du/dy=0 and dp / dx = 0 plate, if x is the stremwise coordinate, y is
(b) du/dy = 0 and dp / dx > 0 the wall normal coordinate and u is the
(c) du / dy = 0 and dp / dx < 0 streamwise velocity component, which of
(d) The boundary layer thickness is zero the following is true?
25. At the point of separation u u u u

(a)  (b) 
(a) Velocity is negative x y y x
(b) Shear stress is zero
u u u u
(c) Pressure gradient is negative (c)  (d) 
x y x y
(d) Shear stress is maximum
30. The maximum thickness of boundary layer
26. Flow separation is caused by
in a pipe of radius 'R' is
(a) Reduction of pressure to local vapour (a) 0.1 R (b) 0.22 R
pressure (c) 0.5 R (d) R
(b) A negative pressure gradient 31. The laminar boundary layer over a large flat
(c) A positive pressure gradient plate held parallel to the flow is 7.2 mm
(d) Thinning of boundary layer thickness to thick at a point 0.33 m downstream of the
zero leading edge. If the free stream speed is
increased by 50%, then the new boundary
27. For a laminar boundary layer with constant layer thickness at this location will be
free stream velocity (i.e. dp / dx = 0), the approximately
variation of  u/  y with distance from the
(a) 10.8 mm (b) 8.8 mm
wall is given by
(c) 5.9 mm (d) 4.8 mm
28. Which one among the following boundary
layer flows is LEAST susceptible to flow

32. For the control volume shown in the figure

below, the velocities are measured both at
the upstream and the downstream ends.
The flow of density  is incompressible,
two dimensional and steady. The pressure
is P0 over the entire surface of the control
volume. The drag on the airfoil is given by
33 The most acceptable boundary conditions

are
du
(a) at y  0; u  0; at y  , u  U  ; at y  0, 0
dy
du
(b) at y  0; u  U ; at y  , u  U  ; at y  0, 0
dy
du
(c) at y  0; u  0; at y  , u  U  ; at y  , dy  0
du
(d) at y  0; u  U ; at y  , u  U  ; at y  , 0
2 dy
u  h
(a) (b) Zero
3 34. Expression for P, Q and R are
(a) P = 0; Q = 0; R = 0
2
u  h
(c) (d) 2u 2 h (b) P  U  ; Q  0; R  0
6

Linked Answer Question 33 to 34 (c) P  0; Q  ; R  U
2
The boundary layer formation over a flat
plate is shown in the figure below. The 
variation of horizontal velocity (u) with y (d) P  U  ; Q  ;R  0
2
and x along the plate in the boundary layer
is approximated as: u = P sin (Qy) + R

Linked Answer Question 35 to 36 Linked Answer Question 37 to 38

A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge An automobile with projected area 2.6m2 is
is placed along a gas stream flowing at U running on a road with speed of 120 km
= 10 m/s. The thickness of the boundary per hour. The mass density and the
layer at section r - s is 10 mm, the breadth kinematic viscosity of air are 1.2kg/m3 and
of the plate is 1 m (into the paper) and the 1.5 × 10 –5 m2 /s, respectively. The drag
coefficient is 0.30
density of the gas   1.0 kg / m3 Assume
that the boundary layer is thin, two- 37. The drag force on the automobile is
dimensional, and follows a linear velocity (a) 620 N (b) 600 N
(c) 580 N (d) 520 N
distribution, u  U   y /   , at the section
r-s, where y is the height from plate. 38. The metric horse power required to
overcome the drag force is
(a) 33.23 (b) 31.23 '
(c) 23.23 (d) 20.23
Linked Answer Question 39 to 40

Consider a steady incompressible flow
through a channel as shown below.
35. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the

section q-r is
(a) zero (b) 0.05
(c) 0.10 (d) 0.15
36. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate

between p-s, is
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.33
(c) 0.17 (d) Zero
The velocity profile is uniform with a value

of u 0 at the inlet section A. The velocity
profile at section B downstream is

41. Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of

length L = 1m. The boundary layer thickness
 y
 V m , 0y at the end of the plate is w for water, a for

 air for the same free stream velocity. If the
u   Vm ,   y'  H  
 Hy kinematic viscosities of water and air are
Vm , H  y  H
  1 106 m 2 / s and 1.6  10 5 m 2 / s,
respectively, the numerical value of the ratio,
39. The ratio Vm/u0 is w
a ______
1
(a) 1  2  / H (b) 1 42. A fluid of constant density  flows steadily
 
past a porous plate with a uniform free
stream velocity u  as shown in the figure.
1 1
(c) 1   / H (d) 1   / H Fluid is sucked through the porous section
   
with a velocity of 0.1u  . Velocity
distribution at section CD is given
pA  pB
3
40. The ratio 1 u 2 (where PA and PB are
u 3 y 1 y
by  
2
0
u  2    2    . Mass flow rate
the pressure at section A and B, respectively, per unit width of the plate, perpendicualr to
the plane of the figure across the section BC
and is the density of the fluid) is
is
1
1
(a) 2 u B C u
1    / H  
1
2 
(b)
1    / H  
1 D
2
1 A 0.1 u 
(c)
1   2 / H  
L
1
(d) 1   / H
 

3 c D.1
a) u  a)  0.500
8 cD.2
 3  c D.1
b) u    0.1L 
b)  0.666
 8  cD.2
 3  c D.1
c) u    0.1L 
c)  0.707
 2  cD.2
 3  c D.1
d) u    0.1L 
d)  1.000
 8  cD.2
43. A thin flat plate of dimensions of 100 cm x
200 cm is compleely immersed in an oil
stream with velocity 6 m/s. The density and
dynamic viscosity of oil may be taken as
890 kg/m3 and 0.29 kg/m.s respectively.
Assume a drag coefficiuent given by
: CD  1.328 Re0.5
L ,
where Re L is the
Reynolds number based on the plate length.
The total frictional force, if the fluid steam
is along the longer side of the plate, is
numerically closest to
a) 4.435 N b) 44.35 N
c) 443.5 N d) 4435 N
44. A flat plate is exposed to a steady, constant
density fluid flow with a free stream parallel
to the axis of the plate (case 1). In another
case, this plate is replaced by a plate which
is half the length of the previous plate (case
2), all other conditions remaining unaltered.
In both the cases, flow over the entire length
of the plate is laminar. What is the ratio of
the drag coefficients for these two cases
(Given: the local boundary layer thickness
 1/ 2
 scales as x ~ Re x , where Rex is
the local Reynodls number at an axial
coordinarte x)?

Chapter 11
Vortex Motion
1. A cylindrical container is filled with a liquid

up to half of its height. The container is
mounted on the centre of a turn-table and
is held fixed using a spindle. The turn-table
is now rotated about its central axis with a
certain angular velocity. After some time
interval, the fluid attains rigid body rotation.
Which of the following profiles best (c)
represents the constant pressure surfaces
in the container?
(a)
(d)
2. Which one of the following is an irrotational

flow?
(a) Free vortex flow
(b) Forced vortex flow
(c) Couette flow
(d) Wake flow
(b)
AT-13-SM-05-06

03. A right circular cylinder is filled with a liquid 06. Choose the correct combination of true
upto its top level. It is rotated about its statements from the following:
vertical axis at such a speed that half the P. In a free vortex, the total pressure
liquid spills out, then the pressure at the point varies from streamline to streamline
of intersection of the axis and bottom Q. In a forced vortex, the total pressure
surface is varies from streamline to streamline
(a) Same as before rotation R. In a free vortex, the static pressure
(b) Half of the value before rotation increases with radial distance from the
(c) quarter of the value before rotation centre at the same elevation
(d) Equal to the atmospheric pressure S. In a forced vortex, the static pressure
decrease with radial distance from the centre
04. Which combination of the following
at the same elevation
statements about steady incompressible
forced vortex flow is correct? (a) P,Q,R (b) R, S
P. Shear stress is zero at all points in the (c) P,Q,R,S (d) Q,R
flow. 07. A cylindrical vessel open at the top is filled
Q. Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow. with water and rotated at a constant angular
R. Velocity is directly proportional to the velocity about its vertical axis such that the
radius from the centre of the vortex bottom of the vessel is just exposed at the
S. Toal energy per unit mass is constant axis. The volume of water spilled as a
in the entire flow field fraction of the volume of the cylinder is
(a) P and Q (b) R and S (a) 1/3 (b) 2/5 (c) 1/2 (d) 2/3
(c) P and R (d) P and S 08. An open circular tank of 1m height and 0.3
05. Forced vortex flow is similar to solid body m diameter contains 0.8 m of water. If the
rotation. For this case tank is rotated about the vertical axis such
that there is no spillage of water, the
(a) The shear strain rate is zero but the local
maximum angular velocity of the tank is,
angular velocity is non-zero
nearly
(b) The shear strain rate is non-zero but the
(a) 18.65 rad/s (b) 18.65 rad/minute
local angular velocity is zero
(c) 1.865 rad/s (d) 1.865 rad/minute
(c) Both the shear strain rate and the local
angular velocity are zero 09. A closed cylinder having a radius R and
(d) Both the shear strain rate and the local height H is filled with oil of density  . If
angular velocity are non-zero the cylinder is rotated about its axis at an
angular velocity of  , then thrust at the
bottom of the cylinder is

(a) R 2 gH
2 2 R 2
(b) R g
4
2 2 2

(c) R  R  gH 
60 cm
2 2
2   R 
(d) R   gH 
 4 
25 cm 75 cm
10. A leaf is caught is a whirlpool. At a given B
instant, the leaf is at a distance of 120 m

from the centre of the whirlpool. The (a) 12.5 cm (b) 25 cm
whirlpool can be described by the following
(c) 20 cm (d) 10 cm
3
 
velocity distribution; Vr    60 10  m / s 12. The constant angular velocity at which a
 2r  liquid rotates in a cylinder about a vertical
axis such that the pressure at a point on the
300 103
and V  m / s, axis is the same as at a point 2m higher at
2r
a radius 2m is
Where r (in metres) is the distance from the (a) 2 rad/s (b) 1 rad/s
centre of the whirlpool. What will be the
(c)  rad/s (d) 2  rad/s
distance of the leaf from the centre when
it has moved through half a revolution? 13. Both free vortex and forced vortex can be
(a) 48 m (b) 64 m expressed mathematically in terms of
(c) 120 m (d) 142 m tangential velocity V at the corresponding
radius r. Choose the correct combination
11. The U tube arrangement shown rotates
Free Vortex Forced Vortex
about axis BB at 60/  r.p.m. Initially
(before rotation) the level in the arms of the (a) V  r  const Vr  const
U tube is 60 cm. The steady state difference
(b) V 2  r  const V  r  const
in the levels of the two limbs is
(c) Vr  const V 2  r  const
(d) Vr  const V  r  const

14. A U-tube of a very small bore, with its limbs p a  2gph

in a vertical plane and filled with a liquid of a)
density  , up to a height of h, is rotated R 2
about a vertical axis, with an angular velocity
of  , as shown in the figure.The radius of 2  pa  gh 
b)
each limb from the axis of rotation is R. Let R 2
pa be the atmospheric pressure and g, the
gravitational acceleration. The angular p a  2gh
c)
velocity at which the pressure at the point O 2R 2
becomes half of the atmospheric pressure
is given by
p a  gh
d)
2R 2
O


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Mechanical Engineering

Student Problem Set

1. Fluid Properties ............................................................................................. 5

2. Pressure measurement (Manometry) ........................................................... 10

3. Buoyancy and Flotation ............................................................................... 17

4. Hydrostatic Forces ...................................................................................... 21

5. Fluid Kinematics .......................................................................................... 26

6. Fluid Dynamics ............................................................................................ 36

7. Laminar Flow .............................................................................................. 44

8. Turbulent flow ............................................................................................. 50

9. Flow Through Pipes ..................................................................................... 53

10. Boundary Layer Theory .............................................................................. 59

11. Vortex Motion ............................................................................................. 68

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

6. With increase in temperature, while keeping (c) 30 K Pa (d) 40 KPa

[6] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

is 20 mPa - S. The clearance is 0.02 mm.

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927 [7]

List II (a) 11.32 (b) 88.68

[8] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

22. If the diameter of tube is 1 mm then the

capillary rise is 3 cm. What will be the 1

23. An open glass capillary tube of 2 mm bore

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1. In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is

2. Three containers are filled with water upto

(a) P3  P2  P1 (b) P2  P1  P3 (g = 10m/s2)

[10] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

5. Choose the correct combination of true A

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(b) Medium pressures

(d) Very low pressure

13. In order to increase sensitivity of U-tube

[12] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

(a) gd  ha   H  h  A  (b) gdHA

(a) 771.2 mm Hg (b) 752.65 mm Hg

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927 [13]

22. A differential U-tube manometer with

(a) –1225 N/m2 (b) –980 N/m2

(a) 43 mm water (vacuum)

[14] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

26. Atmospheric pressure at a place is equal to

24. A manometer is made of a tube of uniform

25. Which property of mercury is the main

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28. 5 m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is

30. Consider the density and altitude at the base

[16] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927 [17]

A BC D in water just fully submerged, the diameter

8. A body weighs 30 N in a liquid of density Linked Answer Questions (13 to 14)

[18] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

Which one of the following is the correct

13. The tension in the wire is

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17. A rectangular boat 6 m wide and 15 m long

[20] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927 [21]

05. The point of application of a horizontal

[22] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927

12. Choose the correct statements about Gate width w

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 9000770927 [23]

16. Choose the correct combination of true  